Beyond interference control impairment in ADHD: Evidence from increased intraindividual variability in the color-stroop test

Child Neuropsychology

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 495-515

  Borella, Erika ^a   De Ribaupierre, Anik ^b   Cornoldi, Cesare ^a   Chicherio, Christian ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^c GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

ADHD; Color Stroop test; Inhibition; Intraindividual variability; Response time distributions

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REACTION TIME; STROOP TEST;

ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; REACTION TIME; STROOP TEST;

EID: 84880534440     PISSN: 09297049     EISSN: 17444136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2012.696603     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Albrecht, B., Rothenberger, A., Sergeant, J., Tannock, R., Uebel, H., and, Banaschewski, T. 2008. Interference control in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Differential Stroop effects for colour-naming versus counting. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115: 241-247. (Pubitemid 351270110)
2. Alderson, R. M., Rapport, M. D., and, Kofler, M. J. 2007. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral inhibition: A meta-analytic review of the stop-signal paradigm. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35: 745-758. (Pubitemid 47353362)
3. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (text revision), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4. Barkley, R. A. 1997a. ADHD and the nature of self-control, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
5. Barkley, R. A. 1997b. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121: 65-94. (Pubitemid 127705285)
6. Barkley, R. A., Grodzinsky, G. M., and, DuPaul, G. J. 1992. Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20: 163-188.
7. Borella, E., Chicherio, C., Re, A. M., Sensini, V., and, Cornoldi, C. 2011. Increased intraindividual variability is a marker of ADHD but also of dyslexia: A study on handwriting. Brain & Cognition, 77: 33-39.
8. Borella, E., Delaloye, C., Lecerf, T., Renaud, O., and, de Ribaupierre, A. 2009. Do age differences between young and older adults in inhibitory tasks depend on the degree of activation of information?. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21: 445-472.
9. Buzy, W. M., Medoff, D. R., and, Schweitzer, J. B. 2009. Intraindividual variability among children with ADHD on a working Memory task: An ex-Gaussian approach. Child Neuropsychology, 2: 1-19.
10. Carter, C. S., Krener, P., Chaderjian, M., Northcutt, C., and, Wolfe, V. 1995. Abnormal processing of irrelevant information in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 56: 59-70.
11. Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., and, Tannock, R. 2006. Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10: 117-123.
12. Castellanos, F. X., and, Tannock, R. 2002. Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nature Review Neuroscience, 3: 617-628. (Pubitemid 135706670)
13. Christiansen, H., and, Oades, R. D. 2009. Negative priming within a Stroop task in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, their siblings, and independent controls. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13: 497-504.
14. Cohen, J. D., Dunbar, K., and, McClelland, J. L. 1990. On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychological Review, 97: 332-361.
15. Conners, C. K. 1997. Conners Rating Scales-Revised User's Manual, North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health System.
16. Cornoldi, C., Gardinale, M., Masi, A., and, Pettenò, L. 1996. Impulsività e autocontrollo. [Impulsivity and Self-control], Trento, Italy: Erickson.
17. Cousineau, D., Brown, S. D., and, Heathcote, A. 2004. Fitting distributions using maximum likelihood: Methods and packages. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36: 742-756. (Pubitemid 40251425)
18. de Ribaupierre, A., Borella, E., and, Delaloye, C. 2003. " Inhibition et variabilité individuelle: généralité ou spécificité des processus inhibiteurs [Inhibition and individual variability: generality or specificity of inhibitory processes] ". In Inhibition neurale et cognitive, Edited by: Moutier, S. 103-124. Paris, France: Hermes Sciences. Traité de Sciences Cognitives
19. Douglas, V. I. 1999. " Cognitive control processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ". In Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders, Edited by: Quay, H. C. and Hogan, A. E. 105-138. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
20. DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., and, Reid, R. 1998. ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation, New York, NY: Guilford Press.
21. Fagot, D., Dirk, J., Ghisletta, P., and, de Ribaupierre, A. 2009. Adults versus children's performance on the Stroop task: Insights from ex-Gaussian analysis. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 68: 17-24.
22. Frazier, T. W., Demaree, H. A., and, Youngstrom, E. A. 2004. Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18: 543-555. (Pubitemid 38944390)
23. Geurts, H. M., Grasman, R. P., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., van Kammen, S. M. 2008. Intra-individual variability in ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and Tourette's syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 46: 3030-3041.
24. Golden, C. J. 1978. The Stroop color and word test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses, Chicago, IL: Stoelting.
25. Heathcote, A., Brown, S. D., and, Mewhort, D. J. K. 2002. Quantile maximum likelihood estimation of response time distributions. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9: 394-401.
26. Heathcote, A., Popiel, S. J., and, Mewhort, D. J. K. 1991. Analysis of performance time distributions: An example using the Stroop task. Psychological Bulletin, 109: 340-347.
27. Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., and, Curry, J. F. 2004. Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology, 18: 485-503. (Pubitemid 38944385)
28. Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., Curry, J. F., Tonev, S., Arnold, L. E., Conners, C. K. 2006. Reaction time distribution analysis of neuropsychological performance in an ADHD sample. Child Neuropsychology, 12: 125-140. (Pubitemid 43861153)
29. Homack, S., and, Riccio, C. A. 2004. A meta-analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Stroop color and word test with children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19: 725-743. (Pubitemid 39013339)
30. Hultsch, D. F., MacDonald, S. W., Hunter, M. A., Levy-Bencheton, J., and, Strauss, E. 2000. Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in older adults: Comparison of adults with mild dementia, adults with arthritis, and healthy adults. Neuropsychology, 14: 588-598.
31. Jourdan Moser, S., Cutini, S., Weber, P., and, Schroeter, M. L. 2009. Right prefrontal brain activation due to Stroop interference is altered in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Research, 173: 190-195.
32. Kindt, M., Bierman, D., and, Brosschot, J. F. 1996. Stroop versus Stroop: Comparison of a card format and a single-trial format of the standard color-word Stroop task and the emotional Stroop task. Personality and Individual Differences, 21: 653-661.
33. Kindt, M., Bierman, D., and, Brosschot, J. F. 1997. Cognitive bias in spider fear and control children: Assessment of emotional interference by a card format and a single trial format of the Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 66: 163-179. (Pubitemid 127384757)
34. Klein, C., Wendling, K., Huettner, P., Ruder, H., and, Peper, M. 2006. Intra-subject variability in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 60: 1088-1097. (Pubitemid 44754856)
35. Krain, A. L., and, Castellanos, F. X. 2006. Brain development and ADHD. Clinical Psychology Review, 26: 433-444.
36. Kuntsi, J., Oosterlaan, J., and, Stevenson, J. 2001. Psychological mechanisms in hyperactivity: I. Response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment, delay aversion, or something else?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42: 199-210. (Pubitemid 32233120)
37. Lansbergen, M. M., Kenemans, J. L., and, van Engeland, H. 2007. Stroop interference and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 21: 251-262. (Pubitemid 46631107)
38. Leth-Steensen, C., Elbaz, Z. K., and, Douglas, V. I. 2000. Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: A response time distributional approach. Acta Psychologica, 104: 167-190.
39. Li, S.-C., Huxhold, O., and, Schmiedek, F. 2004. Aging and attenuated processing robustness: Evidence from cognitive and sensorimotor functioning. Gerontology, 50: 28-34. (Pubitemid 37499996)
40. Ludwig, C., Borella, E., Tettamanti, M., and, de Ribaupierre, A. 2010. Adult age differences in the Color Stroop Test: A comparison between an item-by-item and a blocked version. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51: 135-142.
41. Ludwig, C., Fagot, D., Chicherio, C., and, de Ribaupierre, A. 2011. " Variabilité intra-individuelle dans les performances cognitives: Apports dans létude du vieillissement [Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance: Contribution to the study of cognitive aging] ". In Le vieillissement cognitif normal, Edited by: Brouillet, D. 171-185. Bruxelles: De Boeck.
42. MacDonald, S. W., Nyberg, L., and, Bäckman, L. 2006. Intra-individual variability in behavior: Links to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity. Trends in Neurosciences, 29: 474-480. (Pubitemid 44118446)
43. Marzocchi, G. M., and, Cornoldi, C. 2001. Una scala di facile uso per la rilevazione dei comportamenti problematici dei bambini con deficit di attenzione e iperattività [An easy-to-use scale for the identification of ADHD]. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 1: 43-63.
44. Marzocchi, G. M., Re, A. M., and, Cornoldi, C. 2010. BIA: Batteria Italiana per l'ADHD [Italian Battery for ADHD], Trento, Italy: Erickson.
45. Nesselroade, J. R. 1991. " Interindividual differences in intraindividual change ". In Best methods for the analysis of change, Edited by: Collins, L. M. and Horn, J. L. 92-105. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
46. Nigg, J. T. 2000. On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126: 220-246.
47. Pennington, B. F., and, Ozonoff, S. 1996. Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 37: 51-87. (Pubitemid 26090587)
48. Pocklington, B., and, Mayberry, M. 2006. Proportional slowing or disinhibition in ADHD?: A Britney plot meta-analysis of Stroop color and word test performance. International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education, 53: 67-91. (Pubitemid 43328827)
49. Rader, R., McCauley, L., and, Callen, E. C. 2009. Current strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Family Physician, 79: 657-665.
50. Ratcliff, R. 1979. Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 86: 446-461.
51. Salo, R., Henik, A., and, Robertson, L. C. 2001. Interpreting Stroop interference: An analysis of differences between task versions. Neuropsychology, 15: 462-471. (Pubitemid 33108394)
52. Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., Geurts, H., Morein-Zamir, S., Meiran, N., Schut, H. 2004. Executive functioning in boys with ADHD: Primarily an inhibition deficit?. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19: 569-594. (Pubitemid 38649009)
53. Schwartz, K., and, Verhaeghen, P. 2008. ADHD and Stroop interference from age 9 to age 41 years: A meta-analysis of developmental effects. Psychological Medicine, 38: 1607-1616.
54. Sergeant, J. A. 2005. Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biological Psychiatry, 57: 1248-1255. (Pubitemid 40798542)
55. Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., and, Oosterlaan, J. 2002. How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?. Behavioural Brain Research, 130: 3-28. (Pubitemid 34195317)
56. Sinpia. 2006. Linee guida per il DDAI e i DSA [Guidelines for ADHD and Learning Disabilities], Trento, Italy: Erickson.
57. Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., and, Faust, M. E. 1996. Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22: 461-479. (Pubitemid 126418406)
58. Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., and, Faust, M. E. 2000. Levels of selective attention revealed through analyses of response time distributions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26: 506-526.
59. Steger, J., Imhof, K., Coutts, E., Gundelfinger, R., Steinhausen, H. C., and, Brandeis, D. 2001. Attentional and neuromotor deficits in ADHD. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43: 172-179. (Pubitemid 32233077)
60. Stroop, J. R. 1935. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121: 15-23.
61. Tannock, R. 2003. " Neuropsychology of attention disorders ". In Handbook of neuropsychology, 2nd, Edited by: Segalowitz, S. J. and Rapin, I. Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
62. Tannock, R., Martinussen, R., and, Frijters, J. 2000. Naming speed performance and stimulant effects indicate effortful, semantic processing deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28: 237-252. (Pubitemid 30415967)
63. Van Mourik, R., Oosterlaan, J., and, Sergeant, J. 2005. The Stroop revisited: A meta-analysis of interference control in AD/HD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46: 150-165. (Pubitemid 40425420)
64. Van Mourik, R., Papanikolau, A., van Gellicum-Bijlhout, J, van Oostenbruggen, J., Veugelers, D., Post-Uiterweer, A. 2009. Interference control in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37: 293-303.
65. Vaurio, R. G., Simmonds, D. J., and, Mostofsky, S. H. 2009. Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands. Neuropsychologia, 47: 2389-2396.
66. Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., and, Pennington, B. F. 2005. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57: 1336-1346. (Pubitemid 40798553)
67. Williams, B. R., Strauss, E. H., Hultsch, D. F., and, Tannock, R. 2007. Reaction time performance in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence of inconsistency in the fast and slow portions of the RT distribution. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29: 277-289. (Pubitemid 46598773)