Keep your 'N' in check: African american women and the interactive effects of etiquette and emotional labor

Critical Sociology

Volumn 37, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 557-571

  Durr, Marlese ^a   Wingfield, Adia M ^b  

^a WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

African American women; emotional labor; etiquette; gender; race and gender

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053009711     PISSN: 08969205     EISSN: 15691632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0896920510380074     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Acker J. (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: a theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society 4(2): 139-158.
2. Baldi S. and McBrier DB (1997) Do the determinants of promotion differ for blacks and whites? Evidence from the U.S. labor market. Work and Occupations 24(4): 478-497.
3. Banuch DM and Barnes SL (2003) Competition, race, and the measurement of female labor activity. Sociological Inquiry 73(3): 413-439.
4. Baron JN and BielbyW. (1984) The organization of work in a segmented economy. American Sociological Review 49(4): 454-473.
5. Beck E., Horan P. and Tolbert CM (1978) Stratification in a dual economy: a sectoral model of earnings determination. American Sociological Review 43(5): 704-720.
6. Beggs JJ (1995) The institutional environment: implications for race and gender inequality in the U.S. labor market. American Sociological Review 60(4): 612-633.
7. Bell ELJ and Nkomo SM (2001) Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professional Identity. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
8. Bell JM and Hartmann D. (2007) Diversity in everyday discourse: the cultural ambiguities and consequences of 'happy talk'. American Sociological Review 72(6): 895-912.
9. Blake S. (1999) At the crossroads of race and gender: lessons from the mentoring experiences of professional black women. In: Murrell AJet al.(eds.) Mentoring Dilemmas: Developmental Relationships within Multicultural Organizations. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 83-104.
10. Blitt B. (2008) The politics of fear. New Yorker Magazine 84(21): cover.
11. Bridges WP and Villemez WJ (1994) The Employment Relationship: Causes and Consequences of Modern Personnel Administration. New York, NY: Plenum.
12. Cancio SA, Evans TD and Maume DJ Jr (1996) Reconsidering the declining significance of race: racial differences in early career wages. American Sociological Review 61(4): 541-556.
13. Center for Women in Government and Civil Society (2004) Appointed Policy Makers in State Government: Five-Year Trend Analysis Gender, Race, and Ethnicity. Albany, NY: University at Albany, State University of New York.
14. Collins PH (2004) Black Sexual Politics. New York, NY: Routledge.
15. Collins S. (1983) The making of the black middle class. Social Problems 30(4): 369-382.
16. Collins S. (1989) The marginalization of black executives. Social Problems 36(4): 317-331.
17. Combs G. (2003) The duality of race and gender for managerial African American women: implications of informal social networks on career advancement. Human Resource Development Review 2(4): 385-405.
18. Cotter DA, Hermsen J., Ovadia S.,et al.(2001) The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces 80(2): 655-681.
19. Di Prete TA (1987a) The professionalization of administration and equal employment opportunity in the U.S. Federal Government. American Journal of Sociology 93(1): 119-140.
20. Di Prete TA (1987b) Horizontal and vertical mobility in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 32(3): 422-444.
21. Di Prete TA and Soule WT (1986) The organization of career lines: equal employment opportunity and status advancement in a Federal bureaucracy. American Sociological Review 51(3): 295-309.
22. Di Prete TA and Soule WT (1988) Gender and promotion in segmented job ladder systems. American Sociological Review 53(1): 26-40.
23. Durr M. and Logan JR (1997) Racial submarkets in government employment: African American managers in New York State. Sociological Form 12(3): 353-370.
24. Farley R. (1983) Blacks and Whites: Narrowing the Gap. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
25. Farley R. and Allen WR (1987) The Color Line and the Quality of Life in America. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
26. Femlee DH (1982) Women's job mobility process within and between employers. American Sociological Review 47(1): 142-151.
27. Femlee DH (1984) The dynamics of women's job mobility. Work and Occupations 11(3): 259-281.
28. Giscombe K. and Jones H. (2004) Advancing African American Women in the Workplace: What Managers Need to Know. New York, NY: Catalyst.
29. Greenhaus JH, Parasuraman S. and Wormley WM (1990) Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal 33(1): 64-86.
30. Harlow R. (2003) Race doesn't matter, but.: the effect of race on professors' experiences and emotion management in the undergraduate college classroom. Social Psychology Quarterly 66(4): 348-363.
31. Hochschild AR (1983) Emotional work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology 85(3): 551-575.
32. John J Heldrich Center for Workforce Development (2002) A Workplace Divided: How Americans View Discrimination and Race on the Job. Work Trends Survey Report. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
33. Jones C. and Shorter-Gooden K. (2003) Shifting: The Double Lives of African American Women in America. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing Company.
34. Kanter RM (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
35. Kaufman RL (1986) The impact of industrial and occupational structure on black-white employment allocations. American Sociological Review 51(3): 310-323.
36. King DK (1988) Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: the context of black feminist ideology. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14(1): 42-72.
37. King MC (1992) Occupational segregation by race and sex, 1940-1988. Monthly Labor Review 115(4): 30-36.
38. Lach J. (1999) Minority women hit a 'concrete' ceiling. American Demographics 21(9): 18-21.
39. Lockwood N. (2004) The Glass Ceiling: Domestic and International Perspectives. Society for Human Resource Management: Alexandria, VA.
40. McCollum JC (1998) Career development issues and strategies for counseling African Americans. Journal of Career Development 25(1): 41-52.
41. Markham WT, South SJ, Bonjean CM,et al.(1985) Gender and opportunity in the Federal bureaucracy. American Journal of Sociology 91(1): 129-150.
42. Mattis M. and Giscombe K. (1999) Women of Color in Corporate Management: Opportunities and Barriers. New York, NY: Catalyst.
43. Maume DJ (1999) Glass ceilings and glass escalators: occupational segregation and race and sex differences in managerial promotions. Work and Occupations 26(4): 483-509.
44. Mitra A. (2003) Breaking the glass ceiling: African-American women in management positions. Equal Opportunities International 22(2): 67-79.
45. Mueller CW, Parcel TL and Tanaka K. (1989) Particularism in authority outcomes of black and white supervisors. Social Science Research 18(1): 1-20.
46. Newsome Y and Dodoo FN (2002) Reversal of fortune: explaining the decline in black women's earnings. Gender and Society 16(4): 442-464.
47. Nkomo SM and Cox T. Jr (1990) Factors affecting the upward mobility of black managers in private sector organizations. Review of Black Political Economy 19(3): 9-57.
48. Phinney JS (1990) The multigroup ethnic identity measure: a new scale for use with adolescents and adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research 7(1): 156-176.
49. Pierce JL (1999) Emotional labor among paralegals. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 561(1): 127-142.
50. Reskin BF and Roos P. (1990) Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
51. Rosenbaum JE (1979) Tournament mobility: career patterns in a corporation. Administrative Science Quarterly 24(2): 220-241.
52. Steinberg RJ, Haignere L. and Chertos CH (1990) Managerial Promotions in the Public Sector: The Impact of Eligibility Requirements on Women and Minorities. Work and Occupations 17(3): 284-301.
53. Thomas DA (2001) The truth about mentoring minorities: race matters. Harvard Business Review 79(4): 98-112.
54. Tolbert CM, Horan PM and Beck EM (1980) The structure of economic segregation: a dual economy approach. American Journal of Sociology 85(5): 1095-1116.
55. Tomaskovic-Devey D. (1993) Gender and Racial Inequality at Work: The Source and Consequences of Job Segregation. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.
56. US Department of Labor (2002) Executive Order 11246. Office of Federal Contracts and Compliance: Washington, DC. Available (consulted 8 August 2008) at: http://www.dol.gov/ofccp/regs/statutes/eo11246.htm.
57. Yoder JD and Aniakudo A. (1997) Outsider within the firehouse: subordination and difference in the social interactions of African American women firefighters. Gender and Society 11(3): 324-341.