메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 550-559

Uric acid lowering to prevent kidney function loss in diabetes: The preventing early renal function loss (PERL) allopurinol study

Author keywords

Allopurinol; Diabetes; Diabetic kidney disease; Diabetic nephropathy; Glomerular filtration rate; Kidney disease; PERL trial; Randomized clinical trial; Type 1 diabetes; Uric acid

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; CREATININE; FEBUXOSTAT; PLACEBO; URIC ACID;

EID: 84880135111     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: 15390829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-013-0381-0     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (121)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 84866113394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: Has the outlook improved since the 1980s?
    • 22696035 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFKisr%2FN 10.1007/s00125-012-2606-1
    • Marshall SM. Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: has the outlook improved since the 1980s? Diabetologia. 2012;55:2301-6.
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 2301-2306
    • Marshall, S.M.1
  • 2
    • 67749084303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modern-day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus after 30 years' duration: The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications and Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications experience (1983-2005)
    • 19636033 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.193
    • Nathan DM, Zinman B, Cleary PA, et al. Modern-day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus after 30 years' duration: the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications and Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications experience (1983-2005). Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1307-16.
    • (2009) Arch Intern Med , vol.169 , pp. 1307-1316
    • Nathan, D.M.1    Zinman, B.2    Cleary, P.A.3
  • 3
    • 84867375222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High risk of ESRD in type 1 diabetes: New strategies are needed to retard progressive renal function decline
    • 23062980 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.07.002 Review highlighting the need for new strategies and novel therapeutics to prevent renal function decline
    • • Krolewski AS, Bonventre JV. High risk of ESRD in type 1 diabetes: new strategies are needed to retard progressive renal function decline. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32:407-14. Review highlighting the need for new strategies and novel therapeutics to prevent renal function decline.
    • (2012) Semin Nephrol , vol.32 , pp. 407-414
    • Krolewski, A.S.1    Bonventre, J.V.2
  • 4
    • 33749545733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Editorial: Mortality and renal disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus - Progress made, more to be done
    • 17028289 10.1210/jc.2006-1730
    • Maahs DM, Rewers M. Editorial: mortality and renal disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus - progress made, more to be done. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3757-9.
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.91 , pp. 3757-3759
    • Maahs, D.M.1    Rewers, M.2
  • 5
    • 79959487586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States
    • 21693741 10.1001/jama.2011.861 Overview of prevalence of DKD in the US and demonstrates continued burden of diabetic kidney disease on individuals and its public health importance
    • • de Boer I, Rue TC, Hall YN, Heagerty PJ, Weiss NS, Himmelfarb J. Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2011;305:2532-9. Overview of prevalence of DKD in the US and demonstrates continued burden of diabetic kidney disease on individuals and its public health importance.
    • (2011) JAMA , vol.305 , pp. 2532-2539
    • De Boer, I.1    Rue, T.C.2    Hall, Y.N.3    Heagerty, P.J.4    Weiss, N.S.5    Himmelfarb, J.6
  • 6
    • 79952319585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk for ESRD in type 1 diabetes remains high despite renoprotection
    • 21355053 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXktF2rsrg%3D 10.1681/ASN.2010040354 Demonstrates persistence of ESRD risk despite advances in diabetes care in past decades
    • • Rosolowsky ET, Skupien J, Smiles AM, et al. Risk for ESRD in type 1 diabetes remains high despite renoprotection. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:545-53. Demonstrates persistence of ESRD risk despite advances in diabetes care in past decades.
    • (2011) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.22 , pp. 545-553
    • Rosolowsky, E.T.1    Skupien, J.2    Smiles, A.M.3
  • 7
    • 77952997217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid levels predict the development of albuminuria over 6 years in patients with type 1 diabetes: Findings from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes. Study
    • 20064950 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmvVWjt7s%3D 10.1093/ndt/gfp740 One of 3 epidemiologic studies from the PERL Consortium in which uric acid is associated with development of albuminuria over 6 years in young adults with type 1 diabetes
    • •• Jalal DI, Rivard CJ, Johnson RJ, et al. Serum uric acid levels predict the development of albuminuria over 6 years in patients with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes. Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:1865-9. One of 3 epidemiologic studies from the PERL Consortium in which uric acid is associated with development of albuminuria over 6 years in young adults with type 1 diabetes.
    • (2010) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.25 , pp. 1865-1869
    • Jalal, D.I.1    Rivard, C.J.2    Johnson, R.J.3
  • 8
    • 67650242157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid as a predictor for development of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: An inception cohort study
    • 19411615 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXos1Cqu7k%3D 10.2337/db09-0014 One of 3 epidemiologic studies from the PERL Consortium in which uric acid is associated with development of diabetic nephropathy over 18 years in an inception cohort of adults with type 1 diabetes
    • •• Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Johnson RJ, Parving HH. Serum uric acid as a predictor for development of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: an inception cohort study. Diabetes. 2009;58:1668-71. One of 3 epidemiologic studies from the PERL Consortium in which uric acid is associated with development of diabetic nephropathy over 18 years in an inception cohort of adults with type 1 diabetes.
    • (2009) Diabetes , vol.58 , pp. 1668-1671
    • Hovind, P.1    Rossing, P.2    Tarnow, L.3    Johnson, R.J.4    Parving, H.H.5
  • 9
    • 77955065720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-normal serum uric acid increases risk of early progressive renal function loss in type 1 diabetes: Results of a 6-year follow-up
    • 20332356 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotFKhsLw%3D 10.2337/dc10-0227 One of 3 epidemiologic studies from the PERL Consortium in which uric acid is associated with progressive renal function loss over 6 years in adults with type 1 diabetes
    • •• Ficociello LH, Rosolowsky ET, Niewczas MA, et al. High-normal serum uric acid increases risk of early progressive renal function loss in type 1 diabetes: results of a 6-year follow-up. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1337-43. One of 3 epidemiologic studies from the PERL Consortium in which uric acid is associated with progressive renal function loss over 6 years in adults with type 1 diabetes.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care , vol.33 , pp. 1337-1343
    • Ficociello, L.H.1    Rosolowsky, E.T.2    Niewczas, M.A.3
  • 10
    • 0036892614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease
    • 12444207 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XoslSntrk%3D 10.1097/01.ASN.0000034910.58454. FD
    • Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Feng L, et al. A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2888-97.
    • (2002) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.13 , pp. 2888-2897
    • Kang, D.H.1    Nakagawa, T.2    Feng, L.3
  • 11
    • 0035723995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism
    • 11711505 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovVOrsbg%3D 10.1161/hy1101.092839
    • Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim YG, et al. Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism. Hypertension. 2001;38:1101-6.
    • (2001) Hypertension , vol.38 , pp. 1101-1106
    • Mazzali, M.1    Hughes, J.2    Kim, Y.G.3
  • 12
    • 27744608003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential hypertension, progressive renal disease, and uric acid: A pathogenetic link?
    • 15843466 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXms1ehu7k%3D 10.1681/ASN.2005010063
    • Johnson RJ, Segal MS, Srinivas T, et al. Essential hypertension, progressive renal disease, and uric acid: a pathogenetic link? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1909-19.
    • (2005) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.16 , pp. 1909-1919
    • Johnson, R.J.1    Segal, M.S.2    Srinivas, T.3
  • 13
    • 0036083844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xks12msrw%3D
    • Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L, et al. Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2002;282:F991-7.
    • (2002) Am J Physiol Ren Physiol , vol.282
    • Mazzali, M.1    Kanellis, J.2    Han, L.3
  • 14
    • 0036224781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xanthine oxidase is involved in free radical production in type 1 diabetes: Protection by allopurinol
    • 11916934 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xis1Oju7c%3D 10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1118
    • Desco MC, Asensi M, Marquez R, et al. Xanthine oxidase is involved in free radical production in type 1 diabetes: protection by allopurinol. Diabetes. 2002;51:1118-24.
    • (2002) Diabetes , vol.51 , pp. 1118-1124
    • Desco, M.C.1    Asensi, M.2    Marquez, R.3
  • 15
    • 33644631485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol
    • 16507884 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjtlCqsLs%3D 10.1124/pr.58.1.6
    • Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabo C. Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol. Pharmacol Rev. 2006;58:87-114.
    • (2006) Pharmacol Rev , vol.58 , pp. 87-114
    • Pacher, P.1    Nivorozhkin, A.2    Szabo, C.3
  • 16
    • 29244447160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level
    • 16377385 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xpt1emug%3D%3D 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.10.006
    • Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, Kwan TH. Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47:51-9.
    • (2006) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.47 , pp. 51-59
    • Siu, Y.P.1    Leung, K.T.2    Tong, M.K.3    Kwan, T.H.4
  • 17
    • 77955729725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk
    • 20538833 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFCru7nK 10.2215/CJN.01580210 Clinical trial using allopurinol to lower uric acid to slow kidney and cardiovascular disease progression
    • • Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Verdalles U, et al. Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1388-93. Clinical trial using allopurinol to lower uric acid to slow kidney and cardiovascular disease progression.
    • (2010) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.5 , pp. 1388-1393
    • Goicoechea, M.1    De Vinuesa, S.G.2    Verdalles, U.3
  • 18
    • 50449089242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of late complications of diabetes: A basis for the development and evaluation of preventive program
    • C.R. Kahn G.C. Weir G.L. King A.M. Jacobson A.C. Moses R.J. Smith (eds) Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins New York
    • Krolewski AS, Warram JH. Epidemiology of late complications of diabetes: a basis for the development and evaluation of preventive program. In: Kahn CR, Weir GC, King GL, Jacobson AM, Moses AC, Smith RJ, editors. Joslin's diabetes mellitus. New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
    • (2005) Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus
    • Krolewski, A.S.1    Warram, J.H.2
  • 19
    • 67650217963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The presence and severity of chronic kidney disease predicts all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetes
    • 19401416 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXos1Cqu7s%3D 10.2337/db08-1543 Large epidemiologic cohort study from Finland in which people with type 1 diabetes without evidence of diabetic kidney disease have similar standardized mortality rates compared with the general Finnish population
    • • Groop PH, Thomas MC, Moran JL, et al. The presence and severity of chronic kidney disease predicts all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2009;58:1651-8. Large epidemiologic cohort study from Finland in which people with type 1 diabetes without evidence of diabetic kidney disease have similar standardized mortality rates compared with the general Finnish population.
    • (2009) Diabetes , vol.58 , pp. 1651-1658
    • Groop, P.H.1    Thomas, M.C.2    Moran, J.L.3
  • 20
    • 77957675234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the absence of renal disease, 20 year mortality risk in type 1 diabetes is comparable to that of the general population: A report from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes. Complications Study
    • 20665208 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cflsFersw%3D%3D 10.1007/s00125-010-1860-3 Extends the findings from the FinnDiane study [19] over 20 years in a US cohort with type 1 diabetes
    • • Orchard TJ, Secrest AM, Miller RG, Costacou T. In the absence of renal disease, 20 year mortality risk in type 1 diabetes is comparable to that of the general population: a report from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes. Complications Study. Diabetologia. 2010;53:2312-9. Extends the findings from the FinnDiane study [19] over 20 years in a US cohort with type 1 diabetes.
    • (2010) Diabetologia , vol.53 , pp. 2312-2319
    • Orchard, T.J.1    Secrest, A.M.2    Miller, R.G.3    Costacou, T.4
  • 21
    • 84855245399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes
    • 2 in the DCCT-EDIC study
    • 2 in the DCCT-EDIC study.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.365 , pp. 2366-2376
    • De Boer, I.1    Sun, W.2    Cleary, P.A.3
  • 22
    • 0027517659 scopus 로고
    • The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group
    • 8413456 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FhvFKitQ%3D%3D 10.1056/NEJM199311113292004
    • Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456-62.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.329 , pp. 1456-1462
    • Lewis, E.J.1    Hunsicker, L.G.2    Bain, R.P.3    Rohde, R.D.4
  • 24
    • 84880137040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Most youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D exchange clinic registry do not meet ADA or ISPAD clinical guidelines
    • (in press)
    • Wood J, Miller K, Maahs D, et al. Most youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D exchange clinic registry do not meet ADA or ISPAD clinical guidelines. Diabetes Care. (in press).
    • Diabetes Care.
    • Wood, J.1    Miller, K.2    Maahs, D.3
  • 25
    • 67649635807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes
    • 19571282 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXotV2hu70%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa0808400
    • Mauer M, Zinman B, Gardiner R, et al. Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:40-51.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.361 , pp. 40-51
    • Mauer, M.1    Zinman, B.2    Gardiner, R.3
  • 26
    • 67649659279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of candesartan on microalbuminuria and albumin excretion rate in diabetes: Three randomized trials
    • 19451554 10.7326/0003-4819-151-1-200907070-00120
    • Bilous R, Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, et al. Effect of candesartan on microalbuminuria and albumin excretion rate in diabetes: three randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:11-4.
    • (2009) Ann Intern Med , vol.151 , pp. 11-14
    • Bilous, R.1    Chaturvedi, N.2    Sjolie, A.K.3
  • 27
    • 0025900290 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of captopril in postponing nephropathy in normotensive insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria
    • 1860008 1:STN:280:DyaK3Mzhs1Cntg%3D%3D 10.1136/bmj.303.6794.81
    • Mathiesen ER, Hommel E, Giese J, Parving HH. Efficacy of captopril in postponing nephropathy in normotensive insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. BMJ. 1991;303:81-7.
    • (1991) BMJ , vol.303 , pp. 81-87
    • Mathiesen, E.R.1    Hommel, E.2    Giese, J.3    Parving, H.H.4
  • 28
    • 84869492851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiorenal end points in a trial of Aliskiren for Type 2 Diabetes
    • In Press. Recent clinical trial highlighting the need for novel therapeutics to improve cardiorenal health in people with diabetes
    • •• Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of Aliskiren for Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012. In Press. Recent clinical trial highlighting the need for novel therapeutics to improve cardiorenal health in people with diabetes.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med.
    • Parving, H.H.1    Brenner, B.M.2    McMurray, J.J.3
  • 29
    • 80054959783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure targets recommended by guidelines and incidence of cardiovascular and renal events in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET)
    • 21947289 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.008870
    • Mancia G, Schumacher H, Redon J, et al. Blood pressure targets recommended by guidelines and incidence of cardiovascular and renal events in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET). Circulation. 2011;124:1727-36.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.124 , pp. 1727-1736
    • Mancia, G.1    Schumacher, H.2    Redon, J.3
  • 30
    • 79551600271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid predicts progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in individuals without renal disease
    • 20798338 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhs1SisrzF 10.2337/dc10-1007 Epidemiologic study in which uric acid is associated with progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in young adults with type 1 diabetes
    • • Rodrigues TC, Maahs DM, Johnson RJ, et al. Serum uric acid predicts progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in individuals without renal disease. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2471-3. Epidemiologic study in which uric acid is associated with progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in young adults with type 1 diabetes.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care , vol.33 , pp. 2471-2473
    • Rodrigues, T.C.1    Maahs, D.M.2    Johnson, R.J.3
  • 31
    • 0141781111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing prevalence of overweight children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes
    • 14514594 10.2337/diacare.26.10.2871
    • Libman IM, Pietropaolo M, Arslanian SA, LaPorte RE, Becker DJ. Changing prevalence of overweight children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2871-5.
    • (2003) Diabetes Care , vol.26 , pp. 2871-2875
    • Libman, I.M.1    Pietropaolo, M.2    Arslanian, S.A.3    Laporte, R.E.4    Becker, D.J.5
  • 32
    • 37749004882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: Does it exist and does it matter?
    • 18191073 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.10.005
    • McGill M, Molyneaux L, Twigg SM, Yue DK. The metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: does it exist and does it matter? J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22:18-23.
    • (2008) J Diabetes Complications , vol.22 , pp. 18-23
    • McGill, M.1    Molyneaux, L.2    Twigg, S.M.3    Yue, D.K.4
  • 33
    • 23044481147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: Association with diabetic nephropathy and glycemic control (the FinnDiane study)
    • 16043748 10.2337/diacare.28.8.2019
    • Thorn LM, Forsblom C, Fagerudd J, et al. Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: association with diabetic nephropathy and glycemic control (the FinnDiane study). Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2019-24.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care , vol.28 , pp. 2019-2024
    • Thorn, L.M.1    Forsblom, C.2    Fagerudd, J.3
  • 34
    • 33748477254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated serum uric acid levels in metabolic syndrome: An active component or an innocent bystander?
    • 16979398 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xps1ajtb4%3D 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.05.013
    • Tsouli SG, Liberopoulos EN, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, Elisaf MS. Elevated serum uric acid levels in metabolic syndrome: an active component or an innocent bystander? Metabolism. 2006;55:1293-301.
    • (2006) Metabolism , vol.55 , pp. 1293-1301
    • Tsouli, S.G.1    Liberopoulos, E.N.2    Mikhailidis, D.P.3    Athyros, V.G.4    Elisaf, M.S.5
  • 35
    • 48849093484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-associations between insulin sensitivity and measures of liver function, subclinical inflammation, and hematology
    • 18702943 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVWit7jO 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.04.010
    • Godsland IF, Johnston DG. Co-associations between insulin sensitivity and measures of liver function, subclinical inflammation, and hematology. Metabolism. 2008;57:1190-7.
    • (2008) Metabolism , vol.57 , pp. 1190-1197
    • Godsland, I.F.1    Johnston, D.G.2
  • 36
    • 33845249307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid, the metabolic syndrome, and renal disease
    • 17130256 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlCntL3P 10.1681/ASN.2006080909
    • Cirillo P, Sato W, Reungjui S, et al. Uric acid, the metabolic syndrome, and renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(12 Suppl 3):S165-8.
    • (2006) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.17 , Issue.12 SUPPL. 3
    • Cirillo, P.1    Sato, W.2    Reungjui, S.3
  • 37
    • 80054055235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid as a mediator of diabetic nephropathy
    • 22000654 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlChsLfM 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.08.011
    • Jalal DI, Maahs DM, Hovind P, Nakagawa T. Uric acid as a mediator of diabetic nephropathy. Semin Nephrol. 2011;31:459-65.
    • (2011) Semin Nephrol , vol.31 , pp. 459-465
    • Jalal, D.I.1    Maahs, D.M.2    Hovind, P.3    Nakagawa, T.4
  • 38
    • 55249099579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of hyperuricemia and gout in kidney and cardiovascular disease
    • 18822470 10.3949/ccjm.75.Suppl-5.S13
    • Edwards NL. The role of hyperuricemia and gout in kidney and cardiovascular disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008;75 Suppl 5:S13-6.
    • (2008) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.75 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • Edwards, N.L.1
  • 39
    • 54949100735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid and cardiovascular risk
    • 18946066 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht12nu7bI 10.1056/NEJMra0800885
    • Feig DI, Kang DH, Johnson RJ. Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1811-21.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1811-1821
    • Feig, D.I.1    Kang, D.H.2    Johnson, R.J.3
  • 40
    • 84859060635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid levels and incident chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function
    • 22028277 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XitFWis7o%3D 10.2337/dc11-1346
    • Zoppini G, Targher G, Chonchol M, et al. Serum uric acid levels and incident chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:99-104.
    • (2012) Diabetes Care , vol.35 , pp. 99-104
    • Zoppini, G.1    Targher, G.2    Chonchol, M.3
  • 41
    • 79959709376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a reduction in uric acid on renal outcomes during losartan treatment: A post hoc analysis of the reduction of endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Trial
    • 21632472 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXns12ns74%3D 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111. 171488 Post-hoc analysis suggesting losartan lowers uric acid as a mechanism of improving renal outcomes
    • • Miao Y, Ottenbros SA, Laverman GD, et al. Effect of a reduction in uric acid on renal outcomes during losartan treatment: a post hoc analysis of the reduction of endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Trial. Hypertension. 2011;58:2-7. Post-hoc analysis suggesting losartan lowers uric acid as a mechanism of improving renal outcomes.
    • (2011) Hypertension , vol.58 , pp. 2-7
    • Miao, Y.1    Ottenbros, S.A.2    Laverman, G.D.3
  • 42
    • 4544313843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of hyperuricemia as a risk factor for developing ESRD in a screened cohort
    • 15384015
    • Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Inoue T, Iseki C, Kinjo K, Takishita S. Significance of hyperuricemia as a risk factor for developing ESRD in a screened cohort. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44:642-50.
    • (2004) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.44 , pp. 642-650
    • Iseki, K.1    Ikemiya, Y.2    Inoue, T.3    Iseki, C.4    Kinjo, K.5    Takishita, S.6
  • 43
    • 20544441554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for development of decreased kidney function in a southeast Asian population: A 12-year cohort study
    • 15677313 10.1681/ASN.2004030208
    • Domrongkitchaiporn S, Sritara P, Kitiyakara C, et al. Risk factors for development of decreased kidney function in a southeast Asian population: a 12-year cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:791-9.
    • (2005) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.16 , pp. 791-799
    • Domrongkitchaiporn, S.1    Sritara, P.2    Kitiyakara, C.3
  • 44
    • 34047094962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-based screening for chronic kidney disease among populations older than 40 years in Beijing
    • 17210584 10.1093/ndt/gfl763
    • Zhang L, Zuo L, Xu G, et al. Community-based screening for chronic kidney disease among populations older than 40 years in Beijing. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:1093-9.
    • (2007) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.22 , pp. 1093-1099
    • Zhang, L.1    Zuo, L.2    Xu, G.3
  • 45
    • 79952427053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperuricaemia and accelerated reduction in renal function
    • 20868309 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXivVCqs74%3D 10.3109/03009742.2011.553736
    • Kuo CF, Luo SF, See LC, et al. Hyperuricaemia and accelerated reduction in renal function. Scand J Rheumatol. 2011;40:116-21.
    • (2011) Scand J Rheumatol , vol.40 , pp. 116-121
    • Kuo, C.F.1    Luo, S.F.2    See, L.C.3
  • 46
    • 77952480857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress with an activation of the renin-angiotensin system in human vascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism of uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction
    • 20486275
    • Yu MA, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Johnson RJ, Kang DH. Oxidative stress with an activation of the renin-angiotensin system in human vascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism of uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1234-42.
    • (2010) J Hypertens , vol.28 , pp. 1234-1242
    • Yu, M.A.1    Sanchez-Lozada, L.G.2    Johnson, R.J.3    Kang, D.H.4
  • 47
    • 57349084723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid decreases NO production and increases arginase activity in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells
    • 18784379 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVWkurvK 10.1152/ajpcell.00075.2008
    • Zharikov S, Krotova K, Hu H, et al. Uric acid decreases NO production and increases arginase activity in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008;295:C1183-90.
    • (2008) Am J Physiol Cell Physiol , vol.295
    • Zharikov, S.1    Krotova, K.2    Hu, H.3
  • 48
    • 33645461474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid-induced C-reactive protein expression: Implication on cell proliferation and nitric oxide production of human vascular cells
    • 16251237 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhvFWqtw%3D%3D 10.1681/ASN.2005050572
    • Kang DH, Park SK, Lee IK, Johnson RJ. Uric acid-induced C-reactive protein expression: implication on cell proliferation and nitric oxide production of human vascular cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:3553-62.
    • (2005) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.16 , pp. 3553-3562
    • Kang, D.H.1    Park, S.K.2    Lee, I.K.3    Johnson, R.J.4
  • 50
    • 79952326951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum uric acid level and endothelial dysfunction in patients with nondiabetic chronic kidney disease
    • 21389694 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXltlGgsr8%3D 10.1159/000324847
    • Kanbay M, Yilmaz MI, Sonmez A, et al. Serum uric acid level and endothelial dysfunction in patients with nondiabetic chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2011;33:298-304.
    • (2011) Am J Nephrol , vol.33 , pp. 298-304
    • Kanbay, M.1    Yilmaz, M.I.2    Sonmez, A.3
  • 51
    • 20244365646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction
    • 15840020 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00273.x
    • Khosla UM, Zharikov S, Finch JL, et al. Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1739-42.
    • (2005) Kidney Int , vol.67 , pp. 1739-1742
    • Khosla, U.M.1    Zharikov, S.2    Finch, J.L.3
  • 52
    • 4644243534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid and the state of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in humans
    • 15458439 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsVShtbk%3D 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00909.x
    • Perlstein TS, Gumieniak O, Hopkins PN, et al. Uric acid and the state of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in humans. Kidney Int. 2004;66:1465-70.
    • (2004) Kidney Int , vol.66 , pp. 1465-1470
    • Perlstein, T.S.1    Gumieniak, O.2    Hopkins, P.N.3
  • 53
    • 13444254470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid correlates with the severity of histopathological parameters in IgA nephropathy
    • 15572382 10.1093/ndt/gfh584
    • Myllymaki J, Honkanen T, Syrjanen J, et al. Uric acid correlates with the severity of histopathological parameters in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:89-95.
    • (2005) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.20 , pp. 89-95
    • Myllymaki, J.1    Honkanen, T.2    Syrjanen, J.3
  • 54
    • 0031016472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of hyperuricemia in the increased cytokine production after lipopolysaccharide challenge in neutropenic mice
    • 9002961 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlt1ehsw%3D%3D
    • Netea MG, Kullberg BJ, Blok WL, Netea RT, Van der Meer JW. The role of hyperuricemia in the increased cytokine production after lipopolysaccharide challenge in neutropenic mice. Blood. 1997;89:577-82.
    • (1997) Blood , vol.89 , pp. 577-582
    • Netea, M.G.1    Kullberg, B.J.2    Blok, W.L.3    Netea, R.T.4    Van Der Meer, J.W.5
  • 55
    • 34748901886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of mild hyperuricemia on urinary transforming growth factor beta and the progression of chronic kidney disease
    • 17622758 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVOrtbzM 10.1159/000105142
    • Talaat KM, el-Sheikh AR. The effect of mild hyperuricemia on urinary transforming growth factor beta and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2007;27:435-40.
    • (2007) Am J Nephrol , vol.27 , pp. 435-440
    • Talaat, K.M.1    El-Sheikh, A.R.2
  • 56
    • 33846194270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of elevated serum uric acid on cisplatin-induced acute renal failure
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXisFGhtrg%3D 10.1152/ajprenal.00160.2006
    • Roncal CA, Mu W, Croker B, et al. Effect of elevated serum uric acid on cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2007;292:F116-22.
    • (2007) Am J Physiol Ren Physiol , vol.292
    • Roncal, C.A.1    Mu, W.2    Croker, B.3
  • 57
    • 84867351598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can existing drugs approved for other indications retard renal function decline in patients with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy?
    • 23062984 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFSls7%2FF 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.07.006
    • Doria A, Niewczas MA, Fiorina P. Can existing drugs approved for other indications retard renal function decline in patients with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy? Semin Nephrol. 2012;32:437-44.
    • (2012) Semin Nephrol , vol.32 , pp. 437-444
    • Doria, A.1    Niewczas, M.A.2    Fiorina, P.3
  • 58
    • 50449095362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: A randomized trial
    • 18728266 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVGrt7%2FE 10.1001/jama.300.8.924
    • Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300:924-32.
    • (2008) JAMA , vol.300 , pp. 924-932
    • Feig, D.I.1    Soletsky, B.2    Johnson, R.J.3
  • 59
    • 28944437578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout
    • 16339094 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlShurvE 10.1056/NEJMoa050373
    • Becker MA, Schumacher Jr HR, Wortmann RL, et al. Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2450-61.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2450-2461
    • Becker, M.A.1    Schumacher, Jr.H.R.2    Wortmann, R.L.3
  • 60
    • 56049101851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of febuxostat vs allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: A 28-week, phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial
    • 18975369 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpvFyhtLs%3D 10.1002/art.24209
    • Schumacher Jr HR, Becker MA, Wortmann RL, et al. Effects of febuxostat vs allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: a 28-week, phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:1540-8.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.59 , pp. 1540-1548
    • Schumacher, Jr.H.R.1    Becker, M.A.2    Wortmann, R.L.3
  • 61
    • 77953615298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: A randomized, placebo controlled crossover trial
    • 20542554 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnvVelt7w%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60391-1
    • Noman A, Ang DS, Ogston S, Lang CC, Struthers AD. Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomized, placebo controlled crossover trial. Lancet. 2010;375:2161-7.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , pp. 2161-2167
    • Noman, A.1    Ang, D.S.2    Ogston, S.3    Lang, C.C.4    Struthers, A.D.5
  • 62
    • 79957524603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term and high-dose allopurinol therapy on endothelial function in normotensive diabetic patients
    • 21133824 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmtl2ksLo%3D 10.3109/08037051.2010.538977
    • Dogan A, Yarlioglues M, Kaya MG, et al. Effect of long-term and high-dose allopurinol therapy on endothelial function in normotensive diabetic patients. Blood Press. 2011;20:182-7.
    • (2011) Blood Press , vol.20 , pp. 182-187
    • Dogan, A.1    Yarlioglues, M.2    Kaya, M.G.3
  • 63
    • 0034065857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allopurinol normalizes endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetics with mild hypertension
    • 10720589 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXit12qt7w%3D 10.1161/01.HYP.35.3.746
    • Butler R, Morris AD, Belch JJ, Hill A, Struthers AD. Allopurinol normalizes endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetics with mild hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;35:746-51.
    • (2000) Hypertension , vol.35 , pp. 746-751
    • Butler, R.1    Morris, A.D.2    Belch, J.J.3    Hill, A.4    Struthers, A.D.5
  • 64
    • 0036713048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity
    • 12215479 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVKrsL0%3D 10.1161/01.HYP.0000028589.66335. AA
    • Watanabe S, Kang DH, Feng L, et al. Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity. Hypertension. 2002;40:355-60.
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.40 , pp. 355-360
    • Watanabe, S.1    Kang, D.H.2    Feng, L.3
  • 65
    • 0028880443 scopus 로고
    • Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis
    • 7477195 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmvVeksQ%3D%3D 10.1056/NEJM199512143332404
    • Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L, et al. Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1600-7.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1600-1607
    • Roujeau, J.C.1    Kelly, J.P.2    Naldi, L.3
  • 66
    • 80155198743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HLA-B58 can help the clinical decision on starting allopurinol in patients with chronic renal insufficiency
    • 21393610 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlyqtrnP 10.1093/ndt/gfr060
    • Jung JW, Song WJ, Kim YS, et al. HLA-B58 can help the clinical decision on starting allopurinol in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:3567-72.
    • (2011) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.26 , pp. 3567-3572
    • Jung, J.W.1    Song, W.J.2    Kim, Y.S.3
  • 67
    • 38149108354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A European study of HLA-B in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs
    • 18192896 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlsVWgtw%3D%3D 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282f3ef9c
    • Lonjou C, Borot N, Sekula P, et al. A European study of HLA-B in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008;18:99-107.
    • (2008) Pharmacogenet Genomics , vol.18 , pp. 99-107
    • Lonjou, C.1    Borot, N.2    Sekula, P.3
  • 68
    • 70249122727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong association between HLA-B*5801 and allopurinol-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a Thai population
    • 19696695 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVygtL%2FI 10.1097/FPC.0b013e328330a3b8 Pharmacogenetic data in which the association of HLA-B*5801 is identified as an important risk factor for SJS
    • • Tassaneeyakul W, Jantararoungtong T, Chen P, et al. Strong association between HLA-B*5801 and allopurinol-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a Thai population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009;19:704-9. Pharmacogenetic data in which the association of HLA-B*5801 is identified as an important risk factor for SJS.
    • (2009) Pharmacogenet Genomics , vol.19 , pp. 704-709
    • Tassaneeyakul, W.1    Jantararoungtong, T.2    Chen, P.3
  • 69
    • 84858054252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women with gout: Efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XksVKkt7w%3D 10.1002/acr.20680
    • Chohan S, Becker MA, MacDonald PA, Chefo S, Jackson RL. Women with gout: efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64:256-61.
    • (2012) Arthritis Care Res , vol.64 , pp. 256-261
    • Chohan, S.1    Becker, M.A.2    Macdonald, P.A.3    Chefo, S.4    Jackson, R.L.5
  • 70
    • 0141819203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteinuria and other markers of chronic kidney disease: A position statement of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
    • 14520612 10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00826-6
    • Eknoyan G, Hostetter T, Bakris GL, et al. Proteinuria and other markers of chronic kidney disease: a position statement of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and the National Institute Of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:617-22.
    • (2003) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.42 , pp. 617-622
    • Eknoyan, G.1    Hostetter, T.2    Bakris, G.L.3
  • 71
    • 0345505677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low glomerular filtration rate in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients: An indicator of more advanced glomerular lesions
    • 12663477 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXislOnsL8%3D 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1036
    • Caramori ML, Fioretto P, Mauer M. Low glomerular filtration rate in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients: an indicator of more advanced glomerular lesions. Diabetes. 2003;52:1036-40.
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , pp. 1036-1040
    • Caramori, M.L.1    Fioretto, P.2    Mauer, M.3
  • 72
    • 34047206181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microalbuminuria and the risk for early progressive renal function decline in type 1 diabetes
    • 17329575 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkslSrtrw%3D 10.1681/ASN.2006080872
    • Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Ostrander BE, et al. Microalbuminuria and the risk for early progressive renal function decline in type 1 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:1353-61.
    • (2007) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.18 , pp. 1353-1361
    • Perkins, B.A.1    Ficociello, L.H.2    Ostrander, B.E.3
  • 73
    • 48649100722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial measurements of cystatin C are more accurate than creatinine-based methods in detecting declining renal function in type 1 diabetes
    • 18319326 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsFGrtLs%3D 10.2337/dc07-1588
    • Premaratne E, Macisaac RJ, Finch S, Panagiotopoulos S, Ekinci E, Jerums G. Serial measurements of cystatin C are more accurate than creatinine-based methods in detecting declining renal function in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:971-3.
    • (2008) Diabetes Care , vol.31 , pp. 971-973
    • Premaratne, E.1    Macisaac, R.J.2    Finch, S.3    Panagiotopoulos, S.4    Ekinci, E.5    Jerums, G.6
  • 74
    • 77954280590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and progression of renal insufficiency with and without albuminuria in adults with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial and the epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study
    • 20413518 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpslKhu7Y%3D 10.2337/dc09-1098
    • Molitch ME, Steffes M, Sun W, et al. Development and progression of renal insufficiency with and without albuminuria in adults with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial and the epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1536-43.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care , vol.33 , pp. 1536-1543
    • Molitch, M.E.1    Steffes, M.2    Sun, W.3
  • 75
    • 10544247316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of renal injury in NIDDM patients with microalbuminuria
    • 8960844 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7itVWksQ%3D%3D 10.1007/s001250050616
    • Fioretto P, Mauer M, Brocco E, et al. Patterns of renal injury in NIDDM patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetologia. 1996;39:1569-76.
    • (1996) Diabetologia , vol.39 , pp. 1569-1576
    • Fioretto, P.1    Mauer, M.2    Brocco, E.3
  • 76
    • 0036317169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The early natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: I. Study design and baseline characteristics of the study participants
    • 11978658 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtlGmtbY%3D 10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1572
    • Mauer M, Drummond K. The early natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: I. Study design and baseline characteristics of the study participants. Diabetes. 2002;51:1572-9.
    • (2002) Diabetes , vol.51 , pp. 1572-1579
    • Mauer, M.1    Drummond, K.2
  • 77
    • 0031912549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precision of plasma clearance of iohexol for estimation of GFR in patients with renal disease
    • 9527409 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtVGjt7Y%3D
    • Gaspari F, Perico N, Matalone M, et al. Precision of plasma clearance of iohexol for estimation of GFR in patients with renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:310-3.
    • (1998) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.9 , pp. 310-313
    • Gaspari, F.1    Perico, N.2    Matalone, M.3
  • 78
    • 0022529348 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy and reproducibility of a new contrast clearance method for the determination of glomerular filtration rate
    • 10.1136/bmj.293.6541.234
    • O'Reilly PH, Brooman PJ, Martin PJ, Pollard AJ, Farah NB, Mason GC. Accuracy and reproducibility of a new contrast clearance method for the determination of glomerular filtration rate. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 1986;293:234-6.
    • (1986) BMJ (Clin Res Ed) , vol.293 , pp. 234-236
    • O'Reilly, P.H.1    Brooman, P.J.2    Martin, P.J.3    Pollard, A.J.4    Farah, N.B.5    Mason, G.C.6
  • 79
    • 0031473536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of glomerular filtration rate
    • 9407445 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FntFegtA%3D%3D
    • Gaspari F, Perico N, Remuzzi G. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Kidney Int Suppl. 1997;63:S151-4.
    • (1997) Kidney Int Suppl , vol.63
    • Gaspari, F.1    Perico, N.2    Remuzzi, G.3
  • 80
    • 65649142017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate
    • 19414839 10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006
    • Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604-12.
    • (2009) Ann Intern Med , vol.150 , pp. 604-612
    • Levey, A.S.1    Stevens, L.A.2    Schmid, C.H.3
  • 81
    • 39449112419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: A pooled analysis of 3418 individuals with CKD
    • 18295055 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktFegtL8%3D 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.018
    • Stevens LA, Coresh J, Schmid CH, et al. Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3418 individuals with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:395-406.
    • (2008) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.51 , pp. 395-406
    • Stevens, L.A.1    Coresh, J.2    Schmid, C.H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.