Explaining Georgia's anti-corruption drive

European Security

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 16-36

  Kupatadze, Alexander ^a  

^a TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY   (Georgia)

Author keywords

corruption; Georgia; Rose Revolution

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880753180     PISSN: 09662839     EISSN: 17461545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2012.656597     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. ABA/CEELI (American Bar Association's Central European and Eurasian Law Initiative), 2005. Judicial reform index for Georgia. Washington, DC: American Bar Association.
2. AIR (Association for International Relations), 2010. Looking through the party lenses, a comparative study of Georgian political parties’ views on foreign and national security policies. Tbilisi, GA: AIR and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
3. Aldis, A., and Herd, G., 2004. Managing soft security threats: current progress and future prospects. European security, 13: 169–186.
4. Anderson, J., and Gray, Ch., 2006. Anticorruption in transition 3: who is succeeding, and why?, Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
5. Baev, P., 2003. “ Civil wars in Georgia: corruption breeds violence ”. In Potentials of Disorder, Edited by: Koehler, J., and Zurcher, Ch., 127–144. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
6. Baker, P., 2001. A hero to the west, a villain at home: Shevardnadze leads Georgians to hardship, Washington Post.
7. Barcelona Declaration, [online]. Available from: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/mediterranean_partner_countries/r15001_en.htm
8. BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union, 2001. Ex-minister of justice says country sinking into morass of corruption. UK: BBC monitoring service.
9. BBC monitoring service, 2000. Spokesman denies corruption in president's immediate family, July 15, UK: BBC monitoring service.
10. Black Sea Press (information agency), 2003. 14 February news section. Available from Factiva newscontribution databse. Accessed 6 May 2006.
11. Börzel, T.A., Stahn, A., and Y., Pamuk, 2010. The European Union and the fight against corruption in its near abroad: can it make a difference? Global crime, 11 2, 122–144.
12. Bull, H., 1982. Civilian power Europe: a contradiction in terms?. Journal of common market studies, 21 (2): 149–164.
13. Chamber of Control of Georgia, 2006. Report on Economic Activity in 2005, Tbilisi: Chamber of Control.
14. Chiaberashvili, Z., and Tevzadze, G., 2005. Power elites in Georgia: old and new. In: P.H., Fluri and E., Cole, eds. From revolution to reform: Georgia's struggle with democratic institution building and security sector reform. Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence (BMLV), Vienna, Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 187–208.
15. Christophe, B., 2003. “ Bringing culture back into a concept of rationality, state society relations and conflict in Post-Socialist Transcaucasia ”. In Potentials of disorder. Manchester, Edited by: Koehler, J., and Zürcher, C., 193–207. UK: Manchester University Press.
16. CIA World Fact Book, 2002. Georgia Profile. Available from: http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/geos/gg.html [Accessed 1 December 2007].
17. CIPDD (Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development), February 1997. The Georgian chronicle monthly bulletin [online]. Available from: http://www.cipdd.org/files/61_265_985706_GeorgianChronicle-February97.pdf [Accessed 10 February 2005].
18. Civil Georgia. (news website), 5 Aug 2004. [online]. Available from: http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=7777&search=NGOs%20Protest%20against%20Arrest%20of%20Newspaper%20Editor [Accessed 10 August 2004]
19. Civil Georgia. (news website), 13 Mar 2005. [online]. Available from: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=9333 [Accessed 16 March 2005].
20. Civil Georgia. (news website), 30 Aug 2005. [online]. Available from: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=10642 [Accessed 1 September 2005].
21. Civil Georgia. (news website), 8 Dec 2005. [online]. Available from: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=11305 [Accessed 9 December 2005].
22. Civil Georgia. (news website), 27 Mar 2006. [online]. Available from: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=12191 [Accessed 28 March 2006].
23. Civil Georgia, 16 Sept 2008. [online]. Available from: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19526
24. Civil Georgia. (news website), 18 Feb 2009. [online]. Available from: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=20444 [Accessed 19 February 2009].
25. Civil Georgia, 16 Sept 2010, [online]. Available from: http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=22675
26. Civil Georgia, 16 March 2010, [online]. Available from: http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=22090
27. Clark, W.A., 1993. Crime and punishment in Soviet Officialdom: combating corruption in the political elite 1965–1990, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
28. Council of Europe, 2006. Evaluation report on Georgia. GRECO (Group of State Against Corruption).
29. Di Puppo, L., 2010. Anti-corruption interventions in Georgia. Global crime, 11 (2): 220–236.
30. Dolidze, A., 2007a. The battle over the state procurement agency, Georgia Today, no. 345.
31. Dolidze, A., 2007b. A closer look at the progress of reform in Georgia, Economic Reform Feature Service, Center for International Private Enterprise.
32. Dzieciolowski Z., 2010. Georgia's President Saakashvili, 11 Aug 2010. On the eve of war, openDemocrac [online]. Available from: http://www.opendemocracy.net/comment/reply/45766?quote=1#comment-formGeorgianTimes(newspaper), 14 Jun 2007.
33. Esadze, L., 2004. The organized nature of corruption in the post-Soviet space and challenges of donors: a case study of Georgia. The Development Partnership Forum: Improving Donor Effectiveness in Combating Corruption, OECD Development Assistance Committee and Transparency International.
34. Eurasia Net, 2 April 2003. Georgia daily digest, 2 [online]. Available from: http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/georgia/hypermail/200304/0007.shtml [Accessed 10 May 2003].
35. EuroMed, 2006. Soft-security within the Euro-Mediterranean partnership, Go-EuroMed Working Paper No. 0611, EuroMed, CEU San Pablo University: Madrid, Spain.
36. Feldbrugge, J.M., 1984. Government and shadow economy in the Soviet Union. Soviet studies, 36 (4): 528–543.
37. Freizer, S., 2004. The pillars of Georgia's political transition, openDemocracy, Feb.
38. Galeotti, M., 2002. “ The challenge of ‘soft security’: crime, corruption and chaos ”. In New security challenges in postcommunist Europe, Edited by: Averre, D., and Cottey, A., 151–171. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
39. Giraldo, J., and Trinkunas, H., 2007. “ Transnational crime ”. In Contemporary security studies, Edited by: Collins, A., 346–367. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Godson, R., 2004. Building societal support for the rule of law in Georgia. Trends in organized crime, 8 (2): 5–27.
41. Grodeland, A.B., 2010. Elite preceptions of anti-corruption efforts in Ukraine. Global crime, 11 (2): 237–260.
42. GYLA (Georgian Young Lawyers Association), 2006. Anti-corruption monitoring report, Georgian Young Lawyers Association (GYLA). Prepared through the financial assistance of USAID, The Eurasia Foundation, Global Conflict Prevention Pool, Tbilisi.
43. Heller, N., 2009. “ Defining and measuring corruption: where have we come from, where are we now and what matter for the future ”. In Corruption, global security and world order, Edited by: Rotberg, R.I., 47–65. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
44. Hellman, J., Jones, G., and Kaufmann, D., 2000. Seize the state, seize the day: state capture, corruption and influence in transition, World Bank Policy Research Paper 2444.
45. Hellman, J., and Kaufmann, D., Dec 2002. The inequality of influence [online]. Available from: SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=386901 or doi: 10.2139/ssrn.386901 [Accessed 20 December 2007].
46. Human Rights Watch, 2007. Crossing the line: Georgia's violent dispersal of protestors and raid on imedi television [online]. Available from: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2007/12/19/crossing-line [Accessed 14 January 2008]
47. Investment Guide for Georgia, [online]. Available from: http://www.investmentguide.ge/index.php?sec_id=145&lang_id=ENG
48. IWPR (Institute for War and Peace Reporting), 4 Aug 2004. Georgia in the black, for once, Caucasus Reporting Service no. 245.
49. IWPR, 2011. Institute for war and peace reporting, caucasus reporting service, Georgian authorities try to clip businessman's wings, No. 616, 8 Nov.
50. Kandelaki, G., July 2006. Georgia's Rose Revolution, a participant's perspective. United States Institute of Peace. [online]. Available from: http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr167.pdf [Accessed 15 January 2007].
51. Katz, R.S., 2006. The Georgian regime crisis of 2003–2004, a case study in post-Soviet media representation of politics, crime and corruption, Stutgart: Ibidem-Verlag.
52. Kaufman, D., Mar 2003. Rethinking governance empirical lessons challenge orthodoxy. World Bank Institute, Discussion Draft.
53. Kaufmann, D., Oct 2004. Corruption, governance and security: challenges for the rich countries and the world [online]. Available from: SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=605801ordoi:10.2139/ssrn.605801 [Accessed 4 April 2010].
54. Khabeishvili, S., 1992. Interview re-published in Imperiia strakha: Prestupnyi mir, mafiia, vory v zakone, reket, shulery, stukachi: Nezashchishchennyi mir–khristianskoe slovo, poeziia lagerei, pogublennye sudby [Empire of fear: criminal world, mafia, thieves in law, racketeering, cardplayers and informers], Moscow: Zelenyi Parus.
55. Khelashvili, G., 13 Oct 2009. Saakashvili Offers further Liberalization of the Economy, Jamestown Foundation [online]. Available from: http://jamestownfoundation.blogspot.com/2009/10/saakashvili-offers-further.html [Accessed 15 November 2009].
56. Kikabidze, K., and Losaberidze, D., 2000. Institutionalism and clintelism in Georgia. Series of discussion materials, UNDP.
57. Kim, B.-Y., 2003. Informal economy activities of Soviet households: size and dynamics. Journal of comparative economics, 31: 532–551.
58. Kleimenov, I., 2009. Mozhna li doveriat indeksu vospriatia korrupcii. Sledovatel, 6: 28–30.
59. Lezhava, V., 19 April 2010. Head of the advisors group to the Prime-Minister of Georgia, Fighting corruption, History of success, Georgia's experience in combating corruption: eligibility for Ukraine, Open Ukraine Arsenyi Yatseniuk Foundation [online]. Available from: http://www.openukraine.org/en/programs/young-generations/anticorruption [Accessed 5 June 2010].
60. Lindley-French, J., 2004. The revolution in security affairs: hard and soft security dybamics in the 21st century. European security, 13: 1–15.
61. Loader, I., and Sparks, R., 2007. “ Contemporary landscapes of crime, order and control: governance, risk and globalization ”. In The Oxford handbook of criminology, Edited by: Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R., 78–102. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
62. Manners, I., 2002. Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?. JCMS, 40 (2): 235–258.
63. Mathur, A., and Singh, K., 15 May 2007. Foreign direct investment, corruption, and democracy, American Enterprise Institute, working paper #135.
64. Mauro, P., 1995. Corruption and growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 110 (3): 681–712.
65. Mitchell, L.A., 2009. Compromising democracy: state building in Saakashvili's Georgia. Central Asian survey, 28 (2): 171–183.
66. Ndikumana, L., and Baliamoune-Lutz, M., May 2008. The growth effects of openness to trade and the role of institutions: new evidence from African countries, Working Papers 2007–2005, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics.
67. Nodia, G., 2002. “ Putting the state back together in post-Soviet Georgia ”. In Beyond state crisis? Postcolonial Africa and post-soviet Eurasia in comparative perspective, Edited by: Beissinger, M.R., and Young, C., 413–444. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
68. Nodia, G., 2005. Breaking the mould of powerlessness: the meaning of Georgia's latest revolution. In: J.V., Wertsch, Enough! the Rose Revolution in the Republic of Georgia 2003, ed. Z., Karumidze. New York: Nova.
69. Nodia, G., 2006. “ Georgia, dimensions of insecurity ”. In Statehood and security. Georgia after the Rose Revolution, Edited by: Coppieters, B., and Legvold, R., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
70. OECD, 2010. Anti-corruption network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Istanbul anti-corruption action plan, second round of monitoring for Georgia [online]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/document/17/0,3343,en_36595778_36595861_37187921_1_1_1_1,00.html [Accessed 3 March 2011].
71. Okruashvili, I., 2008. Interview with Kavkasia TV, recorded in France, aired on Mar 7.
72. Papava, V., 2008. Georgia's hollow revolution: does Georgia's pro-western and anti-Russian policy amount to democracy? The Harvard International Review, February 6. Available from: http://hir.harvard.edu/georgia-s-hollow-revolution [Accessed 10 December 2008].
73. Prime News (information agency), 31 July 2008.
74. Prosecutor's office of Georgia, briefing on Gelbakhiani's 1973 court sentence [online]. Available from: www.pov.gov.ge [Accessed 22 February 2010].
75. Prosecutor's office of Georgia, briefing on Khabeishvili's 1985 court sentence [online]. Available from: www.pov.gov.ge [Accessed 22 February 2010].
76. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, 8 Jan 2010. [online]. Available from: http://www.rferl.org/content/Is_Georgias_Business_Environment_As_Good_As_It_Looks/1924264.html [Accessed 10 January 2010].
77. Remarks of Mikheil Saakashvili, 4 Sept 2010. Civil.ge [online]. Available from: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=22640
78. RenTV, May 2010. Kak gruzia pabedila korupciu [online]. Available from: http://sakhalin.tv/movie/16489/ [Accessed 1 June 2010].
79. Rimple, P., 11 Jan 2006. Georgian NGOs: cash trail for detainee fines tricky to track, Eurasia insight. [online]. Available from: http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav011106.shtml [Accessed 15 January 2006].
80. Rose-Ackerman, S., 1999. Corruption and government: causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
81. Rose-Ackerman, S., 2004. “ Establishing the rule of law ”. In When states fail: causes and consequences, Edited by: Rotberg, R.I., 182–221. Princetone, NJ: Princeton University Press.
82. Rose-Ackerman, S., 2008. Corruption and government. International peacekeeping, 15 (3): 328–343.
83. Rotberg, R.I., 2004. “ The failure and collapse of nation-states, breakdown prevention, and repair ”. In When states fail, causes and consequences, Edited by: Rotberg, R.I., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
84. Rotberg, R.I., 2009. “ How corruption compromises world peace and stability ”. In Corruption, global security and world order, Edited by: Rotberg, R.I., 1–27. Brookings Institution Press.
85. Russian Forbes (newspaper), 6 July 2010, Poriadak pa gruzinki [online]. Available from: http://www.forbes.ru/ekonomika-column/vlast/52396-poryadok-po-gruzinski [Accessed 10 July 2010].
86. Saakashvili, M., 2009. State of nation address. Available from: http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=20421 [Accessed 25 February 2009].
87. Saakashvili, M., 4 Feb 2004. Speech at John Hopkins University [online]. Available from: http://www.president.gov.ge/?l=E&m=0&sm=3&id=171
88. Saakashvili, M., Sept 2010. Remarks at New York State University [online]. Available from: http://www.president.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=228&info_id=5492 [Accessed 5 November 2010].
89. Sampson, S., 1988. May you live only by your salary!: the unplanned economy in Eastern Europe. Social justice, 15 (3–4): 135–159.
90. Sarkar, H., and Hasan, M., 2001. Impact of corruption on the efficiency of investment: evidence from a cross-country analysis, Asia-pacific development journal, 8 2, 111–116.
91. Schleifer, A., and Vishny, R.W., 1993. Corruption. Quarterly journal of economics, 108: 599–617.
92. Schroeder, G.E., 1983. “ Transcaucasia since Stalin–the economic dimension ”. In Transcaucasia, Edited by: Suny, R.G., 461–479. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
93. Shelley, L.I., and Scot, E., 2003. Georgia's ‘Revolution of Roses’ Can Be Transplanted, Washington Post, 20 November. Available from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A20186-2003Nov28¬Found=true [Accessed 25 November 2003].
94. Shelley, L.I., 2007. Organized crime and corruption in Georgia, New York: Routledge.
95. Sherr, J., 2004. Strengthening ‘soft’ security: what is to be done?. European security, 12: 157–167.
96. Shevardnadze, E., 2000 Transcript of speech on Georgian Television, delivered in Georgian, Tbilisi, Georgia, 1500 gmt, 6 July. Available from Factiva newscontribution database, [Accessed 10 June 2007].
97. Smith, K., 2008. European Union foreign policy in a changing world, Cambridge: Polity.
98. Stefes, C.H., 2006. Understanding post-Soviet transitions: corruption, collusion and clientelism, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
99. Suny, R.G., 1983. “ On the road to independence: cultural cohesion and ethnic revival in a multinational society ”. In Transcaucasia: nationalism and social change: essays in the history of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, Edited by: Suny, R., 377–400. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications.
100. Suny, R.G., 1989. The making of the Georgian Nation, London: I.B. Tauris.
101. The Messenger (newspaper), 5 Feb 2004.
102. Transparency International, Sept 2007a. Alternative progress report on the implementation of the OECD ACN recommendations by the Georgian government.
103. Transparency International, 2007b. Sabazro konkurencia saqartveloshi.
104. Transparency International, June 2008. Refreshing Georgia's courts, trial by jury: more democracy or a face-lift for the judiciary? [online]. Available from: http://www.investmentguide.ge/files/101_93_986150_TrialbyJuryENG.pdf [Accessed 19 September 2008].
105. Transparency International, 2009. Television in Georgia–ownership, control and regulation [online]. Available from: http://transparency.ge/en/content/television-georgia-%E2%80%93-ownership-control-and-regulation [Accessed 10 January 2010].
106. Underkuffler, L.S., 2009. “ Defining corruption: implications for action ”. In Corruption, global security and world order, Edited by: Rotberg, R.I., 27–46. Brookings Institution Press.
107. US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2008. Human rights report: Georgia. 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 25 Feb 2009. [online]. Available from: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119080.htm [Accessed 10 December 2009].
108. US department of State, Country Profile, 21 June 2010. [online]. Available from: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5253.htm [Accessed 17 September 2010].
109. Voslensky, M., 1984. Nomenklatura, the Soviet ruling class, New York: Doubleday.
110. World Bank, 1996–2010. Worldwide governance indicators [online]. Available from: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp
111. Zhvania, Z., 2005. “ Interview ”. In Enough! The Rose Revolution in the republic of Georgia, Edited by: Karumidze, Z., and Wertsch, J.V., 1–20. New York: Nova.