Contemporary and optimal medical management of peripheral arterial disease

Surgical Clinics of North America

Volumn 93, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 761-778

  Tattersall, Matthew C ^a   Johnson, Heather M ^a   Mason, Peter J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease risk; Claudication; Optimal medical therapy; Peripheral arterial disease; Supervised exercise therapy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERLEUKIN 6; PIOGLITAZONE; PRASUGREL; SIMVASTATIN; TICLOPIDINE; VARENICLINE; WARFARIN;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY; ARTERIAL THROMBOEMBOLISM; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BUERGER DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CRITICAL LIMB ISCHEMIA; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG SAFETY; ENERGY METABOLISM; ERYTHROCYTOSIS; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; KINESIOTHERAPY; LEG PAIN; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SMOKING CESSATION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; THROMBOPHILIA; VASCULITIS;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK; CLAUDICATION; OPTIMAL MEDICAL THERAPY; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; SUPERVISED EXERCISE THERAPY;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; HYPERTENSION; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS; LIFE STYLE; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION;

EID: 84880699753     PISSN: 00396109     EISSN: 15583171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2013.04.009     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Hirsch A.T., Haskal Z.J., Hertzer N.R., et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation 2006, 113(11):e463-e654.
2. Hiatt W.R., Goldstone J., Smith S.C., et al. Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Symposium II: nomenclature for vascular diseases. Circulation 2008, 118(25):2826-2829.
3. Roger V.L., Go A.S., Lloyd-Jones D.M., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012, 125(1):e2-e220.
4. Ostchega Y., Paulose-Ram R., Dillon C.F., et al. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and risk factors in persons aged 60 and older: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. JAm Geriatr Soc 2007, 55(4):583-589.
5. Newman A.B., Siscovick D.S., Manolio T.A., et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. Circulation 1993, 88(3):837-845.
6. Agnelli G., Cimminiello C., Meneghetti G., et al. Low ankle-brachial index predicts an adverse 1-year outcome after acute coronary and cerebrovascular events. JThromb Haemost 2006, 4(12):2599-2606.
7. Busch M.A., Lutz K., Rohl J.E., et al. Low ankle-brachial index predicts cardiovascular risk after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2009, 40(12):3700-3705.
8. Allison M.A., Criqui M.H., McClelland R.L., et al. The effect of novel cardiovascular risk factors on the ethnic-specific odds for peripheral arterial disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). JAm Coll Cardiol 2006, 48(6):1190-1197.
9. Fowkes F.G., Murray G.D., Butcher I., et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008, 300(2):197-208.
10. Heald C.L., Fowkes F.G., Murray G.D., et al. Risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with the ankle-brachial index: systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006, 189(1):61-69.
11. Resnick H.E., Lindsay R.S., McDermott M.M., et al. Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation 2004, 109(6):733-739.
12. Rose G.A. The diagnosis of ischaemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys. Bull World Health Organ 1962, 27:645-658.
13. Hirsch A.T., Criqui M.H., Treat-Jacobson D., et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001, 286(11):1317-1324.
14. Diehm C., Allenberg J.R., Pittrow D., et al. Mortality and vascular morbidity in older adults with asymptomatic versus symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Circulation 2009, 120(21):2053-2061.
15. McDermott M.M., Guralnik J.M., Ferrucci L., et al. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is associated with more adverse lower extremity characteristics than intermittent claudication. Circulation 2008, 117(19):2484-2491.
16. Rooke T.W., Hirsch A.T., Misra S., et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. JAm Coll Cardiol 2011, 58(19):2020-2045.
17. McDermott M.M. The magnitude of the problem of peripheral arterial disease: epidemiology and clinical significance. Cleve Clin J Med 2006, 73(Suppl 4):S2-S7.
18. Aboyans V., Criqui M.H., Abraham P., et al. Measurement and Interpretation of the Ankle-Brachial Index: a Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012, 126(24):2890-2909.
19. Fowkes F.G. The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol 1988, 17(2):248-254.
20. Feigelson H.S., Criqui M.H., Fronek A., et al. Screening for peripheral arterial disease: the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of noninvasive tests in a defined population. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 140(6):526-534.
21. Fowkes F.G., Housley E., Riemersma R.A., et al. Smoking, lipids, glucose intolerance, and blood pressure as risk factors for peripheral atherosclerosis compared with ischemic heart disease in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Am J Epidemiol 1992, 135(4):331-340.
22. Price J.F., Mowbray P.I., Lee A.J., et al. Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh Artery Study. Eur Heart J 1999, 20(5):344-353.
23. Krupski W.C. The peripheral vascular consequences of smoking. Ann Vasc Surg 1991, 5(3):291-304.
24. Shammas N.W. Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007, 3(2):229-234.
25. Bartholomew J.R., Olin J.W. Pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease and risk factors for its development. Cleve Clin J Med 2006, 73(Suppl 4):S8-S14.
26. Jonason T., Bergstrom R. Cessation of smoking in patients with intermittent claudication. Effects on the risk of peripheral vascular complications, myocardial infarction and mortality. Acta Med Scand 1987, 221(3):253-260.
27. He Y., Lam T.H., Jiang B., et al. Passive smoking and risk of peripheral arterial disease and ischemic stroke in Chinese women who never smoked. Circulation 2008, 118(15):1535-1540.
28. Selvin E., Marinopoulos S., Berkenblit G., et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004, 141(6):421-431.
29. Jude E.B., Oyibo S.O., Chalmers N., et al. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: a comparison of severity and outcome. Diabetes Care 2001, 24(8):1433-1437.
30. American Diabetes Association Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26(12):3333-3341.
31. Kannel W.B., McGee D.L. Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham Study. JAm Geriatr Soc 1985, 33(1):13-18.
32. Olin J.W. Hypertension and peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med 2005, 10(3):241-246.
33. Newman A.B., Tyrrell K.S., Kuller L.H. Mortality over four years in SHEP participants with a low ankle-arm index. JAm Geriatr Soc 1997, 45(12):1472-1478.
34. Bradby G.V., Valente A.J., Walton K.W. Serum high-density lipoproteins in peripheral vascular disease. Lancet 1978, 2(8103):1271-1274.
35. Cardia G., Grisorio D., Impedovo G., et al. Plasma lipids as a risk factor in peripheral vascular disease. Angiology 1990, 41(1):19-22.
36. Joosten M.M., Pai J.K., Bertoia M.L., et al. Associations between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and risk of peripheral artery disease in men. JAMA 2012, 308(16):1660-1667.
37. Boushey C.J., Beresford S.A., Omenn G.S., et al. Aquantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995, 274(13):1049-1057.
38. Taylor L.M., Moneta G.L., Sexton G.J., et al. Prospective blinded study of the relationship between plasma homocysteine and progression of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. JVasc Surg 1999, 29(1):8-19. [discussion: 19-21].
39. Lonn E., Yusuf S., Arnold M.J., et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. NEngl J Med 2006, 354(15):1567-1577.
40. Tzoulaki I., Murray G.D., Lee A.J., et al. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble adhesion molecules as predictors of progressive peripheral atherosclerosis in the general population: Edinburgh Artery Study. Circulation 2005, 112(7):976-983.
41. Ridker P.M., Stampfer M.J., Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001, 285(19):2481-2485.
42. Clinical Practice Guideline Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence 2008 Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff Aclinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. A U.S. Public Health Service report. Am J Prev Med 2008, 35(2):158-176.
43. Hennrikus D., Joseph A.M., Lando H.A., et al. Effectiveness of a smoking cessation program for peripheral artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAm Coll Cardiol 2010, 56(25):2105-2112.
44. Jorenby D.E., Hays J.T., Rigotti N.A., et al. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006, 296(1):56-63.
45. Stead L.F., Perera R., Bullen C., et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, (11). CD000146.
46. Silagy C., Lancaster T., Stead L., et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, (3). CD000146.
47. Ferris R., White H.L., Cooper B.R. Some neurochemical properties of a new antidepressant, bupropion hydrochloride (Wellbutrin(R)). Drug Dev Res 1981, 1:21-35.
48. Jorenby D.E., Leischow S.J., Nides M.A., et al. Acontrolled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. NEngl J Med 1999, 340(9):685-691.
49. Nides M., Oncken C., Gonzales D., et al. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166(15):1561-1568.
50. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. NEngl J Med 1993, 329(14):977-986.
51. Dormandy J.A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D.J., et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366(9493):1279-1289.
52. Duckworth W., Abraira C., Moritz T., et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. NEngl J Med 2009, 360(2):129-139.
53. Holman R.R., Paul S.K., Bethel M.A., et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. NEngl J Med 2008, 359(15):1577-1589.
54. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998, 352(9131):837-853.
55. Gerstein H.C., Miller M.E., Byington R.P., et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. NEngl J Med 2008, 358(24):2545-2559.
56. Patel A., MacMahon S., Chalmers J., et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. NEngl J Med 2008, 358(24):2560-2572.
57. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003, 42(6):1206-1252.
58. Adler A.I., Stratton I.M., Neil H.A., et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000, 321(7258):412-419.
59. Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J., et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. NEngl J Med 2000, 342(3):145-153.
60. Radack K., Deck C. Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1991, 151(9):1769-1776.
61. Hennekens C.H., Albert C.M., Godfried S.L., et al. Adjunctive drug therapy of acute myocardial infarction-evidence from clinical trials. NEngl J Med 1996, 335(22):1660-1667.
62. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360(9326):7-22.
63. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. JVasc Surg 2007, 45(4):645-654. [discussion: 653-4].
64. Rehring T.F., Sandhoff B.G., Stolcpart R.S., et al. Atherosclerotic risk factor control in patients with peripheral arterial disease. JVasc Surg 2005, 41(5):816-822.
65. Owens C.D., Conte M.S. Medical management of peripheral arterial disease: bridging the "gap"?. Circulation 2012, 126(11):1319-1321.
66. Adam D.J., Beard J.D., Cleveland T., et al. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366(9501):1925-1934.
67. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001, 285(19):2486-2497.
68. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002, 324(7329):71-86.
69. Fowkes F.G., Price J.F., Stewart M.C., et al. Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010, 303(9):841-848.
70. Belch J., MacCuish A., Campbell I., et al. The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ 2008, 337:a1840.
71. Ogawa H., Nakayama M., Morimoto T., et al. Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008, 300(18):2134-2141.
72. Berger J.S., Krantz M.J., Kittelson J.M., et al. Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 2009, 301(18):1909-1919.
73. Catalano M., Born G., Peto R. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. JIntern Med 2007, 261(3):276-284.
74. Mills D.C., Puri R., Hu C.J., et al. Clopidogrel inhibits the binding of ADP analogues to the receptor mediating inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase. Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12(4):430-436.
75. CAPRIE Steering Committee Arandomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996, 348(9038):1329-1339.
76. Bhatt D.L., Fox K.A., Hacke W., et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. NEngl J Med 2006, 354(16):1706-1717.
77. Elam M.B., Heckman J., Crouse J.R., et al. Effect of the novel antiplatelet agent cilostazol on plasma lipoproteins in patients with intermittent claudication. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998, 18(12):1942-1947.
78. Ota H., Eto M., Kano M.R., et al. Cilostazol inhibits oxidative stress-induced premature senescence via upregulation of Sirt1 in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008, 28(9):1634-1639.
79. Robless P., Mikhailidis D.P., Stansby G.P. Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, (1). CD003748.
80. Pande R.L., Hiatt W.R., Zhang P., et al. Apooled analysis of the durability and predictors of treatment response of cilostazol in patients with intermittent claudication. Vasc Med 2010, 15(3):181-188.
81. Packer M., Carver J.R., Rodeheffer R.J., et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. NEngl J Med 1991, 325(21):1468-1475.
82. Hiatt W.R., Money S.R., Brass E.P. Long-term safety of cilostazol in patients with peripheral artery disease: the CASTLE study (Cilostazol: a Study in Long-term Effects). JVasc Surg 2008, 47(2):330-336.
83. McDermott M.M., Greenland P., Liu K., et al. The ankle brachial index is associated with leg function and physical activity: the Walking and Leg Circulation Study. Ann Intern Med 2002, 136(12):873-883.
84. McDermott M.M., Liu K., Greenland P., et al. Functional decline in peripheral arterial disease: associations with the ankle brachial index and leg symptoms. JAMA 2004, 292(4):453-461.
85. McDermott M.M., Guralnik J.M., Tian L., et al. Baseline functional performance predicts the rate of mobility loss in persons with peripheral arterial disease. JAm Coll Cardiol 2007, 50(10):974-982.
86. Bendermacher B.L., Willigendael E.M., Nicolai S.P., et al. Supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication in a community-based setting is as effective as clinic-based. JVasc Surg 2007, 45(6):1192-1196.
87. McDermott M.M., Ades P., Guralnik J.M., et al. Treadmill exercise and resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease with and without intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009, 301(2):165-174.
88. Gardner A.W., Poehlman E.T. Exercise rehabilitation programs for the treatment of claudication pain. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1995, 274(12):975-980.
89. Murphy T.P., Cutlip D.E., Regensteiner J.G., et al. Supervised exercise versus primary stenting for claudication resulting from aortoiliac peripheral artery disease: six-month outcomes from the claudication: exercise versus endoluminal revascularization (CLEVER) study. Circulation 2012, 125(1):130-139.