Beyond Loving: Intimate Racework in Lesbian, Gay, and Straight Interracial Relationships

Beyond Loving: Intimate Racework in Lesbian, Gay, and Straight Interracial Relationships

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-239

  Steinbugler, Amy C ^a  

^a DICKINSON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Family; Gay; Gender; Heterosexual; Inequality; Interracial intimacy; Lesbian; Race; Racework; Sexuality

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880561796     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199743551.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (278)

1. Alba, Richard. 2009. Blurring the color line: The new chance for a more integrated America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2. Alba, Richard, and Victor Nee. 2003. Remaking the American mainstream assimilation and contemporary immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3. Adam, Barry D. 1998. Theorizing homophobia. Sexualities 1(4):387-404.
4. Allport, Gordon W. 1958. The nature of prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
5. Ancheta, Angelo N. 1998. Race, rights, and the Asian American experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
6. Aptheker, Herbert. 1992. Anti-racism in U.S. history: The first two hundred years. New York: Greenwood Press.
7. Baker, Nancy. 1984. The beauty trap. New York: Franklin Watts.
8. Bauman, John. 1987. Public housing, race, and renewal. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
9. Beam, Joseph. 1986. In the life: A Black gay anthology. New York: Alyson Publications.
10. Beeman, Angie, Davita Silfen Glasberg, and Colleen Casey. 2011. Whiteness as property: Predatory lending and the reproduction of racialized inequality. Critical Sociology 37(1):27-45.
11. Beemyn, Brett. 1997. A queer capital. New York: Routledge.
12. Bérubé, Allan. 2000. Coming out under fire: The history of gay men and women in World War Two. New York: Free Press.
13. Bianchi, Suzanne M., Melissa A. Milkie, Liana C. Sayer, and John P. Robinson. 2000. Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social Forces 79(1):191-228.
14. Billy, John O. G., and J. Richard Udry. 1985. Patterns of adolescent friendship and effects on sexual behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly 48(1):27-41.
15. Blumstein, Philip. 1991. The production of selves in personal relationships. In The Self-society dynamic: Cognition, emotion, and action. eds. Judith A. Howard and Peter L. Callero. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
16. Bobo, Lawrence, and Camille Zubrinsky. 1996. Attitudes on residential integration: Perceived status differences, mere in-group preference, or racial prejudice?. Social Forces 74(3):883-909.
17. Bonczar, Thomas P. 2003. Prevalence of imprisonment in the U.S. population, 1974-2001. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, NCJ 197976.
18. Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2003. Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
19. Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, Carla Goar, and David G. Embrick. 2006. When Whites flock together: The social psychology of White habitus. Critical Sociology 32(2-3): 229-253.
20. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. Practical reason: On the theory of action. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
21. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1990. In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
22. Boykin, Keith. 1996. One more river to cross: Black and gay in America. New York: New York University Press.
23. Bratter, Jennifer L., and Tukufu Zuberi. 2008. As racial boundaries "fade": Racial stratification and intermarriage. In White logic, White methods: Racism and methodology. eds. Tukufu Zuberi and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
24. Bravmann, Scott. 1990. Telling histories: Rethinking the lesbian and gay historical imagination. Outlook 8:68-74.
25. Brines, Julie. 1994. Economic dependency, gender, and the division of labor at home. American Journal of Sociology 100:652-688.
26. Brown, Kathleen M. 1996. Good wives, nasty wenches, and anxious patriarchs: Gender, race and power in colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
27. Brown, Michael K. 2005. Whitewashing race: The myth of a color-blind society. Berkeley, CA; London: University of California Press.
28. Brunsma, David L. 2006. Mixed messages: Multiracial identities in the "colorblind" era. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
29. Bystydzienski, Jill M. 2011. Intercultural couples: Crossing boundaries, negotiating difference. New York: New York University Press.
30. Canaday, Margot. 2009. The straight state: Sexuality and citizenship in twentieth-century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
31. Cancian, Francesca. 2000. Caring and gender. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
32. Carbado, Devon W. 2000. Straight out of the closet. Berkeley Women's Law Journal 15: 76-124.
33. Carmichael, Stokely, and Charles V. Hamilton. 1992. Black power: The politics of liberation in America. New York: Random House.
34. Carroll, Joseph. August 16, 2007. Most Americans approve of interracial marriages: Blacks more likely than Whites to approve of Black White unions. Gallop News Service, http://www.gallup.com/poll/28417/most-americansapprove-interracial-marriages.aspx.
35. Carter, Prudence. 2005. Keepin' it real: School success beyond Black and White. New York: Oxford University Press.
36. Chauncey, George. 1994. Gay New York: Gender, urban culture, and the making of the male world, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books.
37. Chauncey, George. 1982. From sexual inversion to homosexuality: Medicine and the changing conceptualization of female deviance. Salmagundi 58-59:114-146.
38. Childs, Erica Chito. 2009. Fade to Black and White: Interracial images in popular culture. Perspectives on a multiracial America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
39. Childs, Erica Chito. 2005. Looking behind the stereotypes of the "angry Black woman": An exploration of Black women's responses to interracial relationships. Gender & Society 19(4):544-561.
40. Childs, Erica Chito. 2005. Navigating interracial borders: Black-White couples and their social worlds. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
41. Cleaver, Eldridge. 1968. Soul on ice. New York: Delta Books.
42. Cohen, Cathy. 1997. Punks, bulldaggers, and welfare queens: The radical potential of queer politics. Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 3(4):437-465.
43. Collins, Patricia Hill. 2004. Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. New York: Routledge.
44. Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.
45. Conley, Dalton. 1999. Being Black, living in the red: Race, wealth, and social policy in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
46. Coontz, Stephanie. 2005. Marriage, a history: From obedience to intimacy, or how love conquered marriage. New York: Viking Press.
47. Cornell, Stephen, and Douglas Hartmann. 1998. Ethnicity and race: Making identities in a changing world. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
48. Cose, Ellis. 1995. The rage of a privileged class. New York: HarperCollins.
49. Craig, Maxine Leeds. 2002. Ain't I a beauty queen? Black women, beauty, and the politics of race. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
50. Crocker, J., B. Major, and C. Steele. 1998. Social stigma. In The handbook of social psychology. Vol. 2, 504-553. Boston: McGraw Hill.
51. Cross Jr., William E., Thomas A. Parham, and Janet E. Helms. 1991. The stages of Black identity development: Nigrescence models. In Black psychology. ed. Reginald L. Jones. 3rd ed. Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry.
52. Dalmage, Heather M. 2000. Tripping on the color line: Black-White multiracial families in a racially divided world. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
53. Dalmage, Heather M. 2005. Finding a home: Housing the color line. In Mixed messages: Multiracial identities in the "color-blind" era. ed. David L. Brunsma. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
54. Datzman, Jeanine, and Carol Brooks Gardner. In my mind, we are all human: Notes on the public management of Black-White interracial romantic relationships. Marriage and Family Review 30(1-2):5-24.
55. Davis, Angela Y. 1981. Women, race and class. New York: Vintage Books.
56. Dawson, Michael C. 1994. Behind the mule: Race and class in African American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
57. D'Emilio, John. 1983. Capitalism and gay identity. In Powers of desire: The politics of sexuality. eds. Ann Bar Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson, 100-113. New York: Monthly Review Press.
58. D'Emilio, John, and Estelle Freeman. 1988. Intimate matters: A history of sexuality in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
59. DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith. 2010. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, P60-P238.
60. DeVault, Marjorie. 1999. Comfort and struggle: Emotion work in family life. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 561(1):52-63.
61. Dewan, Sheila, and Patrick Healy. 2004. On the rooftop, when reflex and customs clash. The New York Times, January 26.
62. Drake, St Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. 1945. Black metropolis: A study of Negro life in a northern city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Du Bois, W. E. B. 1999 [1935]. Black reconstruction in America, 1860-1880. New York: Simon & Schuster.
64. Du Bois, W. E. B. 1990. The souls of Black folk. New York: Vintage Books.
65. Dunning, Stefanie K. 2009. Queer in Black and White: Interraciality, same sex desire, and contemporary African American culture. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
66. Durr, Marlese, and Adia Harvey Winfield. 2011. Keep your "N" in check: African American women and the interactive effects of etiquette and emotional labor. Critical Sociology, http://crs.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/03/26/0896920510380074.
67. Dyer, Richard. 1997. White: Essays on race and culture. New York: Routledge.
68. Ellen, Ingrid Gould. 2000. Sharing America's neighborhoods: The prospects for stable racial integration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
69. Ellingson, S., and K. Shroeder. 2004. Race and construction of same-sex markets in four Chicago neighborhoods. In The sexual organization of the city, 93. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
70. Ellis, Havelock. 1915. Studies in the psychology of sex. Volume 2: Sexual inversion. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
71. Ellis, Havelock. 1895. Sexual inversion in women. Alienist and Neurologist 16:141-158.
72. Emerson, Michael O., and Karen Chai Kim. 2003. Multi-racial congregations: An analysis of their development and a typology. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42(2):217-227.
73. Emerson, Michael O., and Christian Smith. 2001. Divided by faith: Evangelical religion and the problem of race in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
74. Erskine, Hazel. 1973. The polls: Interracial socializing. Public Opinion Quarterly 37: 283-294.
75. Essed, Philomena. 2002. Everyday racism. In A companion to racial and ethnic studies. eds. David Theo Goldberg and John Solomos. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
76. Essed, Philomena. 1991. Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
77. Faderman, Lillian. 1992. Odd girls and twilight lovers: A history of lesbian life in twentieth century America. New York: Penguin Books.
78. Farley, Reynolds, Charlotte Steeh, Tara Jackson, Maria Krysan, and Keith Reeves. 1994. Stereotypes and segregation: Neighborhoods in the Detroit area. American Journal of Sociology 100(3):750-778.
79. Feagin, Joe R. 2000. Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York: Routledge.
80. Feagin, Joe R., Hernán Vera, and Pinar Batur. 2001. White racism. New York: Routledge.
81. Feagin, Joe, and Melvin P. Sikes. 1995. Living with racism: The Black middle-class experience. Boston: Beacon Press.
82. Ford, C. A. 1929. Homosexual practices of institutionalized females. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 23(4):442-448.
83. Fowler, Dan. 1987. Northern attitudes towards interracial marriage: Legislation and public opinion in the Middle Atlantic and the states of the old Northwest, 1780-1930. New York: Garland Publishing.
84. Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. 1988. Within the plantation household: Black and White women of the old South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
85. Frankenberg, Ruth. 1993. White women, race matters: The social construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
86. Freedman, Estelle. 1996. The prison lesbian: Race, class, and the construction of the aggressive female homosexual, 1915-1965. Feminist Studies 22(2):397-423.
87. Fulani, L. 1988. The psychopathology of everyday racism and sexism. New York: Harrington Park Press.
88. Garber, Eric. 1989. A spectacle of color: The lesbian and gay subculture of jazz age Harlem. In Hidden from history: Reclaiming the gay and lesbian past. eds. M. B. Duberman and M. Vicinus, 319. New York: NAL Books.
89. Goffman, Erving. 1971. Relations in public: Microstudies of the public order. New York: Basic Books.
90. Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Penguin Books.
91. Gordon, Milton. 1964. Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion, and national origins. New York: Routledge.
92. Graham, Lawrence. 1995. Member of the club: Reflections on life in a racially polarized world. 1st ed. New York: HarperCollins.
93. Gramling, Robert, and Craig J. Forsyth. 1987. Exploiting stigma. Sociological Forum 2 (2):401-415.
94. Greene, Beverly, and Nancy Boyd-Franklin. 1996. African American lesbian couples: Ethnocultural considerations in psychotherapy. Women & Therapy 19(3):49-60.
95. Griffith, D. W. 1915. Birth of a nation. Film.
96. Gupta, Sanjiv. 1999. The effects of transitions in marital status on men's performance of housework. Journal of Marriage and the Family 61:700-711.
97. Hallinan, Maureen T., and Richard A. Williams. 1989. Interracial friendship choices in secondary schools. American Sociological Review 54 (February):67-78.
98. Hamilton, Charles. 1969. How Black is Black. Ebony (August):47.
99. Haney-Lopez, Ian. 1996. White by law: The legal construction of race. New York: New York University Press.
100. Harley, Sharon. 1996. Nannie Helen Burroughs: The Black goddess of liberty. Journal of Negro History 81(1/4):62-71.
101. Harris, William H. 1982. The harder we run: Black workers since the civil war. New York: Oxford University Press.
102. Hartigan, John. 1999. Racial situations: Class predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
103. Hartmann, Heidi. 1981. The family as the locus of gender, class, and political struggle: The example of housework. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6 (3):366-395.
104. Heap, Chad C. 2009. Slumming: Sexual and racial encounters in American nightlife, 1885-1940. Historical studies of urban America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
105. Helms, Janet. 1993. Black and White racial identity: Theory, research and practice. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
106. Helms, Janet. 1984. Toward a theoretical explanation of the effects of race on counseling: A Black and White model. The Counseling Psychologist 12(4):153-165.
107. Helper, Rose. 1969. Policies and practices of real estate brokers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
108. Hemphill, Essex, and Chuck Tarver. 2007. Brother to brother: New writings by Black gay men. Washington, DC: Redbone Press.
109. Hertz, Rosanna. 1995. Separate but simultaneous interviewing of husbands and wives: Making sense of their stories. Qualitative Inquiry 1(4):429-451.
110. Higginbotham Jr., A. Leon, and Barbara K. Kopytoff. 2000. Racial purity and interracial sex in the law of colonial and antebellum Virginia. In Interracialism: Black-White intermarriage in American history, literature, and law. ed. Ed Werner Sollers, 102. New York: Oxford University Press.
111. Higginbotham Jr., A. Leon. 1978. In the matter of color: Race and the American legal process. New York: Oxford University Press.
112. Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. 1993. Righteous discontent: The women's movement in the Black Baptist church, 1880-1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
113. Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1989. The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking.
114. Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1983. The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
115. Hodes, Martha. 1997. White women, Black men: Illicit sex in the nineteenthcentury South. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
116. Hodes, Martha. 1993. The sexualization of reconstruction politics: White women and Black men in the South after the Civil War. Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 (3):402-417.
117. hooks, bell. 1998. Representations of Whiteness in the Black imagination. In Black on White: Black writers and what it means to be White. ed. David R. Roediger, 38-54. New York: Shocken Books.
118. hooks, bell. 1992. Black looks: Race and representation. Boston: South End Press.
119. hooks, bell. 1992. Eating the other. In Black looks: Race and representation. Boston: South End Press.
120. Human Rights Campaign 2011. Hospital visitation laws. Washington, DC.
121. Human Rights Campaign 2011. Parenting laws: Joint adoption. Washington, DC.
122. Human Rights Campaign 2011. Statewide employment laws & policies. Washington, DC.
123. Hutchinson, Darren Lenard. 2002. Dissecting axes of subordination: The need for structural analysis. Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law 11(1):13-24.
124. Iceland, John, Daniel H. Weinberg, and Erika Steinmetz. 2002. Racial and ethnic residential segregation in the United States: 1980-2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, CENSR-3.
125. Jackman, Mary R., and Marie Crane. 1986. "Some of my best friends are Black ... ": Interracial friendship and Whites' racial attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly 50: 459-486.
126. Jackson, J., T. N. Brown, D. R. Williams, M. Torres, L. Sellers, and K. Brown. 1996. Racism and the psychical and mental health status of African Americans: A thirteen-year national panel study. Ethnicity and Disease 6 (Winter/Spring):132-147.
127. James, Joy. 1996. Resisting state violence: Radicalism, gender, and race in U.S. culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
128. Jargowsky, Paul. 1994. Ghetto poverty among Blacks in the 1980s. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 12:288-310.
129. Johnson, Carol. 2002. Heteronormative citizenship and the politics of passing. Sexualities 5(3):328.
130. Jones, Jeffrey M. 2008. Majority of Americans say racism against Blacks widespread. Gallup Poll, http://www.gallup.com/poll/109258/majorityamericans-say-racism-against-blacks-widespread.aspx.
131. Jordan, Winthrop D. 1968. White over Black: American attitudes towards the Negro, 1550-1812. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
132. Judice, Cheryl Y. 2008. Interracial marriages between Black women and White men. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.
133. Katz, Jonathan Ned. 1983. Gay/Lesbian almanac: A new documentary. New York: Carroll & Graft Publishing.
134. Kelley, Robin D. G. 1998. Yo' mama's dysfunktional: Fighting the culture wars in urban America. Boston: Beacon Press.
135. Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky, and Madeline D. Davis. 1993. Boots of leather, slippers of gold: The history of a lesbian community. New York: Routledge.
136. Kennedy, Randall. 2003. Interracial intimacy: Sex, marriage, identity and adoption. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
137. Kim, Jinyoung, and Richard Miech. 2009. The Black-White difference in age trajectories of functional health over the life course. Social Science & Medicine 68(4):717-725.
138. King, Deborah K. 1995. Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology. In Words of fire: An anthology of AfricanAmerican feminist thought. ed. Beverly Guy-Sheftall, 577. New York: New Press, distributed by W. W. Norton.
139. King-O'Riain, Rebecca. 2006. Pure beauty: Judging race in Japanese American beauty pageants. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
140. Kouri, K. M., and M. Lasswell. 1993. Black-White marriages: Social change and intergenerational mobility. Marriage and Family Review 19(3/4):241-255.
141. Kramer, Stanley. 1967. Guess who's coming to dinner. Film.
142. Kreager, Derek A. 2008. Guarded borders: Adolescent interracial romance and peer trouble at school. Social Forces 87(2):887.
143. Krysan, Maria. 2002. Community undesirability in Black and White: Examining racial residential preferences through community perceptions. Social Problems 49(4): 521-543.
144. Kunzel, Regina. 2010. Criminal intimacy: Prison and the uneven history of modern American sexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
145. Lacy, Karyn. 2007. Blue-chip Black: Race, class, and status in the new Black middle class. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
146. Lamont, Michéle. 2000. The dignity of working men: Morality and the boundaries of race, class, and immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
147. Lamont, Michéle, and Virág Monlár. 2002. The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology 28:167-195.
148. Lareau, Annette. 2011. Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. 2nd ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
149. Lasser, Jon, and Deborah Tharinger. 2003. Visibility management in school and beyond: A qualitative study of gay, lesbian, bisexual youth. Journal of Adolescence 26(2) (April):233-244.
150. Laumann, Edward O., Stephen Ellingson, Anthony Paik, and Yoosik Youm, eds. 2004. The sexual organization of the city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
151. Law, Sylvia A. 1988. Homosexuality and the social meaning of gender. Wisconsin Law Review (March/April):187-235
152. Lee, Barrett, and Peter Wood. 1991. Is neighborhood racial succession placespecific?. Demography 28:21-39.
153. Leiberson, Stanley, and Mary C. Waters. 1988. From many strands: Ethnic and racial groups in contemporary America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
154. Lewis, Amanda E. 2004. What group? Studying Whites and Whiteness in the era of "color-blindness.". Sociological Theory 22:623-646.
155. Link, Bruce G., and Jo C. Phelan. 2001. Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology 27:363-385.
156. Lipsitz, George. 1998. The possessive investment in Whiteness: How White people profit from identity politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
157. Lockman Jr., Paul T. 1984. Ebony and ivory: The interracial gay male couple. Lifestyles: A Journal of Changing Patterns 7(1):44-55.
158. Loewen, James W. 2005. Sundown towns: A hidden dimension of American racism. New York: Simon & Schuster.
159. Lofquist, Daphne, Terry Lugalia, Martin O'Connell, and Sarah Feliz. 2012. Households and families: 2010. Washington D.C: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, C2010BR-14.
160. Logan, John R., and Brian J. Stults. 2011. The persistence of segregation in the metropolis: New findings from the 2010 census. Census brief prepared for U.S. 2010, http://www.s4.brown.edu/us2010.
161. Long, Janie. 2003. The incredibly true adventures of two women in love. Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy 2(2):85-101.
162. Loulan, JoAnn. 1990. The lesbian erotic dance: Butch, femme, androgyny and other rhythms. New York: Spinsters Book Co. Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
163. Maccoby, Eleanor E. 1999. The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
164. MacKenzie, Ross. 2009. Choice of Obama could make nation stronger. Richmond Times-Dispatch. November 9.
165. Maly, Michael T. 2005. Beyond segregation: Multiracial neighborhoods in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
166. Mamo, Laura. 2007. Queering reproduction: Achieving pregnancy in the age of technoscience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
167. Martin, Biddy. 1994. Sexualitites without genders and other queer utopias. Diacritics 24 (2-3):104-121.
168. Massey, Douglas. 2001. Residential segregation and neighborhood conditions in U.S. metropolitan areas. In America becoming: Racial trends and their consequences. eds. Neil J. Smelser, William Julius Wilson, and Faith Mitchell, 391-434. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
169. Massey, Douglas, and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
170. Mauer, Marc, and Ryan S. King. 2007. Uneven justice: State rates of incarceration by race and ethnicity. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.
171. McBride, Dwight A. 2005. Why I hate Abercrombie and Fitch: Essays on race and sexuality. New York: New York University Press.
172. McBride, Dwight A. 1999. Can the queen speak? Racial essentialism, sexuality and the problem of authority. In Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader. ed. Devon W. Carbado. New York: New York University Press.
173. McNamara, R. P., M. Tempenis, and B. Walton. 1999. Crossing the line: Interracial couples in the South. Westport, CT: Praeger.
174. McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James Cook. 2001. Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology 27:415-444.
175. Mills, C. Wright. 1959. The sociological imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
176. Mirchandani, Kiran. 2003. Challenging racial silences in studies of emotion work: Contributions from anti-racist feminist theory. Organizational Studies 24(5):721-742.
177. Moore, Mignon. 2011. Invisible families: Gay identities, relationships, and motherhood among Black women. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
178. Moore, Mignon. 2010. Black and gay in L.A.: The relationship that Black lesbians and gay men have to their racial religious communities. In Black Los Angeles: American dreams and racial realities. eds. D. Hunt and A. Ramon, 188-212. New York: New York University Press.
179. Moore, Mignon. 2006. Lipstick or timberlands? Meanings of gender presentation in Black lesbian communities. Signs 23(1):113-139.
180. Moran, Rachel F. 2001. Interracial intimacy: The regulation of race & romance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
181. Mumford, Kevin J. 1997. Interzones: Black/White sex districts in Chicago and New York in the early twentieth century. New York: Columbia University Press.
182. Mumford, Kevin J. 1996. Homosex changes: Race, cultural geography, and the emergence of the gay. American Quarterly 48(3):399.
183. Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American dilemma: The Negro problem and modern democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers.
184. Nagel, Joane. 1994. Constructing ethnicity: Creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture. Social Problems 41:152-176.
185. Nagel, Joane. 2003. Race, ethnicity, and sexuality: Intimate intersections, forbidden frontiers. New York: Oxford University Press.
186. Nemoto, Kumiko. 2009. Racing romance: Love, power, and desire among Asian American/White couples. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
187. Nestle, Joan. 1992. The persistent desire: A femme-butch reader. New York: Alyson Publications.
188. Newman, Leslea, ed. 1995. The femme mystique. New York: Alyson Publications.
189. O'Brien, Eileen. 2001. Whites confront racism: Antiracists and their paths to action. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.
190. O'Brien, Eileen, and Kathleen O'Dell Korgen. 2007. It's the message, not the messenger: The declining significance of Black-White contact in a "colorblind" society. Sociological Inquiry 77(3):356-382.
191. O'Connell, Martin, Daphne Lofquist, Tavia Simmons, and Terry Lugaila. 2010. New estimates of same-sex couple households from the American community survey. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America. Dallas, TX. April 15-17, 2010.
192. Ogbu, John, and Signithia Fordham. 1986. Black students' school success: Coping with the "burden of acting White.". The Urban Review 18(3):176-206.
193. Oliver, Melvin L., and Thomas M. Shapiro. 1995. Black Wealth/White wealth: A new perspective on racial inequality. New York: Routledge.
194. Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 1994. Racial formations in the United States: From the 1960's to the 1990's. New York: Routledge.
195. Orfield, Gary. 2001. Schools more separate: Consequences of a decade of resegregation. Cambridge, MA: The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University.
196. Otis, Margaret. 1929. A perversion not commonly noted. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 23:442-448.
197. Padgett, Tim, Frank Sikora, Anne Berryman, Jeanne Dequine, and Constance Richards. 2003. Color-blind love. Time Magazine, May 12.
198. Pager, Devah. 2003. The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology 108 (5) (March):937-975.
199. Park, Robert E., and Ernest W. Burgess. 1969. Introduction to the science of sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
200. Pascoe, Peggy. 2009. What comes naturally: Miscegenation law and the making of race in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
201. Pattillo-McCoy, Mary E. 2000. Black picket fences: Privilege and peril among the Black middle class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
202. Perea, Juan F. 1997. The Black/White binary paradigm of race: The "normal science" of American racial thought. California Law Review 85 (October):1219-1221.
203. Perlman, Sarah F. 1996. Loving across race and class divides: Relational challenges and the interracial couple. Women & Therapy 19(3):24-35.
204. Pettigrew, Thomas F. 1979. The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 5:461-476.
205. Ponse, Barbara. 1978. Identities in the lesbian world: The social construction of self. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
206. Porterfield, Ernest. 1978. Black and White mixed marriages. Chicago: Nelson Hall.
207. Portes, Alejandro, and Min Zhou. 1993. The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530:74-96.
208. Qian, Zhenchao, and Daniel T. Lichter. 2007. Social boundaries and marital assimilation: Interpreting trends in racial and ethnic intermarriage. American Sociological Review 22:68-94.
209. Reed, Annette Gordon. 1997. Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American controversy. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
210. Reid-Pharr, Robert. 1996. Dinge. Women & Performance 8(2):75-85.
211. Reid-Pharr, Robert. 2001. Black gay man: Essays. Sexual cultures. New York: New York University Press.
212. Rich, Ruby. 1994. When difference is (more than) skin deep. In Queer looks: Perspectives on lesbian and gay film and video. eds. Martha Gever, John Greyson, and Pratibha Parmar. New York: Routledge.
213. Riggs, Marlon T., Nicole Atkinson, Christiane Badgley, Independent Television Service, California Newsreel, and Signifyin' Works. 2004; 1995. Black is-Black ain't. San Francisco: California Newsreel.
214. Rockquemore, Kerry Ann. 2002. Negotiating the color line: The gendered process of racial identity construction among Black/White biracial women. Gender & Society 16:485-503.
215. Rockquemore, Kerry Ann, and David L. Brunsma. 2007. Beyond Black: Biracial identity in America. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.
216. Rodriguez, Clara E. 2000. Changing race: Latinos, the census, and the history of ethnicity in the United States. New York: New York University Press.
217. Roediger, David. 1991. The wages of Whiteness: Race and the mixing of the American working class. London: Versa.
218. Romano, Renee. 2003. Race mixing: Black-White marriage in postwar America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
219. Root, Maria P. P. 2001. Love's revolution: Interracial marriage. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
220. Roscigno, Vincent J. 1998. Race and the reproduction of educational disadvantage. Social Forces 76(3):1033-1060.
221. Rosenberg, Morris. 1979. Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
222. Rosenblatt, Paul C. 1995. Multiracial couples: Black & White voices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
223. Rosenfield, Michael J. 2007. The age of independence: Interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
224. Ross, Josephine. 2004 The sexualization of difference: A comparison of mixed-race and same-gender marriage. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 37:255-288. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=508022.
225. Rostosky, Sharon S., Ellen D. B. Riggle, Todd A. Savage, Staci D. Roberts, and Gilbert Singletary. 2008. Interracial same-sex couples' perceptions of stress and coping: An exploratory study. Journal of GLBT Family Studies 4(3):277-299.
226. Rothenberg, Paula. 2004. White privilege: Essential readings from the other side of racism. New York: Worth Publishers.
227. Rothman, Barbara Katz. 2005. Weaving a family: Untangling race and adoption. Boston: Beacon Press.
228. Rowe, Wayne, Sandra K. Bennet, and Donald Atkinson. 1994. White racial identity models: A critique and alternate proposal. The Counseling Psychologist 22:129-146.
229. Rubin, Gayle. 1984. Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In Pleasure and danger: Exploring female sexuality. ed. Carole Vance. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
230. Rumbaut, Ruben G. 1994. The crucible within: Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and segmented assimilation among children of immigrants. International Migration Review 28(4):748-794.
231. Rupp, Leila J. 1999. A desired past: A short history of same-sex love in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
232. Russo, Francine. 2001. Families: When love is mixing it up. Time Magazine, November 19.
233. Rutten, Tim. 2008. The good generation gap: The way that young people deal with race is a hopeful sign for our politics. The Los Angeles Times, February 6.
234. Scott, Darieck. 1994. Jungle fever? Black gay identity politics, White dick and the utopian bedroom. GLQ 1:299-321.
235. Sears, R. Bradley, Gary Gates, and William B. Rubenstein. 2005. Same-sex couples and same-sex couples raising children in the United States: Data from Census 2000. Los Angeles: The Williams Project on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, UCLA School of Law.
236. Shapiro, Thomas. 2005. The hidden cost of being African American: How wealth perpetuates inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.
237. Shokeid, Moshe. 2010. Erotics and politics in the agenda of an interracial (Black and White) gay men's association in New York. In The anthropology of values: Essays in honour of Georg Pfeffer. eds. Peter Berger, Roland Hardenberg, Ellen Kattner, and Michael Prager. Delhi, India: Pearson Longman.
238. Simmons, Tavia, and Martin O'Connell. 2003a. Interracial unmarriedpartner households: How do they compare with interracial married-couple households in census 2000? Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. Minneapolis, May 1-3.
239. Simmons, Tavia, and Martin O'Connell. 2003b. Married-couples and unmarried-partner households: 2000. Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census.
240. Smith, Earl, and Angela Hattery. 2009. Interracial relationships in the 21st century. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
241. Smith, Sandra S., and Mignon R. Moore. 2000. Intraracial diversity and relations among African-Americans: Closeness among Black students at a predominantly White university. American Journal of Sociology 106(1) (July):1-39.
242. Sollors, Werner. 2000. Interracialism: Black-White intermarriage in American history, literature, and law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
243. Somerville, Siobhan B. 2000. Queering the color line: Race and the invention of homosexuality in American culture. London: Duke University Press.
244. Spickard, Paul. 1991. Mixed blood: Intermarriage and ethnic identity in twentieth-century America. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
245. Steinbugler, Amy C. 2005. Visibility as privilege and danger: Heterosexual and same-sex interracial intimacy in the 21st century. Sexualities 8:425-443.
246. Storrs, Debbie. 1999. Whiteness as stigma: Essentialist identity work by mixed-race women. Symbolic Interaction 22:205-224.
247. Swidler, Ann. 2001. Talk of love: How culture matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
248. Tatum, Beverly Daniel. 1997. Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? and other conversations about race. New York: Basic Books.
249. Taylor, Paul, Rakesh Kochhar, Richard Fry, Gabriel Velasco, and Seth Motel. 2011. Twenty-to-one: Wealth gap rises to record highs between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
250. Thernstrom, Stephan, and Abigail M. Thernstrom. 1997. America in Black and White: One nation, indivisible. New York: Simon & Schuster.
251. Thorpe, Rochella. 1996. A house where queers go: African American lesbian nightlife in Detroit, 1940-1975. In Inventing lesbian cultures in America. ed. Ellen Lewin. Boston: Beacon Press.
252. Tolnay, Stewart E., and E. M. Beck. 1995. A festival of violence: An analysis of southern lynchings, 1882-1930. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
253. Twine, France Winddance. 1999. Bearing Blackness in Britain: The meaning of racial difference for White birth mothers of African-descent children. Social Identities 5:185.
254. Twine, France Winddance. 1996. Brown skinned White girls: Class, culture and the construction of White identity in suburban communities. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 3:205-224.
255. Twine, France Winddance. 1996. Heterosexual alliances: The romantic management of racial identity. In The multiracial experience: Racial borders as new frontier. ed. Maria P. P. Root. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
256. Twine, France Winddance. 2011. A White side of Black Britain: Interracial intimacy and racial literacy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
257. Twine, France Winddance, and Amy C. Steinbugler. 2006. The gap between "Whites" and "Whiteness": Interracial intimacy and racial literacy. Du Bois Review 3(2): 341-363.
258. U.S. Census Bureau. 2003. Table 3, Hispanic origin and race of male unmarried-partner households for the United States: 2000. March 13.
259. U.S. Census Bureau. 2003. Table 4, Hispanic origin and race of female unmarried-partner households for the United States: 2000. March 13.
260. U.S. Census Bureau. 2012. Appendix Table 1. Interracial/Interethnic Married Couple Households: 2010. Households and families. C2010BR-14. Washington, D.C. http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/briefs/tables/appendix.pdf
261. Van Ausdale, Debra, and Joe R. Feagin. 2001. The first R: How children learn race and racism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
262. Van Deburg, William. 1992. New days in Babylon: The Black power movement and American culture, 1965-1975. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
263. Vaquera, Elizabeth, and Grace Kao. 2008. Do you like me as much as I like you? Friendship reciprocity and its effects on school outcomes among adolescents. Social Science Research 37(1) (March):55-72.
264. Vaquera, Elizabeth, and Grace Kao. 2005. Private and public displays of affection among interracial and intra-racial adolescent couples. Social Science Quarterly 86(2): 484-508.
265. Wall Street Journal. 2009. President-elect Obama. November 9. A22.
266. Wang, Wendy. 2012. The rise of intermarriage: Rates, characteristics vary by race and gender. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
267. Waters, Mary C. 1999. Black identities: West Indian immigrant dreams and American realities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
268. Whitaker, Matthew C. 2005. Race work: The rise of civil rights in the urban West. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
269. Wolfe, Maxine. 1992. Invisible women in invisible places: Lesbians, lesbian bars and the social production of people/environment. Architecture & Comport/Architecture & Behavior 8(2):137-158.
270. Wray, Matt. 2006. Not quite White: White trash and the boundaries of Whiteness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
271. Wu, Frank H. 2002. Yellow: Race in America beyond Black and White. New York: Basic Books.
272. Yancey, George. 2007. Interracial contact and social change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
273. Yu, Henry. 1999. Mixing bodies and cultures: The meaning of America's fascination with sex between "Orientals" and Whites. In Sex, love, race: Crossing boundaries in North American history. ed. Martha Hodes. New York: New York University Press.
274. Zack, Naomi. 1995. American mixed race: The culture of microdiversity. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
275. Zogby, John. 2009. Barack Obama: America's first global president. Campaigns & Elections, http://www.campaignsandelections.com/publications/campaign-election/2009/march-2009/barack-obama-americas-first-globalpresident/.
276. Zubrinsky Charles, Camille. 2008. Who will live near whom?. Poverty & Race 17(5):1-7.
277. Zubrinsky Charles, Camille. 2001. Processes of racial residential segregation. In Urban inequality: Evidence from four cities. eds. Alice O'Connor, Chris Tilly, and Lawrence Bobo, 217-271. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
278. Zubrinsky, Camille L., and Lawrence Bobo. 1996. Prismatic metropolis: Race and residential segregation in the city of the angels. Social Science Research 25(4): 335-374.