Biological Fluxes in the Ocean and Atmospheric pCO2

Treatise on Geochemistry

Volumn 6-9, Issue , 2003, Pages 275-291

  Archer, D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIOMINERALIZATION; CALCITE; DEPOSITION; DUST; GLOBAL WARMING; IRON; LAND USE; OCEANOGRAPHY; ORGANIC CARBON; SURFACE WATERS;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; BIOLOGICAL PUMPS; CO2 CONCENTRATION; CONTINENTAL DUSTS; FUTURE CLIMATE; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE; SEAFLOORS; TIME-SCALES; WATER COLUMNS;

CALCIUM CARBONATE;

EID: 84880771263     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/06156-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (147)

1. Abraham E.R., Law C.L., Boyd P.W., Lavender S.J., Maldonado M.T., Bowle W.R. Importance of stirring in the development of an iron-fertilized phytoplankton bloom. Nature 2000, 407:703-727.
2. 2 sequestration. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:845-862.
3. Arakaki T., Mucci A. A continuous and mechanistic representation of calcite reaction-controlled kinetics in dilute solutions at 25 °C at 1 atm total pressure. Aquat. Chem. 1995, 1:105-130.
4. Archer D.E. Modeling the calcite lysocline. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96(C9):17037-17050.
5. Archer D.E. An atlas of the distribution of calcium carbonate in sediments of the deep sea. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1996, 10:159-174.
6. Archer D.E. A data-driven model of the global calcite lysocline. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1996, 10:511-526.
7. Archer D.E., Devol A. Benthic oxygen fluxes on the Washington shelf and slope: a comparison of in situ microelectrode and chamber flux measurements. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1992, 37:614-629.
8. Archer D.E., Johnson K. A model of the iron cycle in the ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14:269-279.
9. 2 concentration. Nature 1994, 367:260-264.
10. 2 microelectrode results. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1989, 53:2831-2846.
11. Archer D., Emerson S., Smith C.R. Direct measurement of the diffusive sublayer at the deep sea floor using oxygen microelectrodes. Nature 1989, 340:623-626.
12. Archer D., Lyle M., Rodgers K., Froelich P. What controls opal preservation in tropical deep-sea sediments. Paleoceanography 1993, 8:7-21.
13. 2. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1997, 24:405-408.
14. 2 sensitivity to the biological pump in the ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14:1219-1230.
15. 2 cycles?. Rev. Geophys. 2000, 38:159-189.
16. Archer D.E., Morford J.L., Emerson S. A model of suboxic sedimentary diagenesis suitable for automatic tuning and gridded global domains. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, (in press).
17. Armstrong R.A., Lee C., Hedges J.I., Honjo S., Wakeham S.G. A new mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals. Deep-Sea Res. II 2002, 49:219-236.
18. 2. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1996, 10:319-334.
19. Balch W.M., Drapeau D.T., Fritz J.J. Monsoonal forcing of calcification in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 2000, 47:1301-1337.
20. 2. Science 2002, 297:833-836.
21. Balch W.M., Kilpatrick K. Calcification rates in the equatorial Pacific along 140° W. Deep-Sea Res. II 1996, 43(4-6):971-994.
22. 2 buildup: constraints on the coral reef model. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1982, 40:235-253.
23. Berger W.H. Global maps of ocean productivity. Productivity of the Ocean: Present and Past 1989, 429-453. Wiley. S.V.S.W.H. Berger, G. Wefer (Eds.).
24. Berner R.A. A rate model for organic matter decomposition during bacterial sulfate reduction in marine sediments. Biogeochemistry of Organic Matter at the Sediment-Water Interface 1980, Comm. Natl. Recherche Scientifique, France.
25. Berner R.A., Canfield D.E. A new model for atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. Am. J. Sci. 1989, 289:333-361.
26. Berner R.A., Morse J.W. Dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate in sea water IV. Theory of calcite dissolution. Am. J. Sci. 1974, 274:107-134.
27. Biscaye P.E., Flagg C.N., Falkowski P.G. The shelf edge exchange processes experiment, SEEP-II: an introduction to hypotheses, results and conclusions. Deep-Sea Res. II 1994, 41:231-252.
28. Boudreau B.P. Is burial velocity a master parameter for bioturbation?. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58:1243-1249.
29. Boudreau B.P. Mean mixed depth of sediments: the wherefore and the why. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43:524-526.
30. Boyd P.W., Watson A.J., Law C.S., Abraham E.R., Trull T., Murdoch R., Bakker D.C.E., Bowie A.R., Buesseler K.O., Chang H., Charette M., Croot P., Downing K., Frew R., Gall M., Hadfield M., Hall J., Harvey M., Jameson G., LaRoche J., Liddicoat M., Ling R., Maldonado M.T., McKay R.M., Nodder S., Pickmere S., Pridmore R., Rintous S., Safi K., Sutton P., Strzepek R., Tannaberger K., Turner S., Waite A., Zeldis J. A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization. Nature 2000, 407:695-702.
31. Brewer P. G., Nozaki Y., Spencer D. W., and Fleer A. P. (1980) Sediment trap experiments in the deep North Atlantic: isotopic and elemental fluxes. 38(4), 703-728.
32. Broecker W.S., Clark E. An evaluation of Lohmann's foraminifera weight dissolution index. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:531-534.
33. 2 changes. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:352-364.
34. Broecker W.S., Peng T.H. Tracers in the Sea 1982, Eldigio Press, Palisades, NY.
35. 2 change. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1987, 1:15-29.
36. Broecker W., Lynch-Steiglitz J., Archer D., Hofmann M., Maier-Reimer E., Marchal O., Stocker T., Gruber N. How strong is the Harvardton-Bear constraint?. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1999, 13:817-821.
37. Brown C.W., Yoder J.A. Coccolithophorid blooms in the global ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99:7467-7482.
38. Buesseler K.O. Do upper-ocean sediment traps provide an accurate record of particle flux?. Nature 1991, 353:420-423.
39. Calvert S.E., Padersen T.F. Geochemistry of recent oxic and anoxic marine sediments: implications for the geological record. Mar. Geol. 1993, 113:67-88.
40. Cappellen P.V., Ingall E. Redox stabilization of the atmosphere and oceans by phosphorus-limited marine productivity. Science 1996, 271:493-495.
41. Cappellen P.V., Qiu L. Biogenic silica dissolution in sediments of the Southern Ocean: I. Solubility. Deep-Sea Res. II 1997, 44:1109-1128.
42. Coale K.H., Johnson K.S., Fitzwater S.E., Gordon R.M., Tanner S., Chavez F.P., Ferioli L., Sakamoto C., Rogers P., Millero F., Steinberg P., Nightingale P., Cooper D., Cochlan W.P., Landry M.R., Constantinou J., Rollwagen G., Trasvina A., Kudela R. A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 1996, 383:495-501.
43. Deuser W.G. Seasonal and interannual variations in deep-water particle fluxes in the Sargasso Sea and their relation to surface hydrography. Deep-Sea Res. 1986, 33:225-246.
44. Devol A.H. Bacterial oxygen uptake kinetics as related to biological processes in oxygen deficient zones of the oceans. Deep-Sea Res. 1978, 25:137-146.
45. Dixit S., Cappellen P.V., Bennekom A.J.V. Processes controlling solubility of biogenic silica and pore water build-up of silicic acid in marine sediments. Mar. Chem. 2001, 73:333-352.
46. Duce R.A., Tindale N.W. Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1991, 36:1715-1726.
47. Dugdale R.C., Goering J.J. Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1967, 12:196-207.
48. Dymond J., Collier R. Biogenic particle fluxes in the Equatorial Pacific: evidence for both high and low productivity during the 1982-1983 El Nino. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1988, 2:129-137.
49. Dymond J., Lyle M. Particle fluxes in the ocean and implications for sources and preservation of ocean sediments. Geomaterial Fluxes, Glacial to Recent 1993, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. W. Hey, T. Usselman (Eds.).
50. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present 1985, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. B. Sundquist (Ed.).
51. Emerson S., Bender M.L. Carbon fluxes at the sediment-water interface of the deep sea: calcium carbonate preservation. J. Mar. Res. 1981, 39:139-162.
52. Emerson S., Archer D. Calcium carbonate preservation in the ocean. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 1990, 331:29-41.
53. Eppley R.W., Peterson B.J. Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean. Nature 1979, 282:677-680.
54. Feely R. A., Sabine C. L., Lee K., Millero F. J., Lamb M. F., Greeley D., Bullister J. L., Key R. M., Peng T.-H., Kozyr A., Ono T., and Wong C. S. In situ calcium carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles (submitted for publication).
55. Fiadeiro M. The alkalinity of the deep Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1980, 49:499-505.
56. Fornes W.L., DeMaster D.J., Levin L.A., Blair N.E. Bioturbation and particle transport in California slope sediments: a radiochemical approach. J. Mar. Res. 1999, 57:335-355.
57. Franck V.M., Brzezinski M.A., Coale K.H., Nelson D.M. Iron and silicic acid concentrations regulate Si uptake north and south of the Polar Frontal Zone in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 2000, 47:3315-3338.
58. Fung I.Y., Mayn S.K., Tegen I., Doney S.C., John J.G., Bishop J.K.B. Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14:281-295.
59. Gibbs M., Kump L.R. Global chemical erosion during the last glacial maximum and the present: sensitivity or changes in lithology and hydrology. Paleoceanography 1994, 9:529-543.
60. Gnanadesikan A. A global model of silica cycling: sensitivity to eddy parameterization and remineralization. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1999, 13:199-220.
61. Goldman J.C. Spatial and temporal discontinuities of biological processes in pelagic surface waters. Towards a Theory on Biological and Physical Processes in the World Ocean 1987, Reidal, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. R.B. J. (Ed.).
62. 2 and pH. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1996, 10:527-541.
63. 2 (aq). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:501-514.
64. Hales B., Emerson S. Evidence in support of first-order dissolution kinetics of calcite in seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 148:317-327.
65. Hales B., Emerson S., Archer D. Respiration and dissolution in the sediments of the western North Atlantic: estimates from models of in situ microelectrode measurements of porewater oxygen and pH. Deep-Sea Res 1993, 41:695-719.
66. Hedges J.I., Keil R.G. Sedimentary organic matter preservation-an assessment and speculative synthesis. Mar. Chem. 1995, 49:81-115.
67. Hedges J.I., Lee C., Wakeham S.G., Hernes P.J., Peterson M.L. Effects of poisons and preservatives on the fluxes and elemental composition of sediment trap materials. J. Mar. Res. 1993, 51:651-668.
68. Heinze C., Maier-Reimer E., Winguth A.M.E., Archer D. A global oceanic sediment model for long term climate studies. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1999, 13:221-250.
69. Henrichs S.M., Reeburgh W.S. Anaerobic mineralization of marine sediment organic matter: rates and the role of anaerobic processes in the oceanic carbon economy. Geomicrobiology J. 1987, 5:191-237.
70. Holland H.D. The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans 1978, Wiley, New York.
71. Honjo S. Coccoliths: production, transportation, and sedimentation. Mar. Micropaleo. 1976, 1:65-79.
72. Honjo S. Particle fluxes and modern sedimentation in the polar oceans. Polar Oceanography: Part B. Chemistry, Biology, and Geology 1990, Academic Press.
73. Honjo S. Fluxes of particles to the interior of the open oceans. Particle Flux in the Ocean 1996, Wiley, New York.
74. Honjo S., Manganini S.J., Cole J.J. Sedimentation of biogenic matter in the deep ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 1982, 29(5A):609-625.
75. Honjo S., Manganini S.J., Wefer G. Annual particle flux and a winter outburst of sedimentation in the northern Norwegian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 1998, 8:1223-1234.
76. Honjo S., Francois R., Manganini S., Dymond J., Collier R. Particle fluxes to the interior of the Southern Ocean in the Western Pacific sector along 170 W. Deep-Sea Res. II 2000, 47:3521-3548.
77. Hutchins D.A., Bruland K.W. Iron-limited diatom growth and Si:N uptake ratios in coastal upwelling regime. Nature 1998, 393:561-564.
78. Ittekkot V., Nair R.R., Honjo S. Enhanced particle fluxes in Bay of Bengal induced by injection of fresh water. Nature 1991, 351:385-387.
79. Jahnke R.A., Reimers C.E., Craven D.B. Intensification of recycling of organic matter at the seafloor near ocean margins. Nature 1990, 348:50-54.
80. Jansen H., Wolf-Gladrow D.A. Carbonate dissolution in copepod guts: a numerical model. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2001, 221:199-207.
81. Jenkins W.J. Nitrate flux into the euphotic zone near Bermuda. Nature 1988, 331:521-524.
82. Johnson K.S., Chavez F.P., Elrod V.A., Fitzwater S.E., Pennington J.T., Buck K.R., Walz P.M. The annual cycle of iron and the biological response in central California coastal waters. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:1247-1250.
83. Karl D., Letelier R., Tupas L., Dore J., Christian J., Hebel D. The role of nitrogen fixation in geoceochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 1997, 388:533-538.
84. Keil R.G., Montlucon D.B., Prahl F.G., Hedges J.I. Sorptive preservation of labile organic matter in marine sediments. Nature 1994, 370:549-552.
85. Keir R.S. The dissolution kinetics of biogenic calcium carbonates in seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1980, 44:241-252.
86. Klaas C. and Archer D. E. (2002) Association of sinking organic matter with various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea: implications for the rain ratio. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16, doi:10.1029/2001GB001765.
87. Kleypas J.A. Modeled estimates of global reef habitat and carbonate production since the last glacial maximum. Paleoceanography 1997, 12:533-545.
88. 2: influence of the marine biota at high latitude. J. Geophys. Res. 1984, 89:4629-4637.
89. Langdon C., Takahashi T., Sweeney C., Chipman D., Goddard J., Marubini F., Aceves H., Barnett H., Atkinson M.J. Effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental reef. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14:639-654.
90. Laws E.A., Falkowski P.G., S W.O., Ducklow H., McCarthy J.J. Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14:1231-1246.
91. 2 concentrations. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1999, 13:727-736.
92. Levitus S. Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean 1982, 173. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
93. Levitus S., Conkright M.E., Reid J.L., Najjar R.G., Mantyla A. Distribution of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate in the world's oceans. Prog. Oceanogr. 1993, 31:245-273.
94. Lewin J.C. The dissolution of silica from diatom walls. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1961, 21:182-198.
95. 3 in the Oceans. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, 74:5507.
96. Lochte K., Ducklow H.W., Fasham M.J.R., Stienen C. Plankton succession and carbon cycling at 47°N 20°W during the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. Deep-Sea Res. II 1993, 40:91-114.
97. Lohmann G.P. A model for variation in the chemistry of planktonic foraminifera due to secondary calcification and selective dissolution. Paleoceanography 1995, 10:445-458.
98. Lutz M., Dunbar R., and Caldeira K. Regional variability in the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon in the ocean interior. Global Biogeochem. Cycles (in press).
99. Mahadevan A., Archer D. Effect of mesoscale circulation on nutrient supply to the upper ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:1209-1225.
100. Margalef R. Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanol. Acta 1978, 1:493-509.
101. Martin J.H., Fitzwater S.E. Iron deficiency limits photoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature 1988, 331:341-343.
102. Martin J.H., Knauer G.A., Karl D.M., Broenkow W.M. VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 1987, 34(2):267-285.
103. Martin W. R. and Sayles F. L. (1990) Seafloor diagenetic fluxes, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
104. Martin J., Coale K.H., Johnson K.S., Fitzwater S.E., Gordon R.M., Tanner S.J., Hunter C.N., Elrod V.E., Nowicki J.L., Coley T.L., Barber R.T., Lindley S., Watson A.J., Scoy K.V., Law C.S., Liddicoat M.I., Ling R., Stanton T., Stockel J., Collins C., Anderson A., Bidigare R., Ondrusek M., Latasa M., Millero F.J., Lee K., Yao W., Zhang J.Z., Friederich G., Sakamoto C., Chavez F., Buck K., Kolber Z., Greene R., Falkowski P., Chisolm S.W., Hoge F., Swift R., Yungel J., Turner S., Nightingale P., Hatton A., Liss P., Tindale N.W. Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 1994, 371:123-129.
105. Matsumoto K., Sarmiento J. L., and Brzezinski M. A. Silicic acid "leakage" from the Southern Ocean as a possible mechanism for explaining glacial atmospheric p CO 2 . Global Biogeochem. Cycles (in press).
106. McGillicuddy D.J., Robinson A.R. Eddy induced nutrient supply and new production in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I 1997, 44:1427-1450.
107. Middelburg J.J., Soetaert K., Herman P.M.J. Empirical relations for use in global diagenetic models. Deep-Sea Res. I 1997, 44:327-344.
108. Millero F.J. The effect of pressure on the solubility of minerals in water and seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1982, 46:11-22.
109. Milliman J.D. Marine Carbonates 1974, 375. Springer, Heidelberg.
110. Milliman J.D. Production and accumulation of calcium carbonate in the ocean: budget of a non-steady state. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1993, 7:927-957.
111. Milliman J.D., Troy P.J., Balch W.M., Adams A.K., Li Y.-H., Mackenzie F.T. Biologically mediated dissolution of calcium carbonate above the chemical lysocline?. Deep-Sea Res. I 2000, 46:1653-1699.
112. Morse J. W. (1979) The kinetics of calcium carbonate dissolution and precipitation, 227.
113. Mucci A. The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities, temperatures, and one atmosphere total pressure. Am. J. Sci. 1983, 283:780-799.
114. 2. Carbon Cycling in the Glacial Ocean: Constraints on the Ocean's Role in Global Change 1993, Springer, Berlin.
115. Munk W., Wunsch C. Abyssal recipes: II. Energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep-Sea Res. I 1998, 45:1977-2010.
116. Nelson D.M., Treguer P., Brzezinski M.A., Laynaert A., Queguiner B. Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean: revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1995, 9:359-372.
117. Noriki S. and Tsunogai S. (1986) Particulate fluxes and major components of settling particles from sediment trap experiments in the Pacific Ocean. 33(7), 903-912.
118. 2 . Geology 1992, 20:733-736.
119. Orr J.C., Maier-Reimer E., Mikolajewicz U. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:43-60.
120. Oschlies A., Koeve W. An eddy-premitting coupled physical-biological model of the North Atlantic 2. Ecosystem dynamics and comparison with satellite and JGOFS local studies data. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14:499-523.
121. Peixoto J.P., Oort A.H. Physics of Climate 1992, 520. American Institute of Physics, New York.
122. Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.-M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappellaz J., Davis M., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V.Y., Lorius C., Pepin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., Stievenard M. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 1999, 399:429-436.
123. Pilskaln C.A., Honjo S. The fecal pellet fraction of biogeochemical particle fluxes to the deep sea. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1987, 1(1):31-48.
124. Plath D.C., Johnson K.S., Pytkowicz R.M. The solubility of calcite-probably containing magnesium-in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1980, 10:9-29.
125. Reimers C.E., Smith K.L.J. Reconciling measured and predicted fluxes of oxygen across the deep sea sediment-water interface. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1986, 31:305-318.
126. 2. Nature 2000, 407:364-367.
127. 2. Nature 1984, 308:621-624.
128. Sarmiento J. L., Dunne J., Gnanadesikan A., Key R. M., Matsumoto K., and Slater R. A new estimate of the CaCO 3 to organic carbon export ratio. Global Biogeochem. Cycles (submitted for publication).
129. Schink D.R., Fanning K.A., Pilson M.E.Q. Dissolved silica in the upper pore waters of the Atlantic Ocean floor. JGR 1974, 79(15):2243-2250.
130. 2 variations and ocean circulation. Nature 1984, 308:624-626.
131. Sigman D.M., McCorkle D.C., Martin W.R. The calcite lysocline as a constraint on glacial/interglacial low latitude production changes. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1998, 12:409-428.
132. Smith C.R., Pope R.H., DeMaster D.J., Magaard L. Age-dependent mixing of deep sea sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:1473-1488.
133. Takeda S. Influence of iron availability on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms in oceanic waters. Nature 1998, 393:774-777.
134. Toggweiler J.R., Gnanadesikan A., Carson S., Murnane R., Sarmiento J.L. Representation of the carbon cycle in box models and GCMs:1. Solubility pump. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2003, 17:1026.
135. Toth D.J., Lehrman A. Organic matter reactivity and sedimentation rates in the ocean. Am. J. Sci. 1977, 277:465-485.
136. Tromp T.K., Cappellen P.V., Key R.M. A global model for the early diagenesis of organic carbon and organic phosphorus in marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:1259-1284.
137. Tsunogai S., Noriki S. Particulate fluxes of carbonate and organic carbon in the ocean. Is the marine biological activity working as a sink of the atmospheric carbon?. Tellus 1991, 43B:256-266.
138. Villareal T.V., Pilskain C., Brzezinski M., Lipschultz F., Dennet M., Gardner G.B. Upward transport of oceanic nitrate by migrating diatom mats. Nature 1999, 397:423-425.
139. Walker J.C.G. Evolution of the Atmosphere 1977, 318. Macmillan, New York.
140. Walker J.C.G., Kasting J.F. Effects of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. (Global and Planetary Change Section) 1992, 97:151-189.
141. Weber A., Riess W., Wenzhoefer F., Jorgensen B.B. Sulfate reduction in Black Sea sediments: in situ and laboratory radiotracer measurements from the shelf to 2,000 m depth. Deep-Sea Res. I 2001, 48:2073-2096.
142. Wefer G., Suess E., Balzer W., Liebezeit G., Muller P.J., Ungerer C.A., Zenk W. Fluxes of biogenic components from sediment trap deployment incircumpolar waters of the Drake Passage. Nature 1982, 299:145-147.
143. Wefer G., Fischer G., Fuetterer D., Gersonde R. Seasonal particle flux in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. 1988, 35:891-898.
144. Wefer G., Fischer R., Futterer D. K., Gersonde R., Honjo S., and Ostermann D. (1990) Particle sedimentation and productivity in Antarctic waters of the Atlantic sector. 363-379.
145. Westrich J.T., Berner R.A. The role of sedimentary organic matter in bacterial sulfate reduction: the G model tested. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1984, 29:236-249.
146. Yamanaka Y., Tujika E. Role of dissolved organic matter in the marine biogeochemical cycle: studies using an ocean biogeochemical general circulation model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1997, 11:599-612.
147. Yu E.-F., Francois R., Bacon M.P., Honjo S., Fleer A.P., Manganini S.J., Loeff M.M.R., Ittekot V. Trapping efficiency of bottom-tethered sediment traps estimated from the intercepted fluxes of 230 Th and 231 Pa. Deep-Sea Res. I 2001, 48:865-8891.