The trouble with radicalization

International Affairs

Volumn 89, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 873-893

  Neumann, Peter R ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880363992     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: 14682346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.12049     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Until the early 2000s, hardly any references to radicalization could be found in the academic literature. The rise to prominence of the term seems to be intimately linked, therefore, with the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001
2. Peter R. Neumann, 'Introduction', in Peter R. Neumann and Jacob Stoil, eds, Perspectives on radicalisation and political violence (London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, 2008), p. 3.
3. Andrew Hoskins and Ben O'Loughlin, 'Media and the myth of radicalization', Media, War and Conflict 2: 2, 2009, p. 107.
4. Hoskins and O'Loughlin, 'Media and the myth of radicalization', p. 109.
5. Frank Furedi, 'Muslim alienation in the UK? Blame the Israelis!', Spiked, 9 Feb. 2009, http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/6187/
6. Centre for the Study of 'Radicalisation' and Political Violence (CSRV), University of Aberystwyth: http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/research/aber-research/research-centres-and-groups/csrv/
7. David Mandel explains the relationship between radicalization and extremism as follows: 'Radicalization is to extremism as velocity is to position. That is, radicalization is a (positive) change in the degree of extremism expressed by an individual or group
8. David R. Mandel, 'Radicalization: what does it mean?', in Thomas Pick, Anne Speckhard and Beatrice Jaunch, eds, Homegrown terrorism: understanding the root causes of radicalisation among groups with an immigrant heritage in Europe (Brussels: Institute of Physics Press, 2009), p. 111.
9. Fathali M. Moghadam, 'The staircase to terrorism: a psychological exploration', American Psychologist 60: 2, 2005, pp. 161-9
10. See Clark McCauley and Sophia Moskalenko, 'Mechanisms of political radicalization: pathways toward terrorism', Terrorism and Political Violence 20: 3, 2008, pp. 415-33
11. See Zeyno Baran, 'Fighting the war of ideas', Foreign Affairs 84: 6, 2005
12. Roger Scruton, The Palgrave Macmillan dictionary of political thought, 3rd edn (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007
13. See Mandel, 'Radicalization', pp. 101-14
14. See e.g. The American government's 'countering violent extremism' strategy paper: The White House, 'Empowering local partners to prevent violent extremism in the United States', Aug. 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/empowering_local_partners.pdf
15. Randy Borum, 'Rethinking radicalization', Journal of Strategic Security 4: 4, 2011, p. 2.
16. Lorenzo Vidino, Countering radicalization in America: lessons from Europe, United States Institute for Peace Special Report, Washington DC, Nov. 2010, p. 5.
17. Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Radicalization: a guide for the perplexed (Ottawa, June 2009), p. 1.
18. Jerome Bjelopera, American jihadist terrorism: combating a complex threat (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, Nov. 2011), p. 2.
19. See 'Threat of Islamic radicalization to the homeland', written testimony of Charles E. Allen, Assistant Secretary of Intelligence and Analysis, Department of Homeland Security, before the US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 14 March 2007, p. 4.
20. HM Government, The United Kingdom's strategy for countering international terrorism (London: Home Office, June 2009), p. 41
21. Brian M. Jenkins, RAND Corporation, presented before the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing and Terrorism Risk Assessment, 5 April 2007, p. 3.
22. See Jerrold M. Post, 'Psychology', in Club de Madrid, Addressing the causes of terrorism (Madrid, 2005), pp. 7-12
23. Rachel Briggs, Catherine Fieschi and Hannah Lownsbrough, Bringing it home: community-based approaches to counterterrorism (London: Demos, 2006), p. 42.
24. Mark Sedgwick, 'The concept of radicalization as a source of confusion', Terrorism and Political Violence 22: 4, 2010, pp. 479-94
25. The word 'radical' stems from the Latin word for root, radix, and was-for a considerable period-thought to be an expression for 'going to the roots
26. Mandel, 'Radicalization', p. 102
27. Gordon S. Wood, The radicals of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1991), p. 5.
28. Timothy McCarthy and John McMillian, The radical reader: a documentary history of the American radical tradition (New York: Free Press, 2003), pp. 3-4.
29. Peter Erlinder, 'Inherent powers, ignoble history make new idea anything but innocuous', Pioneer Press, 20 Dec. 2007
30. Jeff Knaebel, '"Thought crimes", HR 1955 passed, with 404 votes', LewRockwell.com, 5 Nov. 2007, http://www.lewrockwell.com/knaebel/knaebel11.html
31. Dennis Kucinich, quoted in 'Kucinich on HR 1955', Independent, 3 Dec. 2007.
32. Ron Paul, quoted in '"Homegrown terror" act an attack on internet freedom?', AntiWar.com, 7 Dec. 2007, http://www.antiwar.com/paul/?articleid=12015
33. 'Senate could vote on thought crimes bill soon', John Birch Society, 30 Nov. 2007, http://infolution.wordpress.com/2007/11/30/law-teachers-oppose-hr-1955/
34. Alex P. Schmid, 'Terrorism: the definitional problem', Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 36: 2, 2004, pp. 375-419
35. Boaz Ganor, 'Is one man's terrorist another man's freedom fighter?', International Institute for Counterterrorism, n.d., http://www.ict.org.il/ResearchPublications/tabid/64/Articlsid/432/Default.aspx
36. See Peter R. Neumann and M. L. R. Smith, The strategy of terrorism (London: Routledge, 2008).
37. John Horgan, Remarks at START Symposium, 'Lessons learned since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/TenYearA
38. Horgan, Remarks at START Symposium.
39. Randy Borum, 'Radicalization into violent extremism I: a review of social science theories', Journal of Strategic Security 4: 4, 2011, p. 8.
40. Horgan, Remarks at START Symposium.
41. Borum, 'Radicalization into violent extremism I', p. 9.
42. Borum, 'Radicalization into violent extremism I', p. 8.
43. Horgan, Remarks at START Symposium.
44. Borum, 'Radicalization into violent extremism I', p. 30
45. Borum, 'Rethinking radicalization', p. 2.
46. Borum, 'Rethinking radicalization', p. 2.
47. Borum, 'Radicalization into violent extremism I', pp. 7-36
48. Randy Borum, 'Radicalization into violent extremism II: a review of conceptual models and empirical research', Journal of Strategic Security 4: 4, 2011, pp. 37-62.
49. Horgan, remarks at START Symposium.
50. John Gerring, 'Ideology: a definitional analysis', Political Research Quarterly 50: 4, 1997, pp. 957-94.
51. See Quintan Wiktorowicz, 'Anatomy of the Salafi movement', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29: 3, 2006, pp. 207-39.
52. Gerry Adams, quoted in Brendan O'Brien, The long war: the IRA and Sinn Fein-1985 to today (Dublin: O'Brien Press, 1993), p. 117
53. See Wiktorowicz, 'Anatomy of the Salafi movement'.
54. David C. Rapoport, 'The four waves of modern terrorism', in Audrey Kurth Cronin and James Ludes, eds, Attacking terrorism: elements of a grand strategy (Washington DC: Georgetown University Press), pp. 46-73.
55. Borum, 'Radicalization into violent extremism I', pp. 8-10.
56. Borum, 'Rethinking radicalization', p. 2
57. David A. Snow, Louis A. Zurcher and Sheldon Ekland-Olson, 'Social networks and social movements: a microstructural approach to differential recruitment', American Sociological Review 45: 5, 1980, p. 798.
58. Donatella della Porta and Mario Diani, Social movements: an introduction, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), p. 118
59. See Marc Sageman, Understanding terror networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).
60. Della Porta and Diani, Social movements
61. Della Porta and Diani, Social movements, pp. 74-9
62. Neil J. Smelser, The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 54-89
63. See Shiv Malik, 'My brother the bomber', Prospect, 20 June 2007.
64. Profile: Sheikh Abdullah al-Faisal', BBC News, 25 May 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6692243.stm
65. Petter Nesser, 'Joining jihadi terrorist cells in Europe', in Magnus Ranstorp, ed., Understanding violent radicalisation: terrorist and jihadist networks in Europe (London: Routledge, 2010), pp. 104-6
66. Nesser, 'Joining jihadi terrorist cells', p. 105.
67. Nesser, 'Joining jihadi terrorist cells', pp. 106-7
68. Profile: Hasib Hussain', BBC News, 2 March 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12621387, accessed 14 May 2013.
69. See e.g. Sageman, quoted in 'Winning and losing in the war on terror', San Diego State University, 5 Feb. 2010, http://newscenter.sdsu.edu/sdsu_newscenter/news.aspx?s=71884
70. Horgan, Remarks at START Symposium.
71. Horgan, Remarks at START Symposium.
72. Borum, 'Rethinking radicalization', p. 2.
73. Brian Michael Jenkins, 'Foreword', in Ian O. Lesser, Bruce Hoffman, John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, Michele Zanini and Brian Michael Jenkins, eds, Countering the new terrorism (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999), p. viii
74. See Andrew Silke, 'An introduction to terrorism research', in Andrew Silke, ed., Research on terrorism: trends, Achievements and failures (London: Frank Cass, 2004), p. 15
75. See William W. Zellner, Countercultures: a sociological analysis (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995
76. Sageman, quoted in United States of America v. Tarek Mehanna, 'Revised expert opinion notice', unpublished court document, p. 2. For the fundamentals of this approach, see Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001
77. Sidney Tarrow, Power in movement: social movements and contentious politics, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998
78. Quintan Wiktorowicz, 'Introduction', in Quintan Wiktorowicz, ed., Islamic activism: a social movement theory approach (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), pp. 1-33.
79. Jeffrey Bale, Interview with author, 7 Feb. 2011.
80. Porta and Diani, Social movements, ch. 7.
81. Jochen Kummer, 'Der Fischer und die Frau', Welt am Sonntag, 14 Jan. 2001.
82. Albrecht von Lucke, 68 oder neues Biedermeier: Der Kampf um die Deutungsmacht (Berlin: Wagenbach, 2008), p. 28.
83. Ryan Evans, email conversation with author, 20 March 2012.
84. According to Sageman, for example, countercultural movements that espouse extremist views can 'help liberal democracies evolve into just and fair societies':
85. Sageman, Quoted in United States of America v. Tarek Mehanna, 'Revised expert opinion notice', p. 2.
86. Herbert Butterfield, The Whig interpretation of history (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965
87. Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Working Group', Homeland Security Advisory Council, Department of Homeland Security, Spring 2010, http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/hsac_cve_working_group_recommendations.pdf
88. Fact sheet: the Department of Homeland Security's approach to countering violent extremism', Department of Homeland Security,http://www.dhs.gov/dhss-approach-countering-violent-extremism
89. See Shiraz Maher and Martyn Frampton, Choosing our friends wisely: criteria for engagement with Muslim groups (London: Policy Exchange, 2009
90. This is the German Constitutional Court's benchmark for banning extremist political parties. See David Charter, 'Fight to ban far-right party begins after it is linked to race murders', The Times, 24 March 2012
91. According to the Dutch domestic intelligence agency, the threat from extremism includes 'the creation of parallel community structures with forms of self-defined justice and the propagation of anti-democratic behaviour which could result in polarization, inter-ethnic and inter-religious tensions and serious social unrest'
92. Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD), The radical dawa in transition: the rise of Islamic neoradicalism in the Netherlands (The Hague, 2007), p. 10.
93. Karl Popper, The open society and its enemies, vol. 1: The spell of Plato, 4th edn (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 293.
94. See e.g. Lorenzo Vidino, 'Europe's new security dilemma', Washington Quarterly 32: 3,2009, pp. 61-75http://csis.org/files/publication/twq09octobervidino.pdf
95. Vidino, 'Europe's new security dilemma', pp. 66-8
96. Citizenship Survey, cited in HM Government, Prevent Strategy, Cm 8092 (London: Home Office, June 2011), p. 18.
97. See Bob Lambert, Countering Al-Qaeda in London: police and Muslims in partnership (London: Hurst, 2011
98. Robert Lambert, 'Competing counter-radicalisation models in the UK', in Rick Coolsaet, ed., Jihadi terrorism and the radicalisation challenge: European and American experiences, 2nd edn (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011), pp. 215-26.
99. Internal UK Home Office surveys seem to suggest that young Muslims in London who were part of Salafi-led programmes have responded primarily to their offers of employment, training and resocialization, which suggests that the religious and/or ideological component, while important, may not have been decisive. Conversation with Home Office official, April 2012.
100. Horgan points out that many so-called deradicalization programmes, which are aimed at changing beliefs, are 'resistant to evaluation'. See Horgan, remarks at START Symposium.
101. Tarek Mehanna, 'Revised expert opinion notice', p. 2.
102. See Burkhard Schröder, Im Griff der rechten Szene: Ostdeutsche Städte in Angst (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1997
103. Bjelopera, American jihadist terrorism, pp. 77-8.
104. Bjelopera, American jihadist terrorism, p. 106.
105. Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, Targeted and entrapped: manufacturing the 'homegrown threat' in the United States (New York: NYU School of Law, 2011), p. 21.
106. See Paul Harris, 'Fake terror plots, paid informants: the tactics of FBI "entrapment" Questioned', Guardian, 16 Nov. 2011.
107. See Tim Weiner, Enemies: a history of the FBI (New York: Random House, 2012
108. The annual reports of the Verfassungsschutz: Bundesministerium des Innern, Verfassungsschutzbericht 2010 (Cologne: BfV, 2010http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/SHOW/vsbericht_2010.pdf
109. Parlamentsgremium billigt Beobachtung von Linken-Abgeordneten', Die Zeit, 25 Jan. 2012, http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2012-01/kontrollgremium-geheimdienst-linke
110. In the original German: 'Das war ein Vorspiel nur, dort wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen': Heinrich Heine, Almansor: eine Tragödie (Berlin: Dümmler, 4), http://www.heinrich-heine-denkmal.de/heine-texte/almansor01.shtml
111. A full list of the books that were burned by the Nazis, or subsequently banned, can be found at 'Verbannte Bücher', http://www.berlin.de/rubrik/hauptstadt/verbannte_buecher/
112. See e.g. Scott H. Decker and David Pyrooz, 'Gangs, terrorism, and radicalization', Journal of Strategic Security 4: 4, 2011, pp. 151-66.
113. See Peter R. Neumann, Old and new terrorism (Cambridge: Polity, 2009).