Measuring specific, rather than generalized, cognitive deficits and maximizing between-group effect size in studies of cognition and cognitive change

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 645-655

  Silverstein, Steven M ^a  

^a RUTGERS ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Clinical trials; Cognition; Psychometrics; Schizophrenia; Statistics

Indexed keywords

COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DATA ANALYSIS; DECISION MAKING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MEASUREMENT; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NEUROSCIENCE; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMETRY; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCORING SYSTEM; TEST RETEST RELIABILITY; WORKING MEMORY;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COGNITION DISORDERS; DRUG DESIGN; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RESEARCH DESIGN; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 46849104485     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: 17451701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn032     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Carter CS. Applying new approaches from cognitive neuroscience to enhance drug development for the treatment of impaired cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2000;31:810-815.
2. Knight RA, Silverstein SM. A process oriented strategy for averting confounds resulting from general performance deficiencies in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110:15-40.
3. Knight RA, Silverstein SM. The role of cognitive psychology in guiding research on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In: Lenzenweger M, Dworkin RH, eds. Origins and Development of Schizophrenia: Advances in Experimental Psychopathology. Washington, DC: APA Press; 1998:247-295.
4. Neufeld RWJ. The incorrect application of traditional test discriminating power formulations to diagnostic group studies. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1984;172:373-374.
5. Chapman JP, Chapman LJ. Disordered Thought in Schizophrenia. New York, NY: Appleton Century Crofts; 1973.
6. Chapman JP, Chapman LJ. The measurement of differential deficit. J Psychiatr Res. 1978;14:303-311.
7. Chapman JP, Chapman LJ. Reliability and the discrimination of normal and pathological groups. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1983;171:658-661.
8. Strauss M. Demonstrating specific cognitive deficits: a psychometric perspective. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110:6-14.
9. Zimmerman DW, Williams RH. Note on the reliability of experimental measures and the power of significance tests. Psychol Bull. 1986;100:123-124.
10. Neufeld RWJ. Composition and uses of formal clinical cognitive science. In: Shuart B, Spaulding W, Poland J, eds. Modeling Complex Systems: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 52. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press; 2007:1-83.
11. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1988.
12. Mathalon DH, Sullivan EV, Rawles JM, Pfefferbaum A. Correction for head size in brain-imaging measurements. Psychiatr Res Neuroimaging. 1993;50:121-139.
13. Miller G, Chapman JP. Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110:40-48.
14. Jaeger J, Tatsuoka C, Berns SM, Varadi F. Distinguisning neurocognitive functions in schizophrenia using partially ordered classification models. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:679-691.
15. Carter CS, Barch DM. Cognitive neuroscience-based approaches to measuring and improving treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia: the CNTRICS initiative. Schizophr Bull. 2007;33:1131-1137.
16. Knight RA. Converging models of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. In: Spaulding WD, Cole JK, eds. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1983: Theories of Schizophrenia and Psychosis. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press; 1984 (1984)93-156.
17. Place EJ, Gilmore GC. Perceptual organization in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1980;89:409-418.
18. Silverstein SM, Knight RA, Schwarzkopf SB, West LL, Osborn LM, Kamin D. Stimulus configuration and context effects in perceptual organization in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1996;104:410-420.
19. Rascle C, Mazas O, Vaiva G, et al. Clinical features of latent inhibition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2001;51:149-161.
20. Servan-Schreiber D, Cohen JD, Steingard S. Schizophrenic deficits in the processing of context: a test of a theoretical model. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:1105-1113.
21. Kwapil TR, Hegley DC, Chapman LJ, Chapman JP. Facilitation of word recognition by semantic priming in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1990;99:215-221.
22. Peters ER, Kent A, Irani M, et al. The relationship between cognitive inhibition and psychotic symptoms. J Abnorm Psychol. 2000;109:386-395.
23. Polyakov UF. The experimental investigation of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. In: Cole M, Maltzman I, eds. Handbook of Contemporary Soviet Psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1969:370-386.
24. Silverstein SM, Matteson S, Knight RA. Reduced top-down influence in auditory perceptual organization in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1996;105:663-667.
25. Uhlhaas PJ, Phillips WA, Mitchell G, Silverstein SM. Perceptual grouping in disorganized schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006;145:105-117.
26. Jones SH, Hemsley DR, Gray JA. Contextual effects on choice reaction time and accuracy in acute and chronic schizophrenics: impairment in selective attention or the influence of prior learning? Br J Psychiatry. 1991;159:415-421.
27. Silverstein SM, Schenkel LS, Valone C, Nuernberger S. Cognitive deficits and psychiatric rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q. 1998;69:169-191.
28. Silverstein SM, Spaulding WD, Menditto AA, et al. Attention shaping: a reward-based-learning method to enhance skills training outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. Advance Access published January 22, 2008, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm150.
29. Silverstein SM, Wong MH, Wilkniss SM, et al. Behavioral rehabilitation of the "treatment-refractory" schizophrenia patient: conceptual foundations, interventions, interpersonal techniques, and outcome data. Psychol Serv. 2006;3:145-169.
30. Kupper Z, Hoffmann H. Course patterns of psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia patients attending a vocational rehabilitation program. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26:683-700.
31. Rogosa DR, Brandt D, Zimowski M. A growth curve approach to the measurement of change. Psychol Bull. 1982;90:726-748.
32. Rogosa DR, Willett JB. Demonstrating the reliability of the difference score in the measurement of change. J Educ Meas. 1983;20:335-343.
33. Rogosa DR, Willett JB. Understanding correlates of change by modeling individual differences in growth. Psychometrika. 1985;50:203-228.
34. Willett JB. Questions and answers in the measurement of change. In: Rothkopf EZ, ed. Review of Research in Education. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association; Vol 15 (1988)355-422.
35. Willett JB. Measuring change more effectively by modeling individual change over time. In: Husen T, Postlethwaite TN, eds. The International Encyclopedia of Education. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1994:671-678.
36. Magnusson D. Test theory. Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley; 1966.
37. Chronbach LJ, Furby L. How we should measure "change" - or should we? Psychol Bull. 1970;74:68-80.
38. Lord FM. The measurement of growth. Educ Psychol Meas. 1956;16:421-437.
39. Lohman D. Minding our p's and q's: on finding relationships between learning and intelligence. In: Ackerman PL, Kyllonen PC, Roberts RD, eds. Learning and Individual Differences: Process, Train and Content Determinants. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 1999:55-72.
40. Willett JB. Some results on reliability for the longitudinal measurement of change: Implications for the design of studies of individual growth. Educ Psychol Meas. 1989;49:587-602.
41. Willett JB. Measuring change: what individual growth modeling buys you. In: Amsel E, Renninger KA, eds. Change and Development: Issues of Theory, Method, and Application. Chapter 11. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1997. 213-243.
42. Smith TE, Hull JW, Huppert J, Silverstein SM. Recovery from psychosis in schizophrenia: a prospective study of symptoms and neurocognitive rate-limiters for the development of social behavior skills. Schizophr Res. 2002;55:229-237.
43. Peer JE, Spaulding WD. Heterogeneity of recovery of psychosocial function during psychiatric rehabilitation: an exploratory study using latent growth mixture modeling. Schizophr Res. 2007;93:186-193.
44. Barnett JH, Croudace TJ, Jaycock S, et al. Improvement and decline of cognitive function in schizophrenia over one year: a longitudinal investigation using latent growth modeling. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:16.
45. Dakin S, Carlin P, Hemsley D. Weak suppression of visual context in schizophrenia. Curr Biol. 2005;15:822-824.
46. Knight RA. Specifying cognitive deficiencies in poor premorbid schizophrenics. In: Walker EF, Dworkin R, Cornblatt B, eds. Progress in Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology. Vol 15. New York, NY: Springer; 1992:252-289.
47. Knight RA. Comparing cognitive models of schizophrenics' input dysfunction. In: Cromwell RL, Snyder CR, eds. Schizophrenia: Origins, Progress, Treatment, and Outcome. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1993:151-175.
48. Silverstein SM, Hatashita-Wong MH, Schenkel LS, et al. Reduced top-down influences in contour detection in schizophrenia. Cognit Neuropsychiatry. 2006;11:112-132.
49. Lubow RE. Construct validity of the animal latent inhibition model of selective attention deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31:139-53.
50. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME, Green MF. Information-processing abnormalities as neuropsychological vulnerability indicators for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1994;384:71-79.
51. Park S, Gibson C, McMichael T. Socioaffective factors modulate working memory in schizophrenia patients. Neuroscience. 2006;139:373-384.
52. Kern RS, Green MF, Goldstein MJ. Modification of performance on the span of apprehension, a putative marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995;104:385-389.
53. Summerfelt AT, Alphs LD, Wagman AMI, Funderburk FR, Hierholzer RM, Strauss ME. Reduction of perseverative errors in patients with schizophrenia using monetary feedback. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100:613-616.
54. Karras A. The effects of reinforcement and arousal on the psychomotor performance of chronic schizophrenics. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1962;65:104-111.
55. Maher B. An afterword: The utility of cognitive models for the field of psychopathology. Psychol Assess. 2002;14:304-310.
56. Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Davis SM, et al. CATIE Investigators. Neurocognitive Working Group. Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:633-647.
57. Bendict RHB, Schretlen D, Groninger L, Dobraski M, Shpritz B. Revision of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test: Studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity. Psychol Assess. 1996;8:145-153.
58. Neufeld RWJ, ed. Advances in Clinical Cognitive Science: Formal Modeling of Processes and Symptoms. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2007.
59. Treat TA, Bootzin RR, Baker TB, eds. Psychological Clinical Science: Papers in Honor of Richard McFall. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2007.
60. Townsend JT, Ashby FG. Experimental test of contemporary mathematical models of visual letter recognition. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1982;8:834-854.
61. Busemeyer JR, Townsend JT. Decision field theory: a dynamic-cognitive approach to decision making in an uncertain environment. Psychol Rev. 1993;100:432-459.
62. Olypher AV, Klement D, Fenton AA. Cognitive disorganization in hippocampus: a physiological model of the disorganization in psychosis. J Neurosci. 2006;26:158-168.