Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit

BMJ Open

Volumn 3, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

  Garbarino, Sergio ^a,b   Cuomo, Giovanni ^b   Chiorri, Carlo ^b   Magnavita, Nicola ^c  

^a Department of Fire and Rescue Service and Civil Defense   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^c CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BURNOUT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; JOB STRESS; LAW; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PERSONALITY; POLICE; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; QUESTIONNAIRE; REWARD; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCREENING TEST; SOCIOLOGY; SPECIAL POLICE FORCE UNIT;

EID: 84880576999     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002791     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Cherry NM, Chen Y, McDonald JC. Reported incidence and precipitating factors of work-related stress and mental ill-health in the United Kingdom (1996-2001). Occup Med (Lond) 2006;56:414-21. (Pubitemid 44540527)
2. Melchior M, Caspi A, Milne BJ, et al. Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men. Psychol Med 2007;37:1119-29. (Pubitemid 47213873)
3. Paoli P, Merllié D. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions-Third European survey on working conditions. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000.
4. Garbarino S, Chiorri C, Magnavita N, et al. Personality profiles of special force police officers. J Police Crim Psychol 2012;27:99-110.
5. Yuan C, Wang Z, Inslicht SS, et al. Protective factors for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a prospective study of police officers. Psychiatry Res 2011;188:45-50.
6. Evans R, Pistrang N, Billings J. Police officers' experiences of supportive and unsupportive social interactions following traumatic incidents. Eur J Psychotraumato 1 2013;4. Epub 15 March 2013 doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19696
7. Galatzer-Levy IR, Brown AD, Henn-Haase C, et al. Positive and negative emotion prospectively predict trajectories of resilience and distress among high-exposure police officers. Emotion 2013;13:545-53.
8. Sanne B, Mykletun A, Dahl A, et al. Testing the job Demand-Control- Support model with anxiety and depression as outcomes: The Hordaland Health Study. Occup Med (Lond) 2005;55:463-73. (Pubitemid 41300659)
9. Berg AM, Hem E, Lau B, et al. Stress in the Norwegian police service. Occup Med (Lond) 2005;55:113-20. (Pubitemid 40439517)
10. Violanti JM. Police organizational stress: the impact of negative discipline. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2011;13:31-6.
11. Garbarino S, Magnavita N, Elovainio M, et al. Police job strain during routine activities and a major event. Occup Med (Lond) 2011;61:395-9.
12. McEwen BS. Stress, adaptation and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;840:33-44. (Pubitemid 28302033)
13. Cooper B. Mental health epidemiology today: a monitor of distress. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2012;21:171-3.
14. Winwood PC, Peters R, Peters M, et al. Further validation of the psychological injury risk indicator scale. J Occup Environ Med 2012;54:478-84.
15. Summerfield D. Metropolitan Police blues: protracted sickness absence, ill health retirement, and the occupational psychiatrist. BMJ 2011;342:d2127.
16. Karasek RA. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain. Implication for job redesign. Adm Sci Q 1979;24:285-308.
17. Siegrist J. Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. J Occup Health Psychol 1996;1:27-41.
18. Rugulies R, Krause N. Job strain, iso-strain, and the incidence of low back and neck injuries. A 7.5-year prospective study of San Francisco transit operators. Soc Sci Med 2005;61:27-39. (Pubitemid 40545057)
19. Magnavita N, Garbarino S. Social psychiatry in the waiting room. What a physician can learn about occupational stress from workers waiting to be examined. Psychiatry J 2013;2013:7.
20. Nieuwenhuijsen K, Bruinvels D, Frings-Dresen M. Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders, a systematic review. Occup Med (Lond) 2010;60:277-86.
21. Marchand A, Blanc ME. The contribution of work and non-work factors to the onset of psychological distress: an eight-year prospective study of a representative sample of employees in Canada. J Occup Health 2010;52:176-85.
22. Van Rhenen W, Van Dijk FJ, Schaufeli WB, et al. Distress or no distress, that's the question: a cutoff point for distress in a working population. J Occup Med Toxicol 2008;3:3.
23. Van Der Klink JJ, Van Dijk FJ. Dutch practice guidelines for managing adjustment disorders in occupational and primary health care. Scand J Work Environ Health 2003;29:478-87.
24. Iversen A, Dyson C, Smith N, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2004;420:21-7.
25. Bonde J P E. Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med 2008;65:438-45. (Pubitemid 351969693)
26. Netterstrøm B, Conrad N, Bech P, et al. The relation between work-related psychosocial factors and the development of depression. Epidemiol Rev 2008;30:118-32.
27. Violanti JM. Police Suicide: epidemic in Blue, 2nd ed., Charles C Springfield, IL: Thomas Publisher, 2007.
28. Yoo H, Franke WD. Stress and cardiovascular disease risk in female law enforcement officers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011;84:279-86.
29. Von Dem Knesebeck O, David K, Siegrist J. Psychosocial stress at work and musculoskeletal pain among police officers in special forces. Gesundheitswesen 2005;67:674-9. (Pubitemid 41473476)
30. Bourbonnais R, Jauvin N, Dussault J, et al. Psychosocial work environment, interpersonal violence at work and mental health among correctional officers. Int J Law Psychiatry 2007;30:355-68. (Pubitemid 47516684)
31. Janzen BL, Muhajarine N, Zhu T, et al. Effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment, and psychological distress in Canadian police officers. Psychol Rep 2007;100:525-30.
32. Taris TW, Kompier M A J, Geurts S A E, et al. Professional efficacy, exhaustion, and work characteristics among police officers: a longitudinal test of the learning-related predictions of the demand-control model. J Occup Organ Psychol 2010;83:455-74.
33. Hall GB, Dollard MF, Tuckey MR, et al. Job demands, work-family conflicts, and emotional exhaustion in police officers: a longitudinal test of competing theories. J Occup Organ Psychol 2010;83:237-50.
34. Wang Z, Inslicht SS, Metzler TJ, et al. A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police. Psychiatry Res 2010;175:211-16.
35. Garbarino S, Magnavita N, Chiorri C, et al. Evaluation of operational stress in riot and crowd control police units: a global challenge for prevention and management of police task-related stress. J Police Crim Psychol 2012;27:111-22.
36. Magnavita N, Garbarino S. Is absence related to work stress? A repeated cross-sectional study on a special police force. Am J Ind Med 2013;56:765-75 doi: 10.1002/ajim.22155
37. Garbarino S, Chiorri C, Magnavita N. Personality traits of the five-factor model are associated with work-related stress in special force police officers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013 Mar. 6 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1007/s00420-013-0861-1
38. Caprara GV, Barbaranelli C, Borgogni L. BFQ-Big Five Questionnaire: Manuale. Firenze, Italy: Giunti OS, 1993.
39. Caprara GV, Barbaranelli C, Borgogni L, et al. The Big Five Questionnaire: a new questionnaire to assess the five factor model. Pers Individ Dif 1993;15:281-8.
40. Magnavita N. Two tools for health surveillance of job stress: the Karasek Job Content Questionnaire and the Siegrist Effort Reward Imbalance Questionnaire. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2007;29:667-70.
41. Courvoisier DS, Perneger TV. Validation of alternative formulations of job strain. J Occup Health 2010;52:5-13.
42. Juniper B, White N, Bellamy P. A new approach to evaluating the well-being of police. Occup Med (Lond) 2010;60:560-5.
43. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, et al. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press, 1979.
44. Bunevicius A, Staniute M, Brozaitiene J, et al. Evaluation of depressive symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease using the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;27:249-55.
45. Preljevic VT, Osthus TB, Sandvik L, et al. Screening for anxiety and depression in dialysis patients: Comparison of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. J Psychosom Res 2012;73:139-44.
46. Adachi Y, Aleksic B, Nobata R, et al. Combination use of Beck Depression Inventory and two-question case-finding instrument as a screening tool for depression in the workplace. BMJ Open 2012;2:e000596.
47. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE, et al. The state-trait anxiety inventory for adults. Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden, 1983.
48. Sanavio E, Bertolotti G, Michielin P, et al. CBA-2.0. Cognitive behavioural assessment 2.0. Scale primarie. Firenze: Giunti OS, 1997.
49. Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Occup Behav 1981;2:99-113.
50. Sirigatti S, Stefanile C. MBI. Maslach Burnout Inventory. Adattamento italiano. Firenze: Giunti OS, 1993.
51. Violante S, Benso PG, Gerbaudo L, et al. Relationship between job satisfaction, and stress, burnout and psychosocial factors among nurses working in different health settings. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2009;31:A36-44.
52. Lahey BB. Public health significance of neuroticism. Am Psychol 2009;64:241-56.
53. Ozer DJ, Benet-Martínez V. Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annu Rev Psychol 2006;57:401-21. (Pubitemid 43237238)
54. Stansfeld S, Candy B. Psychosocial work environment and mental health-a meta-analytic review. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006;32:443-62. (Pubitemid 46075774)
55. Eshel N, Roiser JP. Reward and punishment processing in depression. Biol Psych 2010;68:118-24.
56. Griffin JM, Greiner BA, Stansfeld SA, et al. The effect of self-reported and observed job conditions on depression and anxiety symptoms: a comparison of theoretical models. J Occup Health Psych 2007;12:334-49. (Pubitemid 350026784)
57. Chen SW, Wang PC, Hsin PL, et al. Job stress models, depressive disorders and work performance of engineers in microelectronics industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011;84:91-103.
58. Martins L C X, Lopes CS. Military hierarchy, job stress and mental health in peacetime. Occup Med (Lond) 2012;62:182-7.
59. Kingdom SE, Smith AP. Combined effects of work-related stress in Her Majesty's Coastguard (HMCG). Int Marit Health 2012;63:63-70.
60. Berg AM, Hem E, Lau B, et al. An exploration of job stress and health in the Norwegian police service: a cross sectional study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2006;1:26.
61. Arial M, Gonik V, Wild P, et al. Association of work related chronic stressors and psychiatric symptoms in a Swiss sample of police officers; a cross sectional questionnaire study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010;83:323-31.
62. Fox J, Desai MM, Britten K, et al. Mental-health conditions, barriers to care, and productivity loss among officers in an urban police department. Conn Med 2012;76:525-31.
63. Frühwald S, Entenfellner A, Grill W, et al. Raising awareness about depression together with service users and relatives-results of workshops for police officers in Lower Austria. Neuropsychiatr 2011;25:183-91.
64. Obidoa C, Reeves D, Warren N, et al. Depression and work family conflict among corrections officers. J Occup Environ Med 2011;53:1294-301.
65. Pflanz SE, Ogle AD. Job stress, depression, work performance, and perceptions of supervisors in military personnel. Mil Med 2006;171:861-5. (Pubitemid 44412149)
66. Van Der Velden PG, Rademaker AR, Vermetten E, et al. Police officers: a high-risk group for the development of mental health disturbances? A cohort study. BMJ Open 2013;3:e001720.
67. Lee YM. Loss of productivity due to depression among Korean employees. J Occup Health 2010;52:389-94.
68. Berking M, Meier C, Wupperman P. Enhancing emotion-regulation skills in police officers: results of a pilot controlled study. Behav Ther 2010;41:329-39.