Ideology: A definitional analysis

Political Research Quarterly

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 957-994

  Gerring, John ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031283728     PISSN: 10659129     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/106591299705000412     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephen Hill, and Brian S. Turner. 1980. The Dominant Ideology Thesis. London: Allen & Unwin.
2. Achen, Christopher. 1975. "Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response." American Political Science Review 69: 1218-31.
3. Adams, Ian. 1989. The Logic of Political Belief: A Philosophical Analysis of Ideology. Savage, MD: Barnes & Noble.
4. Adorno, Theodore, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, R. Nevitt Sanford. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper.
5. Althusser, Louis. 1971. Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review.
6. Apter, David E. 1964. "Ideology and Discontent." In David E. Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent, pp. 15-46. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
7. Arian, Asher, and Michal Shamir. 1983. "The Primarily Political Functions of the Left-Right Continuum." Comparative Politics 15 (January): 139-58.
8. Aron, Raymond. 1962. The Opium of the Intellectuals. New York: Norton.
9. Ashford, Douglas E. 1972. Ideology and Participation. Beverly Hills: Sage.
10. Axelrod, Robert. 1969. "The Structure of Public Opinion on Policy Issues." In Calvin J. Larson and Philo C. Wasburn, eds., Power, Participation, and Ideology, pp. 363-71. New York: David McKay.
11. Barnes, Samuel H. 1966. "Ideology and the Organization of Conflict: On the Relationship between Political Thought and Behavior." Journal of Politics 28 (August): 513-30.
12. Barth, Hans. 1976. Truth and Ideology, tr. Frederic Lilge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13. Bell, Daniel. 1960. The End of Ideology. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
14. Bendix, Reinhard. 1964. "The Age of Ideology: Persistent and Changing." In David E. Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent, pp. 294-327. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
15. Bennett, W. Lance. 1977. "The Growth of Knowledge in Mass Belief Studies: An Epistemological Critique." American Journal of Political Science 31 (August): 465-500.
16. Bergmann, Gustav. 1951. "Ideology." Ethics 61 (April): 205-18.
17. Birnbaum, Norman. 1960. "The Sociological Study of Ideology (1940-60): A Trend Report and Bibliography." Current Sociology 9 (2): 91-117.
18. Bluhm, William T. 1974. Ideologies and Attitudes: Modern Political Culture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
19. Burks, Richard V. 1949. "A Conception of Ideology for Historians." Journal of the History of Ideas 10 (April): 183-98.
20. Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren P. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
21. Carlsnaess, Walter. 1981. The Concept of Ideology and Political Analysis. London: Greenwood Press.
22. Cassel, Carol A. 1984. "Issues in Measurement: The 'Levels of Conceptualization' Index of Ideological Sophistication." American Journal of Political Science 28 (May): 418-29.
23. Citrin, Jack, and Donald Philip Green. 1990. "The Self-interest Motive in American Public Opinion." Research in Micropolitics 3: 1-27.
24. Cobb, Roger W. 1973. "The Belief-Systems Perspective: An Assessment of a Framework." Journal of Politics 35: 121-53.
25. Collier, David, and James E. Mahon, Jr. 1993. "Conceptual 'Stretching' Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis." American Political Science Review 87 (December): 845-55.
26. Connolly, William E. 1967. Political Science and Ideology. New York: Atherton Press.
27. Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Stanley Feldman. 1981. "The Origins and Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications." American Journal of Political Science 25 (November): 617-44.
28. Converse, Philip E. 1964. "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." In David E. Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent, pp. 206-61. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
29. _. 1970. "Attitudes and Non-attitudes: The Continuation of a Dialogue." In E. R. Tufte, ed., The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems, pp. 168-89. Reading, PA: Addison-Wesley Press.
30. _. 1990. "Popular Representation and the Distribution of Information." In J. H. Ferejohn and J. A. Kuklinski, eds., Information and Democratic Processes, pp. 369-88. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
31. Corbett, P. 1965. Ideologies. London: Hutchinson.
32. Coveyou, Michael R., and James Piereson. 1977. "Ideological Perceptions and Political Judgement: Some Problems of Concept and Measurement." Political Methodology 4 (Winter): 77-102.
33. Cox, Richard H. 1969. "The Original Concept of Ideology." In Richard H. Cox, ed., Ideology. Politics, and Political Theory, pp. 9-27. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
34. Crewe, Ivor, and Donald D. Searing. 1988. "Ideological Change in the British Conservative Party." American Political Science Review 82 (June): 361-84.
35. Cunningham, Adrian. 1973. "Reflections on Projections: The Range of Ideology." In Robert Benewick, R. N. Berki, Bhikgu Parekh, eds., Knowledge and Belief in Politics: The Problem of Ideology, pp. 36-56. London: George Allen & Unwin.
36. Diggins, John P. 1970. "Ideology and Pragmatism: Philosophy or Passion." American Political Science Review 64: 899-906.
37. Dittberner, Job L. 1979. The End of Ideology and American Social Thought: 1930-1960. Ann Arbor: UMI Research.
38. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
39. Duverger, Maurice. 1951/1959. Political Parties. New York: Wiley.
40. Eagleton, Terry. 1991. Ideology: An Introduction. London: Verso.
41. Elster, John. 1982. "Belief, Bias, and Ideology." In M. Hollis and S. Lukes, eds., Rationality and Relativism, pp. 123-48. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
42. Erikson, Erik H. 1968. Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.
43. Erikson, Robert S. 1979. "The SRC Panel Data and Mass Attitudes." British Journal of Political Science 9: 89-114.
44. Feldman, Stanley. 1983. "Economic Individualism and American Public Opinion." American Politics Quarterly 11 (January): 3-30.
45. _. 1988. "Structure and Consistency in Public Opinion: the Role of Core Beliefs and Values." American Journal of Political Science 32 (2): 416-40.
46. Feldman, Stanley, and John Zaller. 1992. "The Political Culture of Ambivalence: Ideological Responses to the Welfare State." American Journal of Political Science. 36 (February): 268-307.
47. Feuer, Lewis S. 1975. Ideology and the Ideologists. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
48. Fine, Gary Alan, and Kent Sandstrom. 1993. "Ideology in Action: A Pragmatic Approach to a Contested Concept." Sociological Theory 11 (March): 21-38.
49. Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
50. Fuchs, Dieter, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. 1990. "The Left-Right Schema." In M. Kent Jennings et al., eds., Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, pp. 203-44. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
51. Geertz, Clifford. 1964/1973. "Ideology as a Cultural System." In The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
52. Goldie, Mark. 1989. "Ideology." In Terence Ball et al., eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, pp. 266-91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Goldman, Lucien. 1969. The Human Sciences and Philosophy. London: Cape.
54. Gould, J., and W. L. Kolb. 1964. A Dictionary ofSocial Science. New York: Free Press.
55. Gouldner, Alvin. 1976. The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology: The Origins, Grammar and Future of Ideology. London: Macmillan.
56. Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections From the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, Q. Howe and G. Nowell-Smith, eds., London: Lawrence and Wishart.
57. Green, Donald Philip. 1988. "On the Dimensionality of Public Sentiment toward Partisan and Ideological Groups." American Journal of Political Science 32 (August): 758-80.
58. Habermas, Jurgen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action. Boston: Beacon Press.
59. Hall, Stuart, Bob Lumley, and Gregor McLennan. 1977. "Politics and Ideology: Gramsci." In On Ideology, pp. 45-76. London: Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies/Hutchinson.
60. Halle, Louis J. 1972. The Ideological Imagination. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
61. Hamill, Ruth, Milton Lodge, and Frederick Blake. 1985. "The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata." American Journal of Political Science 29 (November): 850-69.
62. Hamilton, Malcolm B. 1987. "The Elements of the Concept of Ideology." Political Studies 35: 18-38.
63. Harris, Nigel. 1968. Beliefs in Society: The Problem of Ideology. London: C. A. Wats.
64. Hirst, Paul. 1979. On Law and Ideology. London: Macmillan.
65. Huaco, George A. 1971. "On Ideology." Acta Sociologica 14 (4): 245-55.
66. Inglehart, Ronald, and Hans D. Klingemann. 1979. "Ideological Conceptualization and Value Priorities." In Samuel H. Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, pp. 203-13. Beverly Hills: Sage.
67. Jacoby, William G. 1986. "Levels of Conceptualization and Reliance on the Liberal-Conservative Continuum." Journal of Politics 48 (May): 423-32.
68. Johnson, Harry M. 1968. "Ideology and the Social System." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 7: 76-85.
69. Keohane, Nannerl O. 1976. "Philosophy, Theory, Ideology: An Attempt at Clarification." Political Theory 4 (February): 80-100.
70. Kingdon, John W. 1993. "Politicians, Self-interest, and Ideas." In George E. Marcus and Russell L. Hanson, eds., Reconsidering the Democratic Public pp. 73-89. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
71. Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. 1979a. "The Background of Ideological Conceptualization." In Samuel H. Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, pp. 255-77. Beverly Hills: Sage.
72. _. 1979b. "Ideological Conceptualization and Political Action." In Samuel H. Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, pp. 279-303. Beverly Hills: Sage.
73. _. 1979c. "Measuring Ideological Conceptualizations." In Samuel H. Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, pp. 215-77. Beverly Hills: Sage.
74. Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Richard I. Hofferbert, and Ian Budge. 1994. Parties, Policies, and Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
75. Knight, Kathleen. 1984. "The Dimensionality of Partisan and Ideological Affect: The Influence of Positivity." American Politics Quarterly 12 (July): 305-34.
76. _. 1985. "Ideology in the 1980 Election: Ideological Sophistication Does Matter." Journal of Politics 47 (3) August: 828-53.
77. _. 1990. "Ideology and Public Opinion." Research in Micropolitics 3: 59-82.
78. Kritzer, Herbert M. 1978. "Ideology and American Political Elites." Public Opinion Quarterly 42: 484-502.
79. Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism. London: New Left Books.
80. Lane, Robert. 1962. Political Ideology: Why the American Common Man Believes What He Does. New York: Free Press.
81. _. 1973. "Patterns of Political Belief." In Jeene N. Knotson, ed., Handbook of Political Psychology, pp. 83-116. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
82. LaPalombara, Joseph. 1966. "Decline of Ideology: A Dissent and an Interpretation." American Political Science Review 60: 5-16.
83. Laponce, J. A. 1981. Left and Right: The Topography of Political Perceptions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
84. Larrain, Jorge. 1979. The Concept of Ideology. London: Hutchinson.
85. _. 1983. Marxism and Ideology. London: Macmillan.
86. Levitin, Teresa E., and Warren E. Miller. 1979. "Ideological Interpretations of Presidential Elections." American Political Science Review 73: 751-71.
87. Lichtheim, George. 1967. "The Concept of Ideology." In The Concept of Ideology and Other Essays, pp. 3-46. New York: Random House.
88. Lipset, Seymour M., and Stein Rokkan. 1967. "Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction." In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, pp. 1-64. New York: Free Press.
89. Lowenstein, Karl. 1953. "The Role of Ideologies in Political Change." International Social Science Bulletin 5 (1): 51-74.
90. _. 1969. "Political Ideology and Political Institutions." In Richard H. Cox, ed., Ideology, Politics, and Political Theory, pp. 331-48. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
91. Luskin, Robert C. 1987. "Measuring Political Sophistication." American Journal of Political Science 31 (November): 856-99.
92. _. 1993. "Explaining Political Sophistication." In Richard G. Niemi and Herbert F. Weisberg, Controversies in Voting Behavior. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.
93. Mannheim, Karl. 1960. Ideology and Utopia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
94. Manning, David John, ed. 1980. The Form of Ideology. London: George Allen & Unwin.
95. Manning, David John, and T. J. Robinson. 1985. The Place of Ideology in Political Life. London: Croom Helm.
96. Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels. 1970. The German Ideology. New York: International Publishers.
97. McCarney, Joe. 1981. The Real World of Ideology. Brighton: Harvester.
98. McClosky, Herbert. 1958. "Conservatism and Personality." American Political Science Review 52: 27-45.
99. _. 1964. "Consensus and Ideology in American Politics." American Political Science Review 58 (June): 361-82.
100. McClosky, Herbert, Paul J. Hoffmann, and Rosemary O'Hara. 1960. "Issue Conflict and Consensus Among Party Leaders and Followers." American Political Science Review (June): 406-27.
101. McLellan, David. 1986. Ideology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
102. Merelman, Richard M. 1969. "The Development of Political Ideology: A Framework for the Analysis of Political Socialization." American Political Science Review 63 (September): 750-67.
103. Minar, David W. 1961. "Ideology and Political Behavior." Midwest Journal of Political Science 5 (November): 317-31.
104. Mullins, Willard A. 1972. "On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science." American Political Science Review 66: 478-510.
105. _. 1974. "Sartori's Concept of Ideology: A Dissent and an Alternative." In Allen R. Wilcox, ed., Public Opinion and Political Attitudes, pp. 223-37. New York: Wiley.
106. Naess, Ame, et al. 1956. Democracy, Ideology and Objectivity: Studies in the Semantics and Cognitive Analysis of Ideological Controversy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
107. Nelson, John S. 1977. "The Ideological Connection: Or, Smuggling in the Goods." Theory and Society 4, parts I-II: 421-48, 573-90.
108. Nettl, J. P. 1967. Political Mobilization: A Sociological Analysis of Methods and Concepts. New York: Basic Books.
109. Neuman, W. Russell. 1981. "Differentiation and Integration: Two Dimensions of Political Thinking." American Journal of Sociology 86 (May): 1236-86.
110. Niemi, Richard G., and Herbert F. Weisberg. 1993. Controversies in Voting Behavior. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.
111. Oakeshott, Michael. 1962. "Political Education." In Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics, pp. 43-69. London: Methuen.
112. Pagden, Anthony, ed. 1987. The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
113. Parekh, Bhikhu. 1982. Marx's Theory of Ideology. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
114. Parsons, Talcott. 1951. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
115. Partridge, P. H. 1961. "Politics, Philosophy, Ideology." Political Studies 9 (3): 217-35.
116. Patrick, Glenda M. 1984. "Political Culture." In Giovanni Sartori, ed., Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis, pp. 265-314. Beverly Hills: Sage.
117. Peffley, Mark A., and Jon Hurwitz. 1985. "A Hierarchical Model of Attitude Constraint." American Journal of Political Science 29: 871-89.
118. Plamenatz, John. 1970. Ideology. New York: Praeger.
119. Pocock, J. G. A. 1975. The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
120. _. 1985. Virtue, Commerce, and History. New York: Cambridge University Press.
121. Putnam, Robert D. 1971. "Studying Elite Political Culture: The Case of 'Ideology.'" American Political Science Review 65: 651-81.
122. Rejai, Mostafa. 1991. Political Ideologies: A Comparative Approach. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
123. _, ed. 1971. The Decline of Ideology. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.
124. Ritsert, Jurgen. 1990. Models and Concepts of Ideology. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
125. Rokeach, Milton. 1960. The Open and Closed Mind. New York: Basic Books.
126. Rosenberg, Shawn W. 1988. Reason, Ideology and Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
127. Roucek, Joseph Slabey. 1944. "A History of the Concept of Ideology." Journal of the History of Ideas 5: 479-88.
128. Rude, George. 1980/1995. Ideology and Popular Protest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
129. Sartori, Giovanni. 1969. "Politics, Ideology, and Belief Systems." American Journal of Political Science 63 (June): 358-411.
130. _. 1970. "Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics." American Political Science Review 64 (December): 1033-46.
131. _. 1976. Parties and Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
132. _. 1984. "Guidelines for Concept Analysis." In Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis, 15-88. Beverly Hills: Sage.
133. Searing, Donald D. 1978. "Measuring Politicians' Values: Administration and Assessment of a Ranking Technique in the British House of Commons." American Political Science Review 72: 65-79.
134. Seliger, Martin. 1976. Ideology and Politics. London: George Allen & Unwin.
135. _. 1977. The Marxist Conception of Ideology: A Critical Essay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
136. Seliktar, Ofira. 1986. "Identifying a Society's Belief Systems." In Margaret G. Hermann, ed., Political-Psychology, pp. 320-54. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
137. Shils, Edward. 1967. "Ideology: The Concept and Function of Ideology." In Paul Edwards, ed., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4, pp. 66-76. New York: Macmillan.
138. Skinner, Quentin. 1978. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Volume One: The Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
139. Smith, Eric R.A.N. 1980. "The Levels of Conceptualization: False Measures of Ideological Sophistication." American Political Science Review 74 (September): 685-96.
140. _. 1989. The Unchanging American Voter. Berkeley: University of California Press.
141. Sniderman, Paul M., and Philip E. Tetlock. 1986. "Interrelationship of Political Ideology and Public Opinion." In Michael G. Hermann, ed., Political Psychology, pp. 62-96. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
142. Sternsher, Bernard. 1975. Consensus, Conflict, and American Historians. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
143. Strom, Kaare. 1990. "A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties." American Journal of Political Science 34 (May): 565-98.
144. Sullivan, John L., James E. Piereson, and George E. Marcus. 1978. "Ideological Constraint in the Mass Public: A Methodological Critique and Some New Findings." American Journal of Political Science 22 (May): 23 3-49.
145. Sutton, F. X., S. E. Harris, C. Kaysen, and J. Tobin. 1956. The American Business Creed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
146. Szalay, Lorand B., and Rita Mae Kelly. 1982. "Political Ideology and Subjective Culture: Conceptualization and Empirical Assessment." American Political Science Review 76 (September): 585-602.
147. Szalay, Lorand B., Rita Mae Kelly, and Won T. Moon. 1972. "Ideology: Its Meaning and Measurement." Comparative Political Studies 5 (July): 151-73.
148. Tetlock, Philip. 1983. "Cognitive Style and Political Ideology." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 118-26.
149. Therborn, Goran. 1980. The Ideology of Power and the Power of Ideology. London: Verso.
150. Thompson, John B. 1984. Studies in the Theory of Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
151. Tully, James, ed. 1988. Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics. Cambridge: Polity Press/Basil Blackwell.
152. Walsby, Harold. 1947. The Domain of Ideologies: A Study of the Origin, Structure and Development of Ideologies. Glasgow: William MacLellan.
153. Walzer, Michael. 1969. The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics. New York: Atheneum.
154. Waxman, Chaim I., ed. 1968. The End of Ideology Debate. New York: Simon and Schuster.
155. White, Winston. 1961. Beyond Conformity. New York: Free Press.
156. Wilcox, Clyde, and Aage Clausen. 1991. The Dimensionality of Roll-Call Voting Reconsidered." Legislative Studies Quarterly 16 (August): 393-406.
157. Williams, Howard. 1988. Concepts of Ideology. Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books.
158. Williams, Raymond. 1983. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford.
159. Wilson, Richard W. 1992. Compliance Ideologies: Rethinking Political Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
160. Wuthnow, Robert. 1981. "Comparative Ideology." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 22: 3-4.