Aphanizomenon gracile (Nostocales), a cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium in Polish lakes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Volumn 20, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 5243-5264

  Kokociński, Mikołaj ^a   Mankiewicz Boczek, Joanna ^b   Jurczak, Tomasz ^c   Spoof, Lisa ^d   Meriluoto, Jussi ^d   Rejmonczyk, Edyta ^b   Hautala, Henna ^e   Vehniäinen, Markus ^e   Pawełczyk, Jakub ^f   Soininen, Janne ^g  

^a ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

^b EUROPEAN REGIONAL CENTRE FOR ECOHYDROLOGY OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Poland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

^d ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^f INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY   (Poland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Aphanizomenon gracile; Cyanotoxins; Cylindrospermopsin; Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii; cyrA; cyrJ; Lakes; pks; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

CYLINDROSPERMOPSIN; DRUG DERIVATIVE; URACIL;

BIOGENIC MATERIAL; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CYANOBACTERIUM; GENOTYPE; LAKE POLLUTION; LAKE WATER; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; SPECIES OCCURRENCE; TOXICITY TEST; TOXIN;

ANABAENA; APHANIZOMENON; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BIOSYNTHESIS; CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS; DNA SEQUENCE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; LAKE; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYTOPLANKTON; POLAND; TEMPERATURE; WATER POLLUTANT;

ANABAENA; APHANIZOMENON; CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GENES, BACTERIAL; LAKES; PHYTOPLANKTON; POLAND; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; TEMPERATURE; URACIL; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER POLLUTANTS;

POLAND;

ANABAENA; APHANIZOMENON; APHANIZOMENON GRACILE; CYANOBACTERIA; CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS; CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII; NOSTOCALES;

EID: 84880618329     PISSN: 09441344     EISSN: 16147499     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1426-7     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Al-Tebrineh J, Pearson L, Yasar S, Neilan B (2012) A multiplex qPCR targeting hepato- and neurotoxic cyanobacteria of global significance. Harmful Algae 15: 19-25.
2. Antal O, Karisztl-Gácsi M, Farkas A, Kovács A, Ács A, Töro{double acute} N, Kiss G, Saker ML, Gyo{double acute}ri J, Bánfalvi G, Vehovszky A (2011) Screening the toxic potential of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains isolated from Lake Balaton, Hungary. Toxicon 57: 831-840.
3. APHA (1998) Standard methods for the examinations of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American Public Health Associations, Washington.
4. van Apeldoorn ME, van Egmond HP, Gerrit JA, Speijers A, Bakker GJI (2007) Toxins of cyanobacteria. Review. Mol Nutr Food Res 51: 7-60.
5. Ballot A, Fastner J, Wiedner C (2010) Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin-producing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in northeast Germany. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 1173-1180.
6. Ballot A, Ramm G, Rundberget T, Kaplan-Levy RN, Hadas O, Sukenik A, Wiedner C (2011) Occurrence of non-cylindrospermopsin-producing Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Anabaena bergii in Lake Kinneret (Israel). J Plankton Res 33: 1736-1746.
7. Banker R, Carmeli S, Hadas O, Teltsch B, Porat R, Sukenik A (1997) Identification of cylindrospermopsin in Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanophyceae) isolated from Lake Kinneret. Isr J Phycol 33: 613-616.
8. Banker R, Carmeli S, Teltsch B, Sukenik A (2000) 7-Epicylindrospermopsin, a toxic minor metabolite of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum from Lake Kinneret, Israel. J Nat Prod 63: 387-389.
9. Bazin E, Mourot A, Humpage AR, Fessard V (2010) Genotoxicity of a freshwater cyanotoxin, cylindrospermopsin, in two human cell lines: Caco-2 and HepaRG. Environ Mol Mutagen 51: 251-259.
10. Bernard C, Harvey M, Briand JF, Birė R, Krys S, Fontaine JJ (2003) Toxicological comparison of diverse Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains: evidence of liver damage caused by a French C. raciborskii strain. Environ Toxicol 18: 176-186.
11. Blahova L, Oravec M, Marsalek B, Sejnohova L, Simek Z, Blaha L (2009) The first occurence of the cyanobacterial alkaloid toxin cylindrospermopsin in the Czech Republic as determined by immunochemical and LC/MS methods. Toxicon 53: 519-524.
12. Bourke ATC, Hawes RB, Neilson A, Stallman ND (1983) An outbreak of the hepatoenteritis (the Palm island mystery disease) possibly caused by algal intoxication. Toxicon (Suppl) 3: 45-48.
13. Brient L, Lengronne M, Bormans M, Fastner J (2009) First occurence of cylindrospermopsin in freshwater in France. Environ Toxicol 24: 415-420.
14. Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York.
15. Burford M, Davis TW (2011) Physical and chemical processes promoting dominance of the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 29: 883-891.
16. Carmichael W, Falconer IR (1993) Diseases related to freshwater blue-green algal toxins, and control measures. In: Falconer IR (ed) Algal toxins in seafood and drinking water. Academic Press, London, pp 197-209.
17. Chiswell RK, Shaw GR, Eaglesham G, Smith MJ, Norris RL, Seawright AA, Moore MR (1999) Stability of cylindrospermopsin, the toxin from the cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: effect of pH, temperature, and sunlight on decomposition. Environ Toxicol 14: 155-161.
18. Chonudomkul D, Yongmanitchai W, Theeragool G, Kawachi M, Kasai F, Kaya K, Watanabe MM (2004) Morphology, genetic diversity, temperature tolerance and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) strains from Thailand and Japan. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48: 345-355.
19. Dolman AM, Rücker J, Pick FR, Fastner J, Rohrlack T, Mischke U, Wiedner C (2012) Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins: the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus. PLoS One 7(6): e38757. doi: 10. 1371.
20. Dyble J, Tester PA, Litaker RW (2006) Effects of light on cylindrospermopsin production in the cyanobacterial HAB species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Afr J Mar Sci 28: 309-312.
21. Falconer IR, Hardy SJ, Humpage AR, Froscio SM, Tozer GJ, Hawkins PR (1999) Hepatic and renal toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in male Swiss Albino mice. Environ Toxicol 14: 143-150.
22. Falconer IR, Humpage AR (2001) Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumor initiation by oral administration of extracts of the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin. Environ Toxicol 16: 192-195.
23. Falconer IR, Humpage AR (2006) Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in water supplies: cylindrospermopsin. Environ Toxicol 21: 299-304.
24. Fastner J, Rücker J, Stüken A, Preussel K, Nixdorf B, Chorus I, Kohler A, Wiedner C (2007) Occurrence of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in northeast Germany. Environ Toxicol 22: 26-32.
25. Fastner J, Heinze R, Humpage AR, Mischke U, Eaglesham GK, Chorus I (2003) Cylindrospermopsin occurrence in two German lakes and preliminary assessment of the toxicity and toxin production of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cyanobacteria isolates. Toxicon 42: 313-321.
26. Fergusson KM, Saint CP (2003) MultiplexPCR assay for Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria. Environ Toxicol 18: 120-125.
27. Froscio SM, Humpage AR, Burcham PC, Falconer IR (2003) Cylindrospermopsin-induced protein synthesis inhibition and its dissociation from acute toxicity in mouse hepatocytes. Environ Toxicol 18: 243-251.
28. Giovannoni SJ, DeLong EF, Schmidt TM, Pace NR (1990) Tangential flow filtration and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of marine picoplankton. Appl Environ Microbiol 56: 2572-2575.
29. Gutiérrez-Praena D, Pichardo S, Moyano R, Blanco A, Monterde JG, Cameán AM (2012) Time-dependent histopathological changes induced in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after acute exposure to pure cylindrospermopsin by oral and intraperitoneal route. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 76: 102-113.
30. Haande S, Rohrlack T, Ballot A, Roberg K, Skulberg R, Beck M, Wiedner C (2008) Genetic characterization of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) isolates from Africa and Europe. Harmful Algae 7: 692-701.
31. Harada KI, Ohtani I, Iwamoto K, Suzuki M, Watanabe MF, Watanabe M, Terao K (1994) Isolation of cylindrospermopsin from cyanobacterium Umezakia natans and its screening method. Toxicon 32: 73-84.
32. Hawkins PR, Chandrasena NR, Jones GJ, Humpage AR, Falconer IR (1997) Isolation and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from an ornamental lake. Toxicon 35: 341-346.
33. Hawkins PR, Holliday J, Kathuria A, Bowling L (2005) Change in cyanobacterial biovolume due to preservation by Lugol's iodine. Harmful Algae 4: 1033-1043.
34. Hindák F (1978) Freshwater algae. Slovenské Pedagogické Nakladatelstwo, Bratislava.
35. Hindák F (2000) Morphological variation of four planktic nostocalean cyanophytes-members of the genus Aphanizomenon or Anabaena? Hydrobiologia 438: 107-116.
36. Hötzel G, Croome R (1999) A phytoplankton methods manual for Australian freshwaters. LWRRDC occasional paper 22/99. Land and water resources research and development corporation.
37. Humpage AR, Fenech M, Thomas P, Falconer IR (2000) Micronucleus induction and chromosome loss in transformed human white cells indicate clastogenic and aneugenic action of the cyanobacterial toxin, cylindrospermopsin. Mutat Res 472: 155-161.
38. Humpage AR, Falconer IR (2003) Oral toxicity of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in male Swiss albino mice: determination of no observed adverse effect level for deriving a drinking water guideline value. Environ Toxicol 18: 94-103.
39. ISO 10304-1 (2007) In: Water quality-determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions. Part 1: Determinations of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
40. ISO 6878 (2004) In: Water quality-determination of phosphorus-ammonium molybdate spectrometric method. International Organization for Standarization, Geneva.
41. Javornicky P (1958) Revise některỳch method pro zjišt'ovǎnǐkvantity fitoplantonu (Revision of some methods for the phytoplankton quantity estimation). Scientific Paper 2, Faculty of Technology of Fuel and Water, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague.
42. Kaebernick M, Neilan BA, Bo{double acute}rner T, Dittmann E (2000) Light and the transcriptial response of the microcystin biosynthesis gene cluster. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 3387-3392.
43. Kinnear SHW, Fabbro LD, Duivenvoorden LJ, Hibberd EMA (2007) Multiple-organ toxicity resulting from cylindrospermopsin exposure in tadpoles of the cane toad (Bufo marinus). Environ Toxicol 22: 550-558.
44. Kinnear SHW, Fabbro LD, Duivenvoorden LJ (2008) Variable growth responses of water thyme (Hydrilla verticillata) to whole-cell extracts of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54: 187-194.
45. Kokociński M, Dziga D, Spoof L, Stefaniak K, Jurczak T, Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Meriluoto J (2009) First report of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in the shallow, eutrophic lakes of western Poland. Chemosphere 74: 669-675.
46. Kokociński M, Soininen J (2012) Environmental factors related to the occurrence of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanophyta) at the north-eastern limit of its geographical range. Eur J Phycol 47: 12-21.
47. Komárek J, Anagnostidis K (1989) Modern approach to the classification system of Cyanophytes 4-Nostocales. Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 82-83: 247-345.
48. Komárek J, Anagnostidis K (1998) Cyanoprocaryota. Teil: Chroococcales. In: Gärtner EH, Heynigh G, Mollenhauer D (eds) Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 19/1, Gustav Fischer, Jena-Stuttgart-Lübeck-Ulm, pp 1-548.
49. Komárek J, Komárkova J (2003) Phenotype diversity of the cyanoprokaryotic genus Cylindrospermopsis (Nostocales); review 2002 (Přehled (fenotypová diversita) cyanoprokaryotního rodu Cylindrospermopsis (Nostocales). Czech Phycology 3: 1-30.
50. Komárek J, Komárkova J (2004) Taxonomic review of the cyanoprokaryotic genera Planktothrix and Planktothricoides [Taxonomický přehled rodů Planktothrix a Planktothricoides (Cyanoprokaryota)]. Czech Phycology 4: 1-18.
51. Komárek J, Anagnostidis K (2005) Cyanoprocaryota. Teil: Oscillatoriales. In: Büdel B, Krienitz L, Gärtner G, Schagerl M (eds) Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 19/2. Elsevier GmbH, München, pp 1-759.
52. Komárek J, Komárkova J (2006) Diversity of Aphanizomenon-like cyanobacteria (Diverzita sinic z okruhu rodu Aphanizomenon). Czech Phycology 6: 1-32.
53. Komárek J, Zapomělová E (2007) Planktic morphospecies of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena = subg. Dolichospermum-1. Part: coiled types. Fottea 7: 1-31.
54. Komárek J, Zapomělová E (2008) Planktic morphospecies of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena = subg. Dolichospermum-2. Part: straight types. Fottea 8: 1-14.
55. Komárek J (2010) Modern taxonomic revision of planktonic nostocacean cyanobacteria: a short review of genera. Hydrobiologia 639: 231-243.
56. Li R, Carmichael WW, Brittain JE, Eaglesham GK, Shaw GR, Mahakhant A, Noparatnaraporn N, Yongmanitchai W, Kaya K, Watanabe MM (2001a) Isolation and identification of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin from a Thailand strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria). Toxicon 39: 973-980.
57. Li R, Carmichael WW, Brittain S, Eaglesham G, Shaw G, Liu Y, Watanabe M (2001b) First report of the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin and dexycylindrospermopsin from Raphidiopsis curvata (Cyanobacteria). J Phycol 37: 1121-1126.
58. Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Kokociński M, Ga{ogonek}gała I, Pawełczyk J, Jurczak T, Dziadek J (2012) Preliminary molecular identification of cylindrospermopsin-producing Cyanobacteria in two Polish lakes (Central Europe). FEMS Microbiol Lett 326: 173-179.
59. Mc Gregor GB, Sendall BC, Hunt LT, Eaglesham GK (2011) Report of the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin from Raphidiopsis mediterranea Skuja (Cyanobacteria/Nostocales). Harmful Algae 10: 402-410.
60. Messineo V, Bogialli S, Melchiorre S, Sechi N, Lugliė A, Casiddu P, Mariani MA, Padedda BM, Di Corcia A et al (2009) Cyanobacterial toxins in Italian freshwaters. Limnologica 39: 95-106.
61. Messineo V, Melchiorre S, Di Corcia A, Gallo P, Bruno M (2010) Seasonal succession of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum blooms with cylindrospermopsin occurrence in the volcanic Lake Albano, Central Italy. Environ Toxicol 25: 18-27.
62. Metcalf JS, Barakate A, Codd GA (2004) Inhibition of plant protein synthesis by the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, cylindrospermopsin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 235: 125-129.
63. Mihali TK, Kellmann R, Muenchhoff J, Barrow KD, Neilan BA (2008) Characterization of the gene cluster responsible for cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 716-722.
64. Mikalsen B, Boison G, Skulberg OM, Fastner J, Davies W, Gabrielsen TM, Rudi K, Jakobsen KS (2003) Natural variation in the microcystin synthetase operon mcyABC and impact on microcystin production in Microcystis strains. J Bacteriol 185: 2774-2785.
65. Norris RL, Eaglesham G, Pierens G, Shaw G, Smith MJ, Chiswell RK, Seawright AA, Moore MR (1999) Deoxycylindrospermopsin, an analog of cylindrospermopsin from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Environ Toxicol 14: 163-165.
66. Nurmi J, Wikman T, Karp M, Lövgren T (2002) High-performance real-time quantitative RT-PCR using lanthanide probes and a dual-temperature hybridization assay. Anal Chem 74: 3525-3532.
67. Ohtani I, Moore RE, Runnegar MTC (1992) Cylindrospermopsin: a potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. J Am Chem Soc 114: 7941-7942.
68. Orr PT, Rasmussen JP, Burford MA, Eaglesham GK, Lennox SM (2010) Evaluation of quantitative real-time PCR to characterize spatial and temporal variations in cyanobacteria, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya et Subba Raju and cylindrospermopsin concentrations in three subtropical Australian reservoirs. Harmful Algae 9: 243-254.
69. PN-ISO 7150-1 (2002) Determination of ammonia nitrogen. The manual spectrometric method. International Organization for Standardization. www. iso. org.
70. PN-73/C-04576/14 (1973) Water and wastewater. Calculation of total nitrogen. International Organization for Standardization. www. iso. org.
71. Preußel K, Stüken A, Wiedner C, Chorus I, Fastner J (2006) First report on cylindrospermopsin producing Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) isolated from two German lakes. Toxicon 47: 156-162.
72. Preußel K, Wessel G, Fastner J, Chorus I (2009) Response of cylindrospermopsin production and release in Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) to varying light and temperature conditions. Harmful Algae 8: 645-650.
73. Quesada A, Moreno E, Carrasco D, Paniagua T, Wörmer L, De Hoyos C, Sukenik A (2006) Toxicity of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanobacteria) in Spanish water reservoir. Eur J Phycol 41: 39-45.
74. Rasmussen JP, Cursaro M, Froscio SM, Saint CP (2008) An examination of the antibiotic effects of cylindrospermopsin on common gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and the protozoan Naegleria lovaniensis. Environ Toxicol 23: 36-43.
75. Rücker J, Stüken A, Nixdorf B, Fastner J, Chorus I, Wiedner C (2007) Concentrations of particulate and dissolved cylindrospermopsin in 21 Aphanizomenon-dominated temperate lakes. Toxicon 50: 800-809.
76. Saker ML, Griffiths DJ (2000) Effects of temperature on growth and cylindrospermopsin content of seven isolates of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanophyceae) from water bodies in northern Australia. Phycologia 39: 349-354.
77. Saker ML, Neilan BA (2001) Varied diazotrophies, morphologies and toxicities of genetically similar isolates of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanophyceae) from water bodies in northern Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 99: 749-757.
78. Saker ML, Nogueira ICG, Vasconcelos VM, Neilan BA, Eaglesham GK, Pereira P (2003) First report and toxicological assessment of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from Portuguese freshwaters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 55: 243-250.
79. Schembri MA, Neilan BA, Saint CP (2001) Identification of genes implicated in toxin production in the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Environ Toxicol 16: 413-421.
80. Seifert M, McGregor G, Eaglesham G, Wickramsinghe W, Shaw G (2007) First evidence for the production of cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin by the freshwater benthic cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) Speziale and Dyck. Harmful Algae 6: 73-80.
81. Shaw GR, Sukenik A, Livne A, Chiswell RK, Smith MJ, Seawright AA, Norris RL, Eaglesham GK, Moore MR (1999) Blooms of cylindrospermopsin containing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Forti), in newly constructed lakes, Queensland, Australia. Environ Toxicol 14: 167-177.
82. Shen X, Lam PKS, Shaw GR, Wickramasinghe W (2002) Genotoxicity investigation of a cyanobacterial toxin, cylindrospermopsin. Toxicon 40: 1499-1501.
83. Sivonen K, Jones G (1999) Cyanobacterial toxins. In: Chorus I, Bartram J (eds) Toxic cyanobacteria in water, a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. E and FN Spoon, London, pp 41-111.
84. Spoof L, Berg KA, Rapala J, Lahti K, Lepistö L, Metcalf JS, Codd GA, Meriluoto J (2006) First observation of cylindrospermopsin in Anabaena lapponica isolated from the boreal environment (Finland). Environ Toxicol 21: 552-560.
85. Starmach K (1989) Plankton roślinny wód słodkich. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa-Kraków, pp 1-496.
86. Stüken A, Jakobsen KS (2010) The cylindrospermopsin gene cluster of Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6: organization and recombination. Microbiology 156: 2438-2451.
87. Svrcek C, Smith DW (2004) Cyanobacteria toxins and the current state of knowledge on water treatment options, a review. J Environ Eng Sci 3: 155-185.
88. Terao K, Ohmori S, Igarashi K, Ohtani I, Watanabe MF, Harada KI, Ito E, Watanabe M (1994) Electron microscopic studies on experimental poisoning in mice induced by cylindrospermopsin isolated from blue-green alga Umezakia natans. Toxicon 32: 833-843.
89. Törökné A, Asztalos M, Bánkiné M, Bickel H, Borbély G, Carmeli S, Codd GA, Fastner J, Huang Q, Humpage A, Metcalf JS, Rábai E, Sukenik A, Surányi G, Vasas G, Weiszfeiler V (2004) Interlaboratory comparison trial on cylindrospermopsin measurement. Anal Biochem 332: 280-284.
90. Wetzel RG, Likens GE (2000) Limnological analyses, 3rd edn. Springer, New York.
91. White SH, Duivenvoorden LJ, Fabbro LD, Eaglesham GK (2006) Influence of intracellular toxin concentration on cylindrospermopsin bioaccumulation in freshwater gastropod (Melanoides tuberculata). Toxicon 47: 497-509.
92. Wiedner C, Rücker J, Fastner J, Chorus I, Nixdorf B (2008) Seasonal dynamics of cylindrospermopsin and cyanobacteria in two German Lakes. Toxicon 52: 677-786.
93. Wood SA, Stirling DJ (2003) First identification of the cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in New Zealand. NZJ Mar Freshwater Res 37: 821-828.
94. Yilmaz M, Philips EJ, Szabo NJ, Badylak S (2008) A comparative study of Florida strains of Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon for cylindrospermopsin production. Toxicon 51: 130-139.
95. Zarenezhad S, Sano T, Watanabe MM, Kawachi M (2012) Evidence of the existence of toxic form of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) in Japan. Phycol Res 60: 98-104.
96. Žegura B, Gajski G, Štraser A, Garaj-Vrhovac V (2011) Cylindrospermopsin induced DNA damage and alteration in the expression of genes involved in the response to DNA damage, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Toxicon 58: 471-479.
97. Zhang Z, Schwartz S, Wagner L, Miller W (2000) A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences. J Comput Biol 7: 203-214.