The Norwegian Stroke in the Young Study (NOR-SYS): Rationale and design

BMC Neurology

Volumn 13, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Fromm, Annette ^a,b   Thomassen, Lars ^a,b   Naess, Halvor ^a,b   Meijer, Rudy ^c   Eide, Geir E ^a,b   Kråkenes, Jostein ^a,b   Vedeler, Christian A ^a,b   Gerdts, Eva ^a,b   Larsen, Terje H ^a,b   Kuiper, Karel K J ^a   Laxdal, Elin ^a,b   Russell, David ^d,e   Tatlisumak, Turgut ^f   Waje Andreassen, Ulrike ^a  

^a HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^d OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^f HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Arterial disease; Atherosclerosis; Heredity; Ischemic stroke; Long term outcome; Mortality; Stroke in the young; Ultrasound; Vascular risk

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL AORTA; ABDOMINAL SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANAMNESIS; ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTERIOGRAPHY; ARTERY DISEASE; ARTICLE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAROTID ARTERY; CAROTID ARTERY FLOW; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DATA COLLECTION METHOD; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FAMILY STUDY; FEMALE; FEMORAL ARTERY; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INTRAABDOMINAL FAT; LABORATORY TEST; LONG TERM CARE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROGENY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PULSE RATE; SECONDARY PREVENTION; STUDY DESIGN; TONOMETRY; ULTRASOUND; ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; STROKE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84880183543     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712377     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-89     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006, 367(9524):1747-1757. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9, 16731270.
2. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller O, Neundoerfer B, Heuschmann PU. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke 2001, 32(12):2735-2740. 10.1161/hs1201.100209, 11739965.
3. Fromm A, Waje-Andreassen U, Thomassen L, Naess H. Comparison between ischemic stroke patients <50 years and >/=50 years admitted to a single centre: the bergen stroke study. Stroke Res Treat 2011, 2011:183256. 3034967, 21318148.
4. Naess H, Nyland HI, Thomassen L, Aarseth J, Myhr KM. Etiology of and risk factors for cerebral infarction in young adults in western Norway: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Neurol 2004, 11(1):25-30. 10.1046/j.1351-5101.2003.00700.x, 14692884.
5. Adams HP, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Gordon DL, Love BB, Gomez F, Heffner M. Ischemic stroke in young adults. Experience in 329 patients enrolled in the Iowa Registry of stroke in young adults. Arch Neurol 1995, 52(5):491-495. 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540290081021, 7733844.
6. Waje-Andreassen U, Naess H, Thomassen L, Eide GE, Vedeler CA. Long-term mortality among young ischemic stroke patients in western Norway. Acta Neurol Scand 2007, 116(3):150-156. 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00822.x, 17714327.
7. Waje-Andreassen U, Naess H, Thomassen L, Eide GE, Vedeler CA. Arterial events after ischemic stroke at a young age: a cross-sectional long-term follow-up of patients and controls in western Norway. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007, 24(2-3):277-282.
8. Naess H, Nyland HI, Thomassen L, Aarseth J, Nyland G, Myhr KM. Incidence and short-term outcome of cerebral infarction in young adults in western Norway. Stroke 2002, 33(8):2105-2108. 10.1161/01.STR.0000023888.43488.10, 12154271.
9. Naess H, Nyland HI, Thomassen L, Aarseth J, Myhr KM. Long-term outcome of cerebral infarction in young adults. Acta Neurol Scand 2004, 110(2):107-112. 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00273.x, 15242418.
10. Putaala J, Haapaniemi E, Metso AJ, Metso TM, Artto V, Kaste M, Tatlisumak T. Recurrent ischemic events in young adults after first-ever ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2010, 68(5):661-671. 10.1002/ana.22091, 21031581.
11. Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, Forbes S, Anderson CS. Long-term disability after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth community stroke study, 1989-1990. Stroke 2002, 33(4):1034-1040. 10.1161/01.STR.0000012515.66889.24, 11935057.
12. Mazighi M, Labreuche J, Gongora-Rivera F, Duyckaerts C, Hauw JJ, Amarenco P. Autopsy prevalence of intracranial atherosclerosis in patients with fatal stroke. Stroke 2008, 39(4):1142-1147. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.496513, 18309170.
13. Gongora-Rivera F, Labreuche J, Jaramillo A, Steg PG, Hauw JJ, Amarenco P. Autopsy prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with fatal stroke. Stroke 2007, 38(4):1203-1210. 10.1161/01.STR.0000260091.13729.96, 17332452.
14. Macleod MR, Amarenco P, Davis SM, Donnan GA. Atheroma of the aortic arch: an important and poorly recognised factor in the aetiology of stroke. Lancet Neurol 2004, 3(7):408-414. 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00806-3, 15207797.
15. Schiano V, Sirico G, Giugliano G, Laurenzano E, Brevetti L, Perrino C, Brevetti G, Esposito G. Femoral plaque echogenicity and cardiovascular risk in claudicants. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012, 5(4):348-357. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.01.011, 22498323.
16. Ricotta JJ, Bryan FA, Bond MG, Kurtz A, O'Leary DH, Raines JK, Berson AS, Clouse ME, Calderon-Ortiz M, Toole JF, et al. Multicenter validation study of real-time (B-mode) ultrasound, arteriography, and pathologic examination. J Vasc Surg 1987, 6(5):512-520.
17. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2007, 115(4):459-467. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875, 17242284.
18. Salonen JT, Salonen R. Ultrasound B-mode imaging in observational studies of atherosclerotic progression. Circulation 1993, 87(3 Suppl):II56-65.
19. Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation 1997, 96(5):1432-1437. 10.1161/01.CIR.96.5.1432, 9315528.
20. del Sol AI, Moons KG, Hollander M, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Grobbee DE, Breteler MM, Witteman JC, Bots ML. Is carotid intima-media thickness useful in cardiovascular disease risk assessment? The Rotterdam Study. Stroke 2001, 32(7):1532-1538. 10.1161/01.STR.32.7.1532, 11441197.
21. Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Sharrett AR, Sorlie P, Couper D, Szklo M, Nieto FJ. Coronary heart disease risk prediction in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. J Clin Epidemiol 2003, 56(9):880-890. 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00055-6, 14505774.
22. Ebrahim S, Papacosta O, Whincup P, Wannamethee G, Walker M, Nicolaides AN, Dhanjil S, Griffin M, Belcaro G, Rumley A, et al. Carotid plaque, intima media thickness, cardiovascular risk factors, and prevalent cardiovascular disease in men and women: the British Regional Heart Study. Stroke 1999, 30(4):841-850. 10.1161/01.STR.30.4.841, 10187889.
23. Joakimsen O, Bonaa KH, Mathiesen EB, Stensland-Bugge E, Arnesen E. Prediction of mortality by ultrasound screening of a general population for carotid stenosis: the Tromso Study. Stroke 2000, 31(8):1871-1876. 10.1161/01.STR.31.8.1871, 10926949.
24. Lorenz MW, von Kegler S, Steinmetz H, Markus HS, Sitzer M. Carotid intima-media thickening indicates a higher vascular risk across a wide age range: prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke 2006, 37(1):87-92.
25. Waje-Andreassen U, Naess H, Thomassen L, Eide GE, Meijer R, Vedeler CA. Ultrasound, atherosclerosis and stroke at a young age: a cross-sectional long-term follow-up in western Norway. Eur J Neurol 2008, 15(5):512-519. 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02118.x, 18355304.
26. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular health study collaborative research group. N Engl J Med 1999, 340(1):14-22. 10.1056/NEJM199901073400103, 9878640.
27. Amarenco P, Lavallee PC, Labreuche J, Ducrocq G, Juliard JM, Feldman L, Cabrejo L, Meseguer E, Guidoux C, Adrai V, et al. Prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with cerebral infarction. Stroke 2011, 42(1):22-29. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.584086, 21088246.
28. Polak JF, Person SD, Wei GS, Godreau A, Jacobs DR, Harrington A, Sidney S, O'Leary DH. Segment-specific associations of carotid intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Stroke 2010, 41(1):9-15. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.566596, 3163306, 19910544.
29. Den Ruijter HM, Peters SA, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Dekker JM, Eijkemans MJ, Engstrom G, Evans GW, de Graaf J, Grobbee DE, et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2012, 308(8):796-803. 10.1001/jama.2012.9630, 22910757.
30. Dichgans M. Genetics of ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2007, 6(2):149-161. 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70028-5, 17239802.
31. Logallo N, Lind J, Naess H, Idicula T, Brogger J, Waje-Andreassen U, Thomassen L. Middle cerebral artery stenosis: transcranial color-coded sonography based on continuity equation versus CT-angiography 2012, Germany: Ultraschall in der Medizin.
32. de Bray JM, Glatt B. Quantification of atheromatous stenosis in the extracranial internal carotid artery. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995, 5(6):414-426.
33. Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, Csiba L, Desvarieux M, Ebrahim S, Fatar M, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004-2006). An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007, 23(1):75-80. 10.1159/000097034, 17108679.
34. Mookadam F, Goel R, Alharthi MS, Jiamsripong P, Cha S. Epicardial fat and its association with cardiovascular risk: a cross-sectional observational study. Heart Views 2010, 11(3):103-108. 10.4103/1995-705X.76801, 3089830, 21577377.
35. Iacobellis G, Willens HJ. Echocardiographic epicardial fat: a review of research and clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009, 22(12):1311-1319. quiz 1417-1318, 10.1016/j.echo.2009.10.013, 19944955.
36. Stolk RP, Meijer R, Mali WP, Grobbee DE, van der Graaf Y. Ultrasound measurements of intraabdominal fat estimate the metabolic syndrome better than do measurements of waist circumference. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77(4):857-860.
37. Paivansalo MJ, Merikanto J, Jerkkola T, Savolainen MJ, Rantala AO, Kauma H, Lilja M, Reunanen YA, Kesaniemi A, Suramo I. Effect of hypertension and risk factors on diameters of abdominal aorta and common iliac and femoral arteries in middle-aged hypertensive and control subjects: a cross-sectional systematic study with duplex ultrasound. Atherosclerosis 2000, 153(1):99-106. 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00374-9, 11058704.
38. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, Group TIW, Bell K, Caporusso J, Durand-Zaleski I, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007, 33(Suppl 1):S1-75.
39. Weimar C, Diener HC, Alberts MJ, Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW, Mas JL, Rother J. Investigators REoAfCHR The Essen stroke risk score predicts recurrent cardiovascular events: a validation within the REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry. Stroke 2009, 40(2):350-354. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521419, 19023098, Investigators REoAfCHR.
40. Kappelle LJ, Adams HP, Heffner ML, Torner JC, Gomez F, Biller J. Prognosis of young adults with ischemic stroke. A long-term follow-up study assessing recurrent vascular events and functional outcome in the Iowa registry of stroke in young adults. Stroke 1994, 25(7):1360-1365. 10.1161/01.STR.25.7.1360, 8023350.
41. Guldiken S, Tuncbilek N, Okten OO, Arikan E, Tugrul A. Visceral fat thickness determined using ultrasonography is associated with anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome. Int J Clin Pract 2006, 60(12):1576-1581. 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00803.x, 16669827.
42. De Groot E, Hovingh GK, Zwinderman AH, Wiegman A, Smit AJ, Kastelein JJ. Data density curves of B-mode ultrasound arterial wall thickness measurements in unaffected control and at-risk populations. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2005, 24(4):359-365.
43. Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Rosamond W, Szklo M, Sharrett AR, Clegg LX. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 146(6):483-494. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009302, 9290509.
44. Bots ML, Grobbee DE. Intima media thickness as a surrogate marker for generalised atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy/sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy 2002, 16(4):341-351. 10.1023/A:1021738111273, 12652104.
45. Iwakiri T, Yano Y, Sato Y, Hatakeyama K, Marutsuka K, Fujimoto S, Kitamura K, Kario K, Asada Y. Usefulness of carotid intima-media thickness measurement as an indicator of generalized atherosclerosis: findings from autopsy analysis. Atherosclerosis 2012, 225(2):359-362. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.033, 23092826.
46. Chaubey S, Nitsch D, Altmann D, Ebrahim S. Differing effect of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors on intima-media thickening and plaque formation at different sites of the arterial vasculature. Heart 2010, 96(19):1579-1585. 10.1136/hrt.2009.188219, 20702541.
47. Tajik P, Meijer R, Duivenvoorden R, Peters SA, Kastelein JJ, Visseren FJ, Crouse JR, Palmer MK, Raichlen JS, Grobbee DE, et al. Asymmetrical distribution of atherosclerosis in the carotid artery: identical patterns across age, race, and gender. European journal of preventive cardiology 2012, 19(4):687-697. 10.1177/1741826711410821, 21613319.
48. Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, Najjar SS, Rembold CM, Post WS. American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task F Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the american society of echocardiography carotid intima-media thickness task force. Endorsed by the society for vascular medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008, 21(2):93-111. quiz 189-190, 10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011, 18261694, American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task F.
49. Ziegelbauer K, Schaefer C, Steinmetz H, Sitzer M, Lorenz MW. Clinical usefulness of carotid ultrasound to improve stroke risk assessment: ten-year results from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). European journal of preventive cardiology 2012, Epub ahead of print.
50. Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Carotid plaque, compared with carotid intima-media thickness, more accurately predicts coronary artery disease events: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2012, 220(1):128-133. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.044, 21764060.
51. Jensen SA, Vatten LJ, Romundstad PR, Myhre HO. The prevalence of intermittent claudication. Sex-related differences have been eliminated. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003, 25(3):209-212. 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1836, 12623331.
52. Fowkes FG, Housley E, Cawood EH, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV, Prescott RJ. Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1991, 20(2):384-392. 10.1093/ije/20.2.384, 1917239.
53. Pedersen G, Laxdal E, Hagala M, Aune S. The impact of comorbidity on long-term results of above-knee prosthetic femoropopliteal bypass for intermittent claudication. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2005, 24(3):245-249.
54. Smith GD, Shipley MJ, Rose G. Intermittent claudication, heart disease risk factors, and mortality. The Whitehall Study. Circulation 1990, 82(6):1925-1931. 10.1161/01.CIR.82.6.1925, 2242518.
55. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE, Fairhead JF, Giles MF, Lovelock CE, Redgrave JN, Bull LM, Welch SJ, Cuthbertson FC, et al. Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 2005, 366(9499):1773-1783. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67702-1, 16298214.
56. De Groot E, Jukema JW, van Swijndregt AD M, Zwinderman AH, Ackerstaff RG, van der Steen AF, Bom N, Lie KI, Bruschke AV. B-mode ultrasound assessment of pravastatin treatment effect on carotid and femoral artery walls and its correlations with coronary arteriographic findings: a report of the Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31(7):1561-1567. 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00170-3, 9626835.
57. van Boven AJ, Jukema JW, Zwinderman AH, Crijns HJ, Lie KI, Bruschke AV. Reduction of transient myocardial ischemia with pravastatin in addition to the conventional treatment in patients with angina pectoris. REGRESS Study Group. Circulation 1996, 94(7):1503-1505. 10.1161/01.CIR.94.7.1503, 8840836.
58. Steinmetz EF, Buckley C, Thompson RW. Prospects for the medical management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2003, 37(3):151-163. 10.1177/153857440303700301, 12799723.
59. Kurvers HA, van der Graaf Y, Blankensteijn JD, Visseren FL, Eikelboom B. SS Group Screening for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: comparing the yield between patients with manifest atherosclerosis and patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis only. J Vasc Surg 2003, 37(6):1226-1233. 10.1016/S0741-5214(02)75140-9, 12764269, SS Group.
60. Newman AB, Siscovick DS, Manolio TA, Polak J, Fried LP, Borhani NO, Wolfson SK. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. Circulation 1993, 88(3):837-845. 10.1161/01.CIR.88.3.837, 8353913.
61. Banerjee A, Fowkes FG, Rothwell PM. Associations between peripheral artery disease and ischemic stroke: implications for primary and secondary prevention. Stroke 2010, 41(9):2102-2107. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.582627, 20689082.
62. Gerdts E, Cramariuc D, de Simone G, Wachtell K, Dahlof B, Devereux RB. Impact of left ventricular geometry on prognosis in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (the LIFE study). European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2008, 9(6):809-815.
63. Devereux RB, Pickering TG. Relationship between ambulatory or exercise blood pressure and left ventricular structure: prognostic implications. Journal of hypertension Supplement : official journal of the International Society of Hypertension 1990, 8(6):S125-134.
64. Van Bortel LM, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Chowienczyk P, Cruickshank JK, De Backer T, Filipovsky J, Huybrechts S, Mattace-Raso FU, Protogerou AD, et al. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens 2012, 30(3):445-448. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0, 22278144.
65. Dormandy J, Heeck L, Vig S. Lower-extremity arteriosclerosis as a reflection of a systemic process: implications for concomitant coronary and carotid disease. Semin Vasc Surg 1999, 12(2):118-122.
66. Sen S, Hinderliter A, Sen PK, Simmons J, Beck J, Offenbacher S, Ohman EM, Oppenheimer SM. Aortic arch atheroma progression and recurrent vascular events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Circulation 2007, 116(8):928-935. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.671727, 17684150.
67. Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Cobain M, Freiberg MS, D'Agostino RB. Estimated risks for developing obesity in the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 2005, 143(7):473-480. 10.7326/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00005, 16204159.
68. Dulloo AG, Montani JP. Body composition, inflammation and thermogenesis in pathways to obesity and the metabolic syndrome: an overview. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2012, 13(Suppl 2):1-5.
69. Lakka TA, Lakka HM, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Abdominal obesity is associated with accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis in men. Atherosclerosis 2001, 154(2):497-504. 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00514-1, 11166785.
70. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, Eckel RH. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26(5):968-976. 10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3, 16627822.
71. Ho E, Shimada Y. Formation of the epicardium studied with the scanning electron microscope. Dev Biol 1978, 66(2):579-585. 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90263-4, 700255.
72. Iacobellis G, Leonetti F, Di Mario U. Images in cardiology: Massive epicardial adipose tissue indicating severe visceral obesity. Clin Cardiol 2003, 26(5):237. 10.1002/clc.4960260508, 12769252.
73. Liu KH, Chan YL, Chan JC, Chan WB. Association of carotid intima-media thickness with mesenteric, preperitoneal and subcutaneous fat thickness. Atherosclerosis 2005, 179(2):299-304. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.038, 15777545.
74. Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Assael F, Vecci E, Tiberti C, Zappaterreno A, Di Mario U, Leonetti F. Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue is related to anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome: a new indicator of cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88(11):5163-5168. 10.1210/jc.2003-030698, 14602744.
75. Rexrode KM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Abdominal and total adiposity and risk of coronary heart disease in men. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2001, 25(7):1047-1056.
76. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, Lang CC, Rumboldt Z, Onen CL, Lisheng L, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005, 366(9497):1640-1649. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67663-5, 16271645.
77. Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Pou KM, Maurovich-Horvat P, Liu CY, Vasan RS, Murabito JM, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2007, 116(1):39-48. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355, 17576866.
78. Schaffer JE. Lipotoxicity: when tissues overeat. Curr Opin Lipidol 2003, 14(3):281-287. 10.1097/00041433-200306000-00008, 12840659.
79. Montague CT, O'Rahilly S. The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity. Diabetes 2000, 49(6):883-888. 10.2337/diabetes.49.6.883, 10866038.
80. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, Capeau J, Feve B. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006, 17(1):4-12.
81. Arcaro G, Zamboni M, Rossi L, Turcato E, Covi G, Armellini F, Bosello O, Lechi A. Body fat distribution predicts the degree of endothelial dysfunction in uncomplicated obesity. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 1999, 23(9):936-942.
82. Health NIo Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Evidence Report 1998, Bethesda MD: Publication. No. 98-4083, DHHS N-N, NIH NIH, Health NIo.
83. Sacks HS, Fain JN. Human epicardial adipose tissue: a review. Am Heart J 2007, 153(6):907-917. 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.019, 17540190.
84. Corradi D, Maestri R, Callegari S, Pastori P, Goldoni M, Luong TV, Bordi C. The ventricular epicardial fat is related to the myocardial mass in normal, ischemic and hypertrophic hearts. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2004, 13(6):313-316.
85. Iacobellis G, Bianco AC. Epicardial adipose tissue: emerging physiological, pathophysiological and clinical features. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 2011, 22(11):450-457. 10.1016/j.tem.2011.07.003, 21852149.
86. Gabriely I, Ma XH, Yang XM, Atzmon G, Rajala MW, Berg AH, Scherer P, Rossetti L, Barzilai N. Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process?. Diabetes 2002, 51(10):2951-2958. 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951, 12351432.
87. Roopakala MS, Suresh A, Ashtalakshmi, Srinath, Ashok, Giridhar, Anand, Silvia WD. Anthropometric measurements as predictors of intraabdominal fat thickness. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2009, 53(3):259-264.