The influence of impaired processing speed on cognition in first-episode antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients

European Psychiatry

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 332-339

  Andersen, R ^a,b   Fagerlund, B ^a   Rasmussen, H ^a   Ebdrup, B H ^a   Aggernaes, B ^a   Gade, A ^b   Oranje, B ^a   Glenthoj, B ^a  

^a Mental Health Center Glostrup   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cognitive impairment; First episode; Processing speed; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTELLIGENCE; LEARNING; MALE; MENTAL PATIENT; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBLEM SOLVING; REACTION TIME; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCORING SYSTEM; VELOCITY; VISUAL MEMORY; WORKING MEMORY;

COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; FIRST-EPISODE; PROCESSING SPEED; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ADULT; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; ATTENTION; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOMETRICS; REACTION TIME; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 84880756676     PISSN: 09249338     EISSN: 17783585     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.06.003     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Achim A.M., LePage M. Episodic memory-related activation in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2005, 187:500-509.
2. Aleman A., Hijman R., de Haan E.H., Kahn R.S. Memory impairment in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:1358-1366.
3. Andreasen N.C., Paradiso S., O'Leary D.S. "Cognitive dysmetria" as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry?. Schizophr Bull 1998, 24:203-218.
4. Bachman P., Reichenberg A., Rice P., Woolsey M., Chaves O., Martinez D., et al. Deconstructing processing speed deficits in schizophrenia: application of a parametric digit symbol coding test. Schizophr Res 2010, 118(1-3):6-11.
5. Baddeley A., Emslie H., Nimmo-Smith I., Edmunds B. SCOLP-the speed and capacity of language-processing test 1992, Thames Valley Test Company, Suffolk.
6. Barch D.M., Smith E. The cognitive neuroscience of working memory: relevance to CNTRICS and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:11-17.
7. Barnett J.H., Salmond C.H., Jones P.B., Sahakian B.J. Cognitive reserve in neuropsychiatry. Psychol Med 2006, 36:1053-1064.
8. Bassett D.S., Bullmore E., Verchinski B.A., Mattay V.S., Weinberger D.R., Meyer-Lindenberg A. Hierarchical organization of human cortical networks in health and schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2008, 28:9239-9248.
9. Blanchard J.J., Neale J.M. The neuropsychological signature of schizophrenia: generalized or differential deficit?. Am J Psychiatry 1994, 151:40-48.
10. Bokat C.E., Goldberg T.E. Letter and category fluency in schizophrenic patients: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2003, 64:73-78.
11. Bowie C.R., Harvey P.D. Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2006, 2:531-536.
12. Buschke H. Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. J Verb Learn Verb Beh 1974, 12:543-550.
13. Byrne M., Clafferty B.A., Cosway R., Grant E., Hodges A., Whalley H.C., et al. Neuropsychology, genetic liability, and psychotic symptoms in those at high risk of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2003, 112:38-48.
14. Carrión R.E., Goldberg T.E., McLaughlin D., Auther A.M., Correll C.U., Cornblatt B.A. Impact of neurocognition on social and role functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2011, 168(8):806-813.
15. Carter C.S., Barch D.M. Cognitive neuroscience-based approaches to measuring and improving treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia: the CNTRICS initiative. Schizophr Bull 2007, 33:1131-1137.
16. Chapman L.J., Chapman J.P. Problems in the measurement of cognitive deficit. Psychol Bull 1973, 79:380-385.
17. Chiaravalloti N.D., Christodoulou C., Demaree H.A., Deluca J. Differentiating simple versus complex processing speed: influence on new learning and memory performance. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2003, 25:489-501.
18. Davidson M., Galderisi S., Weiser M., Werbeloff N., Fleischhacker W.W., Keefe R.S., et al. Cognitive effects of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: a randomized, open-label clinical trial (EUFEST). Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166(6):675-682.
19. Deluca J., Kalmar J.H. Information processing speed in clinical populations 2007, Psychology Press, New York, NY.
20. Dickinson D., Gold J.M. Less unique variance than meets the eye: overlap among traditional neuropsychological dimensions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull 2008, 34:423-434.
21. Dickinson D., Harvey P.D. Systemic hypotheses for generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a new take on an old problem. Schizophr Bull 2009, 35:403-414.
22. Dickinson D., Ramsey M.E., Gold J.M. Overlooking the obvious: a meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:532-542.
23. Dickinson D., Ragland J.D., Gold J.M., Gur R.C. General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Goliath defeats David?. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:823-827.
24. Dickinson D., Goldberg T.E., Gold J.M., Elvevåg B., Weinberger D.R. Cognitive factor structure and invariance in people with schizophrenia, their unaffected siblings, and controls. Schizophr Bull 2011, 37:1157-1167.
25. Edwards J.D., Wadley V.G., Myers R.S., Roenker D.L., Cissell G.M., Ball K.K. Transfer of a speed of processing intervention to near and far cognitive functions. Gerontology 2002, 48:329-340.
26. Fagerlund B., Mackeprang T., Gade A., Glenthøj B.Y. Effects of low-dose risperidone and low-dose zuclopenthixol on cognitive functions in first-episode drug-naive schizophrenic patients. CNS Spectrum 2004, 9:364-374.
27. Fioravanti M., Carlone O., Vitale B., Cinti M.E., Clare L. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev 2005, 15:73-95.
28. Fry A.F., Hale S. Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children. Biol Psychol 2000, 54:1-34.
29. Goldberg T.E., Goldman R.S., Burdick K.E., Malhotra A.K., Lencz T., Patel R.C., et al. Cognitive improvement after treatment with second-generation antipsychotic medications in first-episode schizophrenia. Is it a practice effect?. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:1115-1122.
30. González-Blanch C., Crespo-Facorro B., Alvarez-Jiménez M., Rodríguez-Sánchez J.M., Pelayo-Terán J.M., Pérez-Iglesias R., et al. Cognitive dimensions in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2007, 41:968-977.
31. González-Blanch C., Pérez-Iglesias R., Rodríguez-Sánchez J.M., Pardo-García G., Martínez-García O., Vázquez-Barquero J.L., et al. A digit symbol coding task as a screening instrument for cognitive impairment in first-episode psychosis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011, 26:48-58.
32. Green M.F. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?. Am J Psychiatry 1996, 153:321-330.
33. Hart S.A., Petrill S.A., Deckard K.D., Thompson L.A. SES and CHAOS as environmental mediators of cognitive ability: a longitudinal genetic analysis. Intelligence 2007, 35:233-242.
34. Heinrichs R.W. The primacy of cognition in schizophrenia. Am Psychol 2005, 60:229-242.
35. Heinrichs R.W., Zakzanis K.K. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998, 12:426-445.
36. Hill S.K., Schuepbach D., Herbener E.S., Keshavan M.S., Sweeney J.A. Pretreatment and longitudinal studies of neuropsychological deficits in antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004, 68:49-63.
37. Jogems-Kosterman B.J., Zitman F.G., van Hoof J.J., Hulstijn W. Psychomotor slowing and planning deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001, 48:317-333.
38. Jonides J., Nee D.E. Assessing dysfunction using refined cognitive methods. Schizophr Bull 2005, 31:823-829.
39. Joyce E.M., Hutton S.B., Mutsatsa S.H., Barnes T.R. Cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2005, 187:516-522.
40. Kay S.R. Positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia 1991, Brunner/Mazel, New York.
41. Keefe R.S., Bilder R.M., Harvey P.D. Baseline neurocognitive deficits in the CATIE schizophrenia trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:2033-2046.
42. Kéri S., Janka Z. Critical evaluation of cognitive dysfunctions as endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004, 110:83-91.
43. Keshavan M.S., Rosenberg D., Sweeney J.A., Pettegrew J.W. Decreased caudate volume in neuroleptic-naive psychotic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:774-778.
44. Knowles E.E., David A.S., Reichenberg A. Processing speed deficits in schizophrenia: reexamining the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:828-835.
45. Kravariti E., Morgan K., Fearon P., Zanelli J.W., Lappin J.M., Dazzan P., et al. Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2009, 195:336-345.
46. Laws K.R. A meta-analytic review of the Wisconsin Card Sort studies in schizophrenia: general intellectual deficit in disguise?. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 1999, 4:1-30.
47. Lee J., Park S. Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 2005, 114:599-611.
48. Leeson V.C., Barnes T.R., Harrison M., Matheson E., Harrison I., Mutsatsa S.H., et al. The relationship between IQ, memory, executive function, and processing speed in recent-onset psychosis: 1-year stability and clinical outcome. Schizophr Bull 2010, 36:400-409.
49. Lencz T., Smith C.W., McLaughlin D., Auther A., Nakayama E., Hovey L., et al. Generalized and specific neurocognitive deficits in prodromal schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 59:863-871.
50. Levaux M.N., Potvin S., Sepehry A.A., Sablier J., Mendrek A., Stip E. Computerized assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: promises and pitfalls of CANTAB. Eur Psychiatry 2007, 22:104-115.
51. Loughland C.M., Carr V.J., Lewin T.J., Barnard R.E., Chapman J.L., Walton J.M. Potential sampling and recruitment source impacts in schizophrenia research. Psychiatry Res 2004, 125:117-127.
52. MacDonald A.W., Carter C.S. Cognitive experimental approaches to investigating impaired cognition in schizophrenia: a paradigm shift. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2002, 24:873-882.
53. Mesholam-Gately R.I., Giuliano A.J., Goff K.P., Faraone S.V., Seidman L.J. Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:315-336.
54. Meyers J., Meyers K. Rey complex figure and recognition trial: professional manual 1995, Psychological Assessment Resources, Florida.
55. Miller M.B., Chapman J.P., Chapman L.J., Collins J. Task difficulty and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1995, 104:251-258.
56. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Arch Neurol 1963, 19:90-100.
57. Milner B. Psychological aspects of focal epilepsy and its neurological management. Cerebral correlates of conscious experience. Inserm Symposium 6 1975, Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam. D.P. Rougeul-Buser (Ed.).
58. Mohamed S., Paulsen J.S., O'Leary D., Arndt S., Andreasen N. Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a study of first-episode patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999, 56:749-754.
59. Nelson H.E., O'Connell A. Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test 1. Cortex 1978, 14:234-244.
60. Niendam T.A., Bearden C.E., Rosso I.M., Sanchez L.E., Hadley T., Nuechterlein K.H., et al. A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:2060-2062.
61. Nuechterlein K.H., Barch D.M., Gold J.M., Goldberg T.E., Green M.F., Heaton R.K. Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004, 72:29-39.
62. O'Connor M., Harris J.M., McIntosh A.M., Owens D.G., Lawrie S.M., Johnstone E.C. Specific cognitive deficits in a group at genetic high risk of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2009, 39:1649-1655.
63. Ojeda N., Peña J., Sánchez P., Elizagárate E., Ezcurra J. Processing speed mediates the relationship between verbal memory, verbal fluency, and functional outcome in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008, 101:225-233.
64. Ojeda N., Sánchez P., Peña J., Elizagárate E., Yoller A.B., Larumbe J., et al. Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: does cognitive performance reflect the same underlying mechanisms in patients and healthy controls?. J Nerv Ment Dis 2010, 198:286-291.
65. Ranganath C., Minzenberg M.J., Ragland J.D. The cognitive neuroscience of memory function and dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:18-25.
66. Reichenberg A., Harvey P.D. Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings. Psychol Bull 2007, 133:833-858.
67. Rodríguez-Sánchez J.M., Crespo-Facorro B., González-Blanch C., Perez-Iglesias R., Vázquez-Barquero J.L. Cognitive dysfunction in first-episode psychosis: the processing speed hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry 2007, 191:107-110.
68. Sahakian B.J., Owen A.M. Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: discussion paper. J R Soc Med 1992, 85:399-402.
69. Salthouse T.A. The processing speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Rev 1996, 103:403-428.
70. Sánchez P., Ojeda N., Peña J., Elizagárate E., Yoller A.B., Gutiérrez M., et al. Predictors of longitudinal changes in schizophrenia: the role of processing speed. J Clin Psychiatry 2009, 70:888-896.
71. Schuepbach D., Keshavan M.S., Kmiec J.A., Sweeney J.A. Negative symptom resolution and improvements in specific cognitive deficits after acute treatment in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002, 53:249-261.
72. Silverstein S.M., Measuring specific rather than generalized, cognitive deficits and maximizing between-group effect size in studies of cognition and cognitive change. Schizophrenia Bull 2008, 34:645-655.
73. Smith A. Symbol digits modalities test 1982, Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, USA.
74. Swan G.E., Carmelli D. Evidence for genetic mediation of executive control: a study of aging male twins. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2002, 57:133-143.
75. Szöke A., Trandafir A., Dupont M.E., Méary A., Schürhoff F., Leboyer M. Longitudinal studies of cognition in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2008, 192:248-257.
76. van Hoof J.J., Jogems-Kosterman B.J., Sabbe B.G., Zitman F.G., Hulstijn W. Differentiation of cognitive and motor slowing in the Digit Symbol Test (DST): differences between depression and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1998, 32:99-103.
77. van Winkel R., Myin-Germeys I., de Hert M., Delespaul P., Peuskens J., van Os J. The association between cognition and functional outcome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: mystery resolved?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007, 116:119-124.
78. Verdoux H., Magnin E., Bourgeois M. Neuroleptic effects on neuropsychological test performance in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1995, 14:133-139.
79. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS) 1955, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas.
80. Wechsler D. The Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised 1981, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas.
81. Wechsler D. Wechsler adult intelligence scale 1997, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas. 3rd ed.
82. World Health, Organization Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry 1994, World Health Organization.