메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 224-239

Paraneoplastic syndromes of the neuromuscular junction: Therapeutic options in myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, and neuromyotonia

Author keywords

3,4 diaminopyridine; Immunotherapy; Isaacs syndrome; Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome; Myasthenia gravis; Neuromuscular junction; Neuromyotonia; Paraneoplastic syndromes; Pyridostigmine bromide; Therapy; Treatment

Indexed keywords

3,4 DIAMINOPYRIDINE; AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; METHOTREXATE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PYRIDOSTIGMINE; RITUXIMAB; TACROLIMUS;

EID: 84880107317     PISSN: 10928480     EISSN: 15343138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11940-012-0213-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (86)
  • 1
    • 0141839045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunology of paraneoplastic syndromes: Overview
    • 14592873 10.1196/annals.1254.018 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXosFynsbY%3D
    • Posner JB. Immunology of paraneoplastic syndromes: overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;998:178-86.
    • (2003) Ann N y Acad Sci , vol.998 , pp. 178-186
    • Posner, J.B.1
  • 2
    • 78651251895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myasthenia gravis: A changing pattern of incidence
    • 20623298 10.1007/s00415-010-5651-z 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M%2Fgt1SgsQ%3D%3D
    • Casetta I, Groppo E, De Gennaro R, et al. Myasthenia gravis: a changing pattern of incidence. J Neurol. 2010;257(12):2015-9.
    • (2010) J Neurol , vol.257 , Issue.12 , pp. 2015-2019
    • Casetta, I.1    Groppo, E.2    De Gennaro, R.3
  • 3
    • 77953633370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in myasthenia gravis
    • 20565885 10.1186/1471-2377-10-46
    • Carr AS, Cardwell CR, McCarron PO, McConville J. A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:46.
    • (2010) BMC Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 46
    • Carr, A.S.1    Cardwell, C.R.2    McCarron, P.O.3    McConville, J.4
  • 4
    • 78649610526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myasthenia gravis requiring pyridostigmine treatment in a national population cohort
    • 20491896 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03089.x 1:STN:280: DC%2BC3cbntlGmsQ%3D%3D
    • Andersen JB, Engeland A, Owe JF, Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis requiring pyridostigmine treatment in a national population cohort. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(12):1445-50.
    • (2010) Eur J Neurol , vol.17 , Issue.12 , pp. 1445-1450
    • Andersen, J.B.1    Engeland, A.2    Owe, J.F.3    Gilhus, N.E.4
  • 5
    • 64349115066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: Emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity
    • 19375665 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70063-8 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsVajsbs%3D This article provides a clear overview of the immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis and its subtypes
    • Meriggioli MN, Sanders DB. Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(5):475-90. This article provides a clear overview of the immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis and its subtypes.
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. 475-490
    • Meriggioli, M.N.1    Sanders, D.B.2
  • 6
    • 0242336467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis
    • 12821509 10.1093/brain/awg223
    • Evoli A, Tonali PA, Padua L, et al. Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis. Brain. 2003;126(10):2304-11.
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , Issue.10 , pp. 2304-2311
    • Evoli, A.1    Tonali, P.A.2    Padua, L.3
  • 7
    • 84859939384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoantibodies to lipoprotein-related protein 4 in patients with double-seronegative myasthenia gravis
    • 22158716 10.1001/archneurol.2011.2393 This studies shows that a proportion of the AChR antibody-negative MG patients have autoantibodies to LRP4 and describes the involvement of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of MG
    • Zhang B, Tzartos JS, Belimezi M, et al. Autoantibodies to lipoprotein-related protein 4 in patients with double-seronegative myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(4):445-51. This studies shows that a proportion of the AChR antibody-negative MG patients have autoantibodies to LRP4 and describes the involvement of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of MG.
    • (2012) Arch Neurol , vol.69 , Issue.4 , pp. 445-451
    • Zhang, B.1    Tzartos, J.S.2    Belimezi, M.3
  • 8
    • 79952513213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in myasthenia gravis
    • 21387385 10.1002/ana.22312 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXktl2lsb8%3D
    • Higuchi O, Hamuro J, Motomura M, Yamanashi Y. Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):418-22.
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 418-422
    • Higuchi, O.1    Hamuro, J.2    Motomura, M.3    Yamanashi, Y.4
  • 9
    • 0141615844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of thymomas in the development of myasthenia gravis
    • 14592880 10.1196/annals.1254.025
    • Marx A, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ströbel P. The role of thymomas in the development of myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;998:223-36.
    • (2003) Ann N y Acad Sci , vol.998 , pp. 223-236
    • Marx, A.1    Müller-Hermelink, H.K.2    Ströbel, P.3
  • 10
    • 79959324658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-MuSK antibody myasthenia gravis: Clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts
    • 21674519 10.1002/mus.22006 A description of the demographic data, clinical course, response to treatment and long term outcome in a cohort of 110 MuSK-MG patients
    • Guptill JT, Sanders DB, Evoli A. Anti-MuSK antibody myasthenia gravis: clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(1):36-40. A description of the demographic data, clinical course, response to treatment and long term outcome in a cohort of 110 MuSK-MG patients.
    • (2011) Muscle Nerve , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-40
    • Guptill, J.T.1    Sanders, D.B.2    Evoli, A.3
  • 11
    • 81255211667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: From clinical characteristics to therapeutic strategies
    • 22094130 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70245-9 A detailed review of the pathogenesis and symptoms of LEMS and clarifying flow charts for the diagnostic work up and treatment of this rare disorder
    • Titulaer MJ, Lang B, Verschuuren JJ. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: from clinical characteristics to therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(12):1098-107. A detailed review of the pathogenesis and symptoms of LEMS and clarifying flow charts for the diagnostic work up and treatment of this rare disorder.
    • (2011) Lancet Neurol , vol.10 , Issue.12 , pp. 1098-1107
    • Titulaer, M.J.1    Lang, B.2    Verschuuren, J.J.3
  • 12
    • 84865166763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome; Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy
    • doi: 10.4061/2011/973808
    • Gilhus NE. Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome; pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Autoimmune Dis. 2011;973808. doi: 10.4061/2011/973808.
    • (2011) Autoimmune Dis , pp. 973808
    • Gilhus, N.E.1
  • 13
    • 79952297236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical Dutch-English Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) tumor association prediction score accurately predicts small-cell lung cancer in the LEMS
    • 21245427 10.1200/JCO.2010.32.0440
    • Titulaer MJ, Maddison P, Sont JK, et al. Clinical Dutch-English Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) tumor association prediction score accurately predicts small-cell lung cancer in the LEMS. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(7):902-8.
    • (2011) J Clin Oncol , vol.29 , Issue.7 , pp. 902-908
    • Titulaer, M.J.1    Maddison, P.2    Sont, J.K.3
  • 14
    • 52049103838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for small-cell lung cancer: A follow-up study of patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
    • 18779614 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.5133
    • Titulaer MJ, Wirtz PW, Willems LN, et al. Screening for small-cell lung cancer: a follow-up study of patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(26):4276-81.
    • (2008) J Clin Oncol , vol.26 , Issue.26 , pp. 4276-4281
    • Titulaer, M.J.1    Wirtz, P.W.2    Willems, L.N.3
  • 15
    • 78650145089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for tumours in paraneoplastic syndromes: Report of an EFNS task force
    • 20880069 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03220.x 1:STN:280: DC%2BC3M%2Fntleiuw%3D%3D
    • Titulaer MJ, Soffietti R, Dalmau J, et al. Screening for tumours in paraneoplastic syndromes: report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(1):19-27.
    • (2011) Eur J Neurol , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-27
    • Titulaer, M.J.1    Soffietti, R.2    Dalmau, J.3
  • 16
    • 33748331446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromyotonia
    • 16843723 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.008
    • Maddison P. Neuromyotonia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(10):2118-27.
    • (2006) Clin Neurophysiol , vol.117 , Issue.10 , pp. 2118-2127
    • Maddison, P.1
  • 17
    • 33845341781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromyotonia: Clinical profile of twenty cases from northwest India
    • 17114847 10.4103/0028-3886.28110
    • Panagariya A, Kumar H, Mathew V, Sharma B. Neuromyotonia: clinical profile of twenty cases from northwest India. Neurol India. 2006;54(4):382-6.
    • (2006) Neurol India , vol.54 , Issue.4 , pp. 382-386
    • Panagariya, A.1    Kumar, H.2    Mathew, V.3    Sharma, B.4
  • 18
    • 77956378343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan's syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia
    • 20663977 10.1093/brain/awq213 Interesting study identifying LGI1 and Caspr2 as the major targets of antibodies against the VGKC-complex. The article describes the differences in clinical features and risk of underlying tumour in patients with these antibodies
    • Irani SR, Alexander S, Waters P, et al. Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan's syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain. 2010;133(9):2734-48. Interesting study identifying LGI1 and Caspr2 as the major targets of antibodies against the VGKC-complex. The article describes the differences in clinical features and risk of underlying tumour in patients with these antibodies.
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , Issue.9 , pp. 2734-2748
    • Irani, S.R.1    Alexander, S.2    Waters, P.3
  • 19
    • 77955338789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: A case series
    • 20580615 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70137-X 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpsFelsbw%3D
    • Lai M, Huijbers MG, Lancaster E, et al. Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):776-85.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , Issue.8 , pp. 776-785
    • Lai, M.1    Huijbers, M.G.2    Lancaster, E.3
  • 20
    • 79952528976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigations of caspr2, an autoantigen of encephalitis and neuromyotonia
    • 21387375 10.1002/ana.22297 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXktl2lsLo%3D This study investigates the clinical manifestations and the role of Caspr2 antibodies in neuromyotonia and in encephalitis previously attributed to VGKC-antibodies
    • Lancaster E, Huijbers MG, Bar V, et al. Investigations of caspr2, an autoantigen of encephalitis and neuromyotonia. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(2):303-11. This study investigates the clinical manifestations and the role of Caspr2 antibodies in neuromyotonia and in encephalitis previously attributed to VGKC-antibodies.
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 303-311
    • Lancaster, E.1    Huijbers, M.G.2    Bar, V.3
  • 21
    • 84865583106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morvan syndrome: Clinical and serological observations in 29 cases
    • 22473710 10.1002/ana.23577
    • Irani SR, Pettingill P, Kleopa KA, et al. Morvan syndrome: clinical and serological observations in 29 cases. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(2):241-55.
    • (2012) Ann Neurol , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 241-255
    • Irani, S.R.1    Pettingill, P.2    Kleopa, K.A.3
  • 22
    • 84861900944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paraneoplastic Isaacs' syndrome: A case series and review of the literature
    • 22622168 10.1097/CND.0b013e318246197d
    • Rana SS, Ramanathan RS, Small G, Adamovich B. Paraneoplastic Isaacs' syndrome: a case series and review of the literature. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2012;13(4):228-33.
    • (2012) J Clin Neuromuscul Dis , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 228-233
    • Rana, S.S.1    Ramanathan, R.S.2    Small, G.3    Adamovich, B.4
  • 23
    • 0036348608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic variants of autoimmune peripheral nerve hyperexcitability
    • 12135978 10.1093/brain/awf178
    • Hart IK, Maddison P, Newsom-Davis J, et al. Phenotypic variants of autoimmune peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 8):1887-95.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , Issue.PART 8 , pp. 1887-1895
    • Hart, I.K.1    Maddison, P.2    Newsom-Davis, J.3
  • 24
    • 0141504326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune disorders of neuronal potassium channels
    • 14592877 10.1196/annals.1254.022 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXosFyntrw%3D
    • Newsom-Davis J, Buckley C, Clover L, et al. Autoimmune disorders of neuronal potassium channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;998:202-10.
    • (2003) Ann N y Acad Sci , vol.998 , pp. 202-210
    • Newsom-Davis, J.1    Buckley, C.2    Clover, L.3
  • 25
    • 0013800806 scopus 로고
    • Neuromyotonia
    • 5863557 10.1007/BF01712058 1:STN:280:DyaF28%2FpvVamsg%3D%3D
    • Mertens HG, Zschocke S. Neuromyotonia. Klin Wochenschr. 1965;43(17):917-25.
    • (1965) Klin Wochenschr , vol.43 , Issue.17 , pp. 917-925
    • Mertens, H.G.1    Zschocke, S.2
  • 26
    • 0023235710 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid in Isaacs-Mertens syndrome
    • 3136921 10.1097/00002826-198706000-00003 1:STN:280:DyaL1czhtV2gsg%3D%3D
    • Vasilescu C, Alexianu M, Dan A. Valproic acid in Isaacs-Mertens syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1987;10(3):215-24.
    • (1987) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 215-224
    • Vasilescu, C.1    Alexianu, M.2    Dan, A.3
  • 27
    • 80052441353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of myasthenia gravis, focus on pyridostigmine
    • 21815707 10.2165/11593300-000000000-00000 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVWjsb%2FM
    • Maggi L, Mantegazza R. Treatment of myasthenia gravis, focus on pyridostigmine. Clin Drug Investig. 2011;31(10):691-701.
    • (2011) Clin Drug Investig , vol.31 , Issue.10 , pp. 691-701
    • Maggi, L.1    Mantegazza, R.2
  • 28
    • 0038038032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical aspects of MuSK antibody positive seronegative MG
    • 12821744 10.1212/01.WNL.0000065882.63904.53 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3s3psVCitQ%3D%3D
    • Sanders DB, El-Salem K, Massey JM. Clinical aspects of MuSK antibody positive seronegative MG. Neurology. 2003;60(12):1978-80.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , Issue.12 , pp. 1978-1980
    • Sanders, D.B.1    El-Salem, K.2    Massey, J.M.3
  • 29
    • 27644458160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonresponsiveness to anticholinesterase agents in patients with MuSK-antibody-positive MG
    • 16275854 10.1212/01.wnl.0000183145.91579.74 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2Mrps12rtQ%3D%3D
    • Hatanaka Y, Hemmi S, Morgan MB, et al. Nonresponsiveness to anticholinesterase agents in patients with MuSK-antibody-positive MG. Neurology. 2005;65(9):1508-9.
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.65 , Issue.9 , pp. 1508-1509
    • Hatanaka, Y.1    Hemmi, S.2    Morgan, M.B.3
  • 30
    • 0031879511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrom (LEMS), clinical and electrodiagnostic features and response to therapy in 59 patients
    • 9668336 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11024.x 1:STN:280:DyaK1czjt12gsQ%3D%3D
    • Tim RW, Massey JM, Sanders DB. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrom (LEMS), clinical and electrodiagnostic features and response to therapy in 59 patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;841:823-6.
    • (1998) Ann N y Acad Sci , vol.841 , pp. 823-826
    • Tim, R.W.1    Massey, J.M.2    Sanders, D.B.3
  • 31
    • 34548631186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available treatment options for the management of Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome
    • 16805718 10.1517/14656566.7.10.1323 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmslSltrY%3D
    • Verschuuren JJGM, Wirtz PW, Titulaer MJ, et al. Available treatment options for the management of Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006;7(10):1323-36.
    • (2006) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.7 , Issue.10 , pp. 1323-1336
    • Verschuuren, J.1    Wirtz, P.W.2    Titulaer, M.J.3
  • 32
    • 67650608199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of 3,4-diaminopyridine and pyridostigmine in the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
    • 19357643 10.1038/clpt.2009.35 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsFemtbk%3D
    • Wirtz PW, Verschuuren JJ, Van Dijk JG, et al. Efficacy of 3,4-diaminopyridine and pyridostigmine in the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;86(1):44-8.
    • (2009) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 44-48
    • Wirtz, P.W.1    Verschuuren, J.J.2    Van Dijk, J.G.3
  • 33
    • 0031024819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myasthenia gravis: Diagnosis and follow-up of 100 consecutive patients
    • 9120493 10.1007/s004150050059 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7osV2jtw%3D%3D
    • Beekman R, Kuks JBM, Oosterhuis HJGH. Myasthenia gravis: diagnosis and follow-up of 100 consecutive patients. J Neurol. 1997;244(2):112-8.
    • (1997) J Neurol , vol.244 , Issue.2 , pp. 112-118
    • Beekman, R.1    Kuks, J.B.M.2    Oosterhuis, H.3
  • 34
    • 79953002354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment for Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome
    • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003279.pub3
    • Keogh M, Sedehizadeh S, Maddison P. Treatment for Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011, 16;(2):CD003279. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003279.pub3.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.16 , Issue.2
    • Keogh, M.1    Sedehizadeh, S.2    Maddison, P.3
  • 35
    • 0024367939 scopus 로고
    • 3,4-diaminopyridine in the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome
    • 2555713 10.1056/NEJM198912073212303 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2Fms1GqtQ%3D%3D
    • McEvoy KM, Windebank AJ, Daube JR, Low PA. 3,4-diaminopyridine in the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(23):1567-71.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , Issue.23 , pp. 1567-1571
    • McEvoy, K.M.1    Windebank, A.J.2    Daube, J.R.3    Low, P.A.4
  • 36
    • 0034620493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of 3,4-diaminopyridine in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
    • 10680790 10.1212/WNL.54.3.603 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXht1aktLs%3D
    • Sanders DB, Massey JM, Sanders LL, Edwards LJ. A randomized trial of 3,4-diaminopyridine in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology. 2000;54(3):603-7.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 603-607
    • Sanders, D.B.1    Massey, J.M.2    Sanders, L.L.3    Edwards, L.J.4
  • 37
    • 71549131003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3,4-diaminopyridine is more effective than placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over drug study in LEMS
    • 19722254 10.1002/mus.21422 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVGmsbrI
    • Oh SJ, Claussen GG, Hatanaka Y, Morgan MB. 3,4-diaminopyridine is more effective than placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over drug study in LEMS. Muscle Nerve. 2009;40(5):795-800.
    • (2009) Muscle Nerve , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 795-800
    • Oh, S.J.1    Claussen, G.G.2    Hatanaka, Y.3    Morgan, M.B.4
  • 38
    • 78049450594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3,4-diaminopyridine for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
    • 20979551 10.1586/eci.10.57 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlCltL3L
    • Wirtz PW, Titulaer MJ, Van Gerven JMA, Verschuuren JJ. 3,4-diaminopyridine for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2010;6(6):867-74.
    • (2010) Expert Rev Clin Immunol , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 867-874
    • Wirtz, P.W.1    Titulaer, M.J.2    Van Gerven, J.M.A.3    Verschuuren, J.J.4
  • 40
    • 0021329141 scopus 로고
    • Long-term corticosteroid treatment of myasthenia gravis: Report of 116 patients
    • 6721451 10.1002/ana.410150316 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3gtFKnsg%3D%3D
    • Pascuzzi RM, Branch Coslett H, Johns TR. Long-term corticosteroid treatment of myasthenia gravis: report of 116 patients. Ann Neurol. 1984;15(3):291-8.
    • (1984) Ann Neurol , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 291-298
    • Pascuzzi, R.M.1    Branch Coslett, H.2    Johns, T.R.3
  • 41
    • 0348014427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunotherapy of ocular myasthenia gravis reduces conversion to generalized myasthenia gravis
    • 14663303 10.1097/00041327-200312000-00002
    • Mee J, Paine M, Byrne E, et al. Immunotherapy of ocular myasthenia gravis reduces conversion to generalized myasthenia gravis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003;23(4):251-5.
    • (2003) J Neuroophthalmol , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 251-255
    • Mee, J.1    Paine, M.2    Byrne, E.3
  • 42
    • 0346429248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of prednisone on the progression from ocular to generalized myasthenia gravis
    • 14706214 10.1016/j.jns.2003.08.017 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtVWisrrN
    • Monsul NT, Patwa HS, Knorr AM, et al. The effect of prednisone on the progression from ocular to generalized myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci. 2004;217(2):131-3.
    • (2004) J Neurol Sci , vol.217 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-133
    • Monsul, N.T.1    Patwa, H.S.2    Knorr, A.M.3
  • 43
    • 34250337206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence report: The medical treatment of ocular myasthenia (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • 17460154 10.1212/01.wnl.0000263481.14289.90
    • Benatar M, Kaminski HJ. Evidence report: the medical treatment of ocular myasthenia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2007;68(24):2144-9.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.68 , Issue.24 , pp. 2144-2149
    • Benatar, M.1    Kaminski, H.J.2
  • 44
    • 68349142911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocular myasthenia gravis: Treatment successes and failures in patients with long-term follow-up
    • 19377863 10.1007/s00415-009-5120-8
    • Kupersmith MJ. Ocular myasthenia gravis: treatment successes and failures in patients with long-term follow-up. J Neurol. 2009;256(8):1314-20.
    • (2009) J Neurol , vol.256 , Issue.8 , pp. 1314-1320
    • Kupersmith, M.J.1
  • 45
    • 44949201207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis
    • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002277.pub3
    • Gajdos P, Chevret S, Toyka KV. Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008, (1):CD002277. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002277.pub3.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.1
    • Gajdos, P.1    Chevret, S.2    Toyka, K.V.3
  • 46
    • 34047230056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IV immunoglobulin in patients with myasthenia gravis: A randomized controlled trial
    • 17353471 10.1212/01.wnl.0000256698.69121.45 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXisFyhu7s%3D
    • Zinman L, Eduardo N, Bril V. IV immunoglobulin in patients with myasthenia gravis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2007;68(11):837-41.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.68 , Issue.11 , pp. 837-841
    • Zinman, L.1    Eduardo, N.2    Bril, V.3
  • 47
    • 0031001759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical trial of plasma exchange and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis
    • 9189040 10.1002/ana.410410615 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktlyqsL4%3D
    • Gajdos P, Chevret S, Clair B, et al. Clinical trial of plasma exchange and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol. 1997;41(6):789-96.
    • (1997) Ann Neurol , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 789-796
    • Gajdos, P.1    Chevret, S.2    Clair, B.3
  • 48
    • 0035698077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin treatment versus plasma exchange in patients with chronic moderate to severe myasthenia gravis
    • 11843764 10.1046/j.1525-1594.2001.06717.x
    • Rønager J, Ravnborg M, Hermansen I, Vorstrup S. Immunoglobulin treatment versus plasma exchange in patients with chronic moderate to severe myasthenia gravis. Artif Organs. 2001;25(12):967-73.
    • (2001) Artif Organs , vol.25 , Issue.12 , pp. 967-973
    • Rønager, J.1    Ravnborg, M.2    Hermansen, I.3    Vorstrup, S.4
  • 49
    • 79958765623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of IVIg and PLEX in patients with myasthenia gravis
    • 21562253 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821e5505 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MrnvF2lsg%3D%3D
    • Barth D, Nabavi Nouri M, Ng E, et al. Comparison of IVIg and PLEX in patients with myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2011;76(23):2017-23.
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.76 , Issue.23 , pp. 2017-2023
    • Barth, D.1    Nabavi Nouri, M.2    Ng, E.3
  • 50
    • 0029819742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on muscle weakness and calcium-channel autoantibodies in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
    • 8797464 10.1212/WNL.47.3.678 1:STN:280:DyaK28zptVCkug%3D%3D
    • Bain PG, Motomura M, Newsom-Davis J, et al. Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on muscle weakness and calcium-channel autoantibodies in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology. 1996;47(3):678-83.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 678-683
    • Bain, P.G.1    Motomura, M.2    Newsom-Davis, J.3
  • 51
    • 0033825898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful immunoglobulin treatment in a patient with neuromyotonia
    • 10996718 10.1016/S0303-8467(00)00093-7 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FitVGgtg%3D%3D
    • Alessi G, De Reuck J, De Bleecker J, Vancayzeele S. Successful immunoglobulin treatment in a patient with neuromyotonia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2000;102(3):173-5.
    • (2000) Clin Neurol Neurosurg , vol.102 , Issue.3 , pp. 173-175
    • Alessi, G.1    De Reuck, J.2    De Bleecker, J.3    Vancayzeele, S.4
  • 52
    • 77956250371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of voltage-gated potassium channel antibody disorders
    • 20816272 10.1016/j.ncl.2010.03.024
    • Merchut MP. Management of voltage-gated potassium channel antibody disorders. Neurol Clin. 2010;28(4):941-59.
    • (2010) Neurol Clin , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 941-959
    • Merchut, M.P.1
  • 53
    • 84867341083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in refractory and non-refractory myasthenia: A retrospective multicenter study
    • 22941747 10.1002/mus.23412 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVylurrL
    • Collongues N, Casez O, Lacour A, et al. Rituximab in refractory and non-refractory myasthenia: a retrospective multicenter study. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46(5):687-91.
    • (2012) Muscle Nerve , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 687-691
    • Collongues, N.1    Casez, O.2    Lacour, A.3
  • 54
    • 78651494574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review: The use of rituximab in neuromuscular diseases
    • 21386778 10.1097/CND.0b013e3181ff49f3
    • Ibrahim H, Dimachkie MM, Shaibani A. A review: the use of rituximab in neuromuscular diseases. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2010;12(2):91-102.
    • (2010) J Clin Neuromuscul Dis , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-102
    • Ibrahim, H.1    Dimachkie, M.M.2    Shaibani, A.3
  • 55
    • 58349108549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of refractory generalized myasthenia gravis with rituximab
    • 19146644 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02399.x 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1M%2FnsVyitg%3D%3D
    • Lebrun C, Bourg V, Tieulie N, Thomas P. Successful treatment of refractory generalized myasthenia gravis with rituximab. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(2):246-50.
    • (2009) Eur J Neurol , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 246-250
    • Lebrun, C.1    Bourg, V.2    Tieulie, N.3    Thomas, P.4
  • 56
    • 84858009538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-lasting treatment effect of rituximab in MuSK myasthenia
    • 22218276 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182407982 A follow-up study of the long-term outcome of MG patients treated with rituximab, and a comparison of treatment response in AChR MG and MuSK MG
    • Díaz-Manera J, Martínez-Hernández E, Querol L, et al. Long-lasting treatment effect of rituximab in MuSK myasthenia. Neurology. 2012;78(3):189-93. A follow-up study of the long-term outcome of MG patients treated with rituximab, and a comparison of treatment response in AChR MG and MuSK MG.
    • (2012) Neurology , vol.78 , Issue.3 , pp. 189-193
    • Díaz-Manera, J.1    Martínez-Hernández, E.2    Querol, L.3
  • 57
    • 79955754602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of rituximab in myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
    • 20392977 10.1136/jnnp.2009.197632
    • Maddison P, McConville J, Farrugia ME. The use of rituximab in myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(6):671-3.
    • (2011) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.82 , Issue.6 , pp. 671-673
    • Maddison, P.1    McConville, J.2    Farrugia, M.E.3
  • 58
    • 80053332007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of patients with refractory myasthenia gravis to rituximab: A retrospective study
    • 22010039 10.1177/1756285611411503 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVylsrnN
    • Nowak RJ, Dicapua DB, Zebardast N, Goldstein JM. Response of patients with refractory myasthenia gravis to rituximab: a retrospective study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2011;4(5):259-66.
    • (2011) Ther Adv Neurol Disord , vol.4 , Issue.5 , pp. 259-266
    • Nowak, R.J.1    Dicapua, D.B.2    Zebardast, N.3    Goldstein, J.M.4
  • 59
    • 79955781847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use and monitoring of low dose rituximab in myasthenia gravis
    • 21071753 10.1136/jnnp.2010.220475
    • Blum S, Gillis D, Brown H, et al. Use and monitoring of low dose rituximab in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(6):659-63.
    • (2011) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.82 , Issue.6 , pp. 659-663
    • Blum, S.1    Gillis, D.2    Brown, H.3
  • 60
    • 67749089363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Favorable response to rituximab in a patient with anti-VGCC-positive Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and cerebellar dysfunction
    • 19609921 10.1002/mus.21315 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVKnsbrO
    • Pellkofer HL, Voltz R, Kuempfel T. Favorable response to rituximab in a patient with anti-VGCC-positive Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and cerebellar dysfunction. Muscle Nerve. 2009;40(2):305-8.
    • (2009) Muscle Nerve , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 305-308
    • Pellkofer, H.L.1    Voltz, R.2    Kuempfel, T.3
  • 61
    • 0027363275 scopus 로고
    • A randomised clinical trial comparing prednisone and azathioprine in myasthenia gravis. Results of the second interim analysis
    • Myasthenia Gravis Clinical Study Group 10.1136/jnnp.56.11.1157
    • Myasthenia Gravis Clinical Study Group, Gajdos P, Elkharrat D, Chevret S, et al. A randomised clinical trial comparing prednisone and azathioprine in myasthenia gravis. Results of the second interim analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(11):1157-63.
    • (1993) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.56 , Issue.11 , pp. 1157-1163
    • Gajdos, P.1    Elkharrat, D.2    Chevret, S.3
  • 62
    • 0030845460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of azathioprine or prednisone for initial immunosuppressive treatment of myasthenia gravis
    • 9260858 10.1016/S0022-510X(97)05370-7 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjsVKmsbw%3D
    • Bromberg MB, Wald JJ, Forshew DA. Randomized trial of azathioprine or prednisone for initial immunosuppressive treatment of myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci. 1997;150(1):59-62.
    • (1997) J Neurol Sci , vol.150 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-62
    • Bromberg, M.B.1    Wald, J.J.2    Forshew, D.A.3
  • 63
    • 0031747483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized double-blind trial of prednisolone alone or with azathioprine in myasthenia gravis
    • Myasthenia Gravis Study Group 9633727 10.1212/WNL.50.6.1778 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXktFOisbw%3D
    • Myasthenia Gravis Study Group, Palace J, Newsom-Davis J, Lecky B. A randomized double-blind trial of prednisolone alone or with azathioprine in myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 1998;50(6):1778-83.
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.50 , Issue.6 , pp. 1778-1783
    • Palace, J.1    Newsom-Davis, J.2    Lecky, B.3
  • 64
    • 42549155310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil for ocular myasthenia
    • 18299952 10.1007/s00415-008-0718-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXosValurw%3D
    • Chan JW. Mycophenolate mofetil for ocular myasthenia. J Neurol. 2008;255:510-3.
    • (2008) J Neurol , vol.255 , pp. 510-513
    • Chan, J.W.1
  • 65
    • 77951288989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil in AChR-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis: Outcomes in 102 patients
    • 20405499 10.1002/mus.21640 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXms1Cms7w%3D
    • Hehir MK, Burns TM, Alpers J, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in AChR-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis: outcomes in 102 patients. Muscle Nerve. 2010;41(5):593-8.
    • (2010) Muscle Nerve , vol.41 , Issue.5 , pp. 593-598
    • Hehir, M.K.1    Burns, T.M.2    Alpers, J.3
  • 66
    • 49049115186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A trial of mycophenolate mofetil with prednisone as initial immunotherapy in myasthenia gravis
    • Muscle Study Group 10.1212/01.wnl.0000312373.67493.7f
    • Muscle Study Group. A trial of mycophenolate mofetil with prednisone as initial immunotherapy in myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2008;71(6):394-9.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , Issue.6 , pp. 394-399
  • 67
    • 44249093570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An international, phase III, randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil in myasthenia gravis
    • 18434638 10.1212/01.wnl.0000312374.95186.cc 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXptFSltL4%3D
    • Sanders DB, Hart IK, Mantegazza R, et al. An international, phase III, randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil in myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2008;71(6):400-6.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , Issue.6 , pp. 400-406
    • Sanders, D.B.1    Hart, I.K.2    Mantegazza, R.3
  • 68
    • 0023118848 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis
    • 3547126 10.1056/NEJM198703193161205 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ksVCltA%3D%3D
    • Tindall RS, Rollins JA, Phillips JT. Preliminary results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(12):719-24.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , Issue.12 , pp. 719-724
    • Tindall, R.S.1    Rollins, J.A.2    Phillips, J.T.3
  • 69
    • 0027319951 scopus 로고
    • A clinical therapeutic trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis
    • 8357194 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22937.x 1:STN:280:DyaK3szmt12hug%3D%3D
    • Tindall RS, Phillips JT, Rollins JA, et al. A clinical therapeutic trial of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;681:539-51.
    • (1993) Ann N y Acad Sci , vol.681 , pp. 539-551
    • Tindall, R.S.1    Phillips, J.T.2    Rollins, J.A.3
  • 70
    • 45249113081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tacrolimus for myasthenia gravis: A clinical study of 212 patients
    • 18096852 10.1196/annals.1405.000 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXoslSks7k%3D
    • Ponseti JM, Gamez J, Azem J. Tacrolimus for myasthenia gravis: a clinical study of 212 patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1132:254-63.
    • (2008) Ann N y Acad Sci , vol.1132 , pp. 254-263
    • Ponseti, J.M.1    Gamez, J.2    Azem, J.3
  • 71
    • 79952738408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy and immunological impact of tacrolimus in Chinese patients with generalized myasthenia gravis
    • 21195813 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.012 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjsVyqu7Y%3D
    • Zhao CB, Zhang X, Zhang H. Clinical efficacy and immunological impact of tacrolimus in Chinese patients with generalized myasthenia gravis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2011;11(4):519-24.
    • (2011) Int Immunopharmacol , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 519-524
    • Zhao, C.B.1    Zhang, X.2    Zhang, H.3
  • 72
    • 20844451899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of low-dose FK506 in the treatment of myasthenia gravis-a randomized pilot study
    • 15900097 10.1159/000085833 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsVCqtL0%3D
    • Nagane Y, Utsugisawa K, Obara D, et al. Efficacy of low-dose FK506 in the treatment of myasthenia gravis-a randomized pilot study. Eur Neurol. 2005;53(3):146-50.
    • (2005) Eur Neurol , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 146-150
    • Nagane, Y.1    Utsugisawa, K.2    Obara, D.3
  • 73
    • 80051544886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tacrolimus in myasthenia gravis
    • 21784757 10.1136/jnnp-2011-300148
    • Yoshikawa H, Kiuchi T, Saida T, Takamori M. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tacrolimus in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(9):970-7.
    • (2011) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.82 , Issue.9 , pp. 970-977
    • Yoshikawa, H.1    Kiuchi, T.2    Saida, T.3    Takamori, M.4
  • 74
    • 79961117546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single-blinded trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine as steroid-sparing agents in generalized myasthenia gravis
    • 21819556 10.1186/1471-2377-11-97 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFegsbbF
    • Heckmann JM, Rawoot A, Bateman K, et al. A single-blinded trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine as steroid-sparing agents in generalized myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:97.
    • (2011) BMC Neurol , vol.11 , pp. 97
    • Heckmann, J.M.1    Rawoot, A.2    Bateman, K.3
  • 75
    • 33644528477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose cyclophosphamide in refractory myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies
    • 16116645 10.1002/mus.20411
    • Lin PT, Martin BA, Weinacker AB, So YT. High-dose cyclophosphamide in refractory myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies. Muscle Nerve. 2006;33(3):433-5.
    • (2006) Muscle Nerve , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 433-435
    • Lin, P.T.1    Martin, B.A.2    Weinacker, A.B.3    So, Y.T.4
  • 76
    • 1942517790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High dose cyclophosphamide for severe refractory myasthenia gravis
    • 15090586 10.1136/jnnp.2003.019232 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7pslCqug%3D%3D
    • Gladstone DE, Brannagan 3rd TH, Schwartzman RJ, et al. High dose cyclophosphamide for severe refractory myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(5):789-91.
    • (2004) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.75 , Issue.5 , pp. 789-791
    • Gladstone, D.E.1    Brannagan III, T.H.2    Schwartzman, R.J.3
  • 77
    • 0036303967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of intravenous pulsed cyclophosphamide in severe, generalized myasthenia gravis
    • 12115946 10.1002/mus.10133
    • De Feo LG, Schottlender J, Martelli NA, Molfino NA. Use of intravenous pulsed cyclophosphamide in severe, generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2002;26(1):31-6.
    • (2002) Muscle Nerve , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-36
    • De Feo, L.G.1    Schottlender, J.2    Martelli, N.A.3    Molfino, N.A.4
  • 78
    • 0020530149 scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of plasma exchange in myasthenia. Results of a randomized study
    • 6221247 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7psVymuw%3D%3D
    • Gajdos P, Simon N, de Rohan-Chabot P, et al. Long-term effects of plasma exchange in myasthenia. Results of a randomized study. Presse Med. 1983;12(15):939-42.
    • (1983) Presse Med , vol.12 , Issue.15 , pp. 939-942
    • Gajdos, P.1    Simon, N.2    De Rohan-Chabot, P.3
  • 79
    • 64549158059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of prethymecthomy plasmapheresis on short-term outcome of non-thymomatous generalized myasthenia gravis
    • Kamel A, Essa M. Effectiveness of prethymecthomy plasmapheresis on short-term outcome of non-thymomatous generalized myasthenia gravis. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2009;46:161-8.
    • (2009) Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg , vol.46 , pp. 161-168
    • Kamel, A.1    Essa, M.2
  • 80
    • 0021248753 scopus 로고
    • Plasma exchange and immunosuppressive drug treatment in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
    • 6322050 10.1212/WNL.34.4.480 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7kt1KrsQ%3D%3D
    • Newsom-Davis J, Murray NM. Plasma exchange and immunosuppressive drug treatment in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology. 1984;34(4):480-5.
    • (1984) Neurology , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 480-485
    • Newsom-Davis, J.1    Murray, N.M.2
  • 81
    • 0025817283 scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune aetiology for acquired neuromyotonia (Isaacs' syndrome)
    • 1676468 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90073-X 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3oslChtQ%3D%3D
    • Sinha S, Newsom-Davis J, Mills K, et al. Autoimmune aetiology for acquired neuromyotonia (Isaacs' syndrome). Lancet. 1991;338(8759):75-7.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , Issue.8759 , pp. 75-77
    • Sinha, S.1    Newsom-Davis, J.2    Mills, K.3
  • 82
    • 0034542017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromyotonia: Autoimmune pathogenesis and response to immune modulating therapy
    • 11099710 10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00407-X 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotlCqtb0%3D
    • Hayat GR, Kulkantrakorn K, Campbell WW, Giuliani MJ. Neuromyotonia: autoimmune pathogenesis and response to immune modulating therapy. J Neurol Sci. 2000;181(1-2):38-43.
    • (2000) J Neurol Sci , vol.181 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 38-43
    • Hayat, G.R.1    Kulkantrakorn, K.2    Campbell, W.W.3    Giuliani, M.J.4
  • 83
    • 84867229654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma exchange as a therapeutic option in patients with neurologic symptoms due to antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels: A report of five cases and review of the literature
    • 22532193 10.1002/jca.21233
    • Jaben EA, Winters JL. Plasma exchange as a therapeutic option in patients with neurologic symptoms due to antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels: a report of five cases and review of the literature. J Clin Apher. 2012;27(5):267-73.
    • (2012) J Clin Apher , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 267-273
    • Jaben, E.A.1    Winters, J.L.2
  • 84
    • 0034641233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice parameter: Thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • 10891896 10.1212/WNL.55.1.7 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czovVOltQ%3D%3D
    • Gronseth GS, Barohn RJ. Practice parameter: thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2000;55(1):7-15.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-15
    • Gronseth, G.S.1    Barohn, R.J.2
  • 85
    • 1442349760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of thymectomy: Clinical and pathological characteristics among seronegative and seropositive myasthenia gravis patients
    • 14763961 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00209.x 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2c%2Fmt1ylsQ%3D%3D
    • Guillermo GR, Téllez-Zenteno JF, Weder-Cisneros N, et al. Response of thymectomy: clinical and pathological characteristics among seronegative and seropositive myasthenia gravis patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;109(3):217-21.
    • (2004) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.109 , Issue.3 , pp. 217-221
    • Guillermo, G.R.1    Téllez-Zenteno, J.F.2    Weder-Cisneros, N.3
  • 86
    • 33846859099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of thymectomy on seronegative generalized myasthenia gravis: Comparing with seropositive cases
    • 17295713 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00733.x 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2s%2Fpslantg%3D%3D
    • Yuan HK, Huang BS, Kung SY, Kao KP. The effectiveness of thymectomy on seronegative generalized myasthenia gravis: comparing with seropositive cases. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;115(3):181-4.
    • (2007) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.115 , Issue.3 , pp. 181-184
    • Yuan, H.K.1    Huang, B.S.2    Kung, S.Y.3    Kao, K.P.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.