The trans-pacific partnership agreement: A gold-plated gift to the global tobacco industry?

American Journal of Law and Medicine

Volumn 39, Issue 2-3, 2013, Pages 237-264

  Kelsey, Jane ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LEGAL ASPECT; PACKAGING; TOBACCO INDUSTRY;

COMMERCE; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; PRODUCT PACKAGING; TOBACCO INDUSTRY;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84880071735     PISSN: 00988588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009885881303900203     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Phil O'Reilly, Chief Exec, Remarks to TPP Stakeholder Forum (Dec. 7, 2012) (transcript available at www.businessnz.org.nz/file/2380/ 121207%20TPP%20Stakeholder%20Forum%20 notes.pdf).
2. A notable exception is the work of Professor Robert Stumberg and others from Georgetown Law, Washington, D. C. See generally Robert Stumberg, Safeguards for Tobacco Control: Options for the TPPA, 39 AM. J. L. & MED. 382 (2013).
3. For discussion of the history of the TPPA, see Jane Kelsey, Introduction to No ORDINARY DEAL; UNMASKING THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 9, 9-28 (Jane Kelsey ed., 2010).
4. See also Deborah Elms, Getting from Here to There: Stitching Together Goods Agreements in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement 1-4 (S. Rajaratnam Sch. of Int'l Studies, Working Paper No. 235, 2012).
5. Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP): Background and Negotiations, SICE, http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/TPP/TPP-e.asp (last visited Feb. 25, 2013).
6. Id. at 4; see also U. S. Official: Integrating Canada, Mexico Major Focus of Auckland Round, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, Dec. 12, 2012, at 6 [hereinafter Integrating Canada, Mexico].
7. Int'l Centre for Trade & Sustainable Dev., Japan Announces Goal of Joining Trans-Pacific Trade Talks, BRIDGES WKLY., Mar. 20, 2013, at 1, available at http://ictsd.org/i/news/bridgesweekly/158489/.
8. radit Ruangdit & Saritdet Marukatat, Thailand to Join TPP Talks, BANGKOK POST, Nov. 13, 2012, http://www.bangkokpost.com/lite/news/320886/ thailand-to-join-tpp-talks.
9. See Renew Trade Negotiation Authority, U. S. CHAMBER COMMERCE, http://www.uschamber.com/international/agenda/renew-trade-negotiating-authority (last visited Feb. 24, 2013).
10. See Hillary Clinton, America's Pacific Century: The Future of Geopolitics Will Be Decided in Asia, Not in Afghanistan or Iraq, and the United States Should Be Right at the Center of the Action, FOREIGN POL'Y, Nov. 2011, at 56, 62, available at www.foreignpolicy.com/node/1002667;
11. Jane Kelsey, TPP as Lynchpin for Anti-China Strategy, SCOOP (Nov. 19, 2011, 8:08 PM), http://www.scoop. co.nz/stories/HLl 11 l/S00171/tpp-as-a- lynchpin-of-us-anti-china-strategy.htm.
12. The most notable is the State-Owned Enterprises section of the Competition chapter, which was drafted principally with China in mind. See USTR Using OECD Work as Guide for TPP Proposals on SOE Disciplines, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, July 22, 2011.
13. White House Eyes Mid-2012 TPP Deal, but Says No 'Firm Deadline'Set, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, Nov. 18, 2011.
14. Integrating Canada, Mexico, supra note 8, at 7.
15. TPP Countries Aiming to Table Remaining Proposals Soon, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, Jan. 9, 2013.
16. Groups to Obama: Reject "Unprecedented Level of Secrecy" in Trade Negotiation, OPEN THEGOVERNMENT. ORG (Feb. 27, 2012), http://www. openthegovernment.org/node/3377.
17. See WTO Staff Working Papers, WORLD TRADE ORG. [WTO], http://www.wto.org/english/res-e/reser-e/wpaps-e.htm (last visited Feb. 27, 2013) (containing links to WTO working papers from 1996 to present).
18. See Draft FTAA Agreement, FREE TRADE AREA OF THE AMERICAS, http://www.ftaa-alca.org/ftaadrafts-e.asp (last visited Feb. 27, 2013) (containing drafts of the FTAA).
19. See Previous ACTA Texts, OFFICE U. S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, http://www.ustr.gov/tradetopics/intellectual-property/anti-counterfeiting-trade- agreement-acta/previous-acta-texts (last visited Feb. 27, 2013) (containing drafts of the ACTA).
20. Draft texts of the chapters on intellectual property, regulatory coherence, and investment; annexes on transparency in health technologies; and technical barriers to trade (TBT) on medical devices and pharmaceutical products have been leaked since the negotiations began. See Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), KNOWLEDGE ECOLOGY INT'L, http://keionline.org/tpp (last visited Feb. 24, 2013).
21. Mark Sinclair, Content of Confidentiality Letters, N. Z. MINISTRY FOREIGN AFFAIRS & TRADE (Nov. 29, 2011), http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade-and- Economic-Relations/2-Trade-Relationships-and-Agreements/Trans-Pacific/ l-TPP-Talk/0-TPP-talk-29-Nov-201 l.php (last visited Feb. 24, 2013).
22. The list of signatories and parties is available at Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHO FRAMEWORK CONVENTION TOBACCO CONTROL, http://www.who.int/fctc/signatories-parties/en/index.html (last updated Dec. 7, 2012).
23. See infra Sections VII, VIII.
24. VIET, STEERING COMM. ON SMOKING & HEALTH (VINACOSH) & SE. ASIA TOBACCO CONTROL ALLIANCE (SEATCA), THE ASEAN TOBACCO CONTROL REPORT 2012, available at http://seatca.org/dmdocuments/ ASEAN%20Tobacco%20Control%20Report%202012.pdf. ASEAN health ministers agreed at their eleventh meeting in Phuket, Thailand in July 2012 to withdraw tobacco from the list of products subject to tariff removal in 2015.
25. Groups Laud Exclusion of Tobacco from AFTA Tariff List, THIRD WORLD NETWORK, http://twnside.org.sg/title2/FTAs/info.service/2012/fta.info.232.htm (last visited Feb. 27, 2013).
26. This producer is the Vietnam National Tobacco Corporation (V1NATABA).
27. PHYSICIANS FOR SMOKE-FREE CANADA, THE PLOT AGAINST PLAIN PACKAGING 3, 8(2008), available at http://www.smoke-free.ca/pdf-l/plotagainstplainpackaging- aprl '.pdf.
28. See generally TOBACCO FREE KIDS, JAPAN TOBACCO INC AND JAPAN TOBACCO INTERNATIONAL (2011), available at www.global.tobaccofreekids.org/files/pdfs/en/ Japan-Profile.pdf.
29. See generally WHO, COUNTRY COOPERATION STRATEGY: THAILAND: 2012-2016 (2011).
30. See, e.g., Trade Representative Kirk Outlines Asia-Focused Trade Agenda at East-West Center's USAPC Washington Conference, E.-W. CENTER, http://www.eastwestcenter.org/newscenter/web-articles/trade-representative-kirk- outlines-asia-focused-trade-agenda-at-east-west-centersusapc-washington-conf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013).
31. See Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Trade Ministers' Report to Leaders, OFFICE U. S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/ press-releases/2011/november/transpacific-partnership-tpp-trade- ministers%E2%80%99-re (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter Trade Ministers' Report].
32. The Global Europe Strategy that was launched by the European Commission in 2006 and ran until 2010 aimed to achieve a seamless regulatory regime within and outside the European Union. For an evaluation, see Report on Progress Achieved on the Global Europe Strategy, 2006-2010, SEC (2010) 1268/2 (2010).
33. See Trade Ministers' Report, supra note 35.
34. Paul Eckert, Analysis: Obama 's Pacific Aspirations Strain Ties with China, REUTERS, Nov. 14, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/1 l/14/us-analysis-obamas-pacific-aspirations-idUSTRE7A D2E520111U4.
35. IAN F. FERGUSON ET AL., CONG. RESEARCH SERV., R42694, TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP NEGOTIATIONS AND ISSUES FOR CONGRESS 3 (2013). The negotiators have declined to confirm the specific titles of the chapters in the proposed agreement. They are understood to be market access for goods; textiles and apparel; customs; trade remedies; subsidies; trade facilitation; sanitary and phytosanitary measures; technical barriers to trade; government procurement; investment; crossborder trade in services; financial services; telecommunications; e-commerce; temporary movement of natural persons; intellectual property; labor; environment; competition, including state-owned enterprises; supply chains; transparency; regulatory coherence; dispute settlement; and exceptions.
36. Enhancing Trade and Investment, Supporting Jobs, Economic Growth: Outlines of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, OFFICE U. S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, http://www.ustr.gov/aboutus/press-office/fact-sheets/2011/ november/outlines-trans-pacific-partnership-agreement (last visited Feb. 28, 2013).
37. See WTO Trade Topics, WTO, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop-e/tratop-e. htm (last visited Feb. 28, 2013) (containing links describing the various trade measures).
38. See Trade Ministers' Report, supra note 35.
39. There are complex issues related to the meaning of the "Doggett Amendment" of 1998, which prohibit the U. S. government from taking actions to reduce another country's marketing restrictions on tobacco and, despite the amendment, tobacco has been routinely included in U. S.free trade agreements. Franco Ordonez, Tobacco Growers Afraid Trans-Pacific Trade Deal Will Harm Exporters, McCLATCHY WASH. BUREAU (Feb. 29, 2012), www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/02/ 28/vprint/140249/tobacco-growers-fear-trade-deal.html.
40. See infra Part VIII.
41. U. S. Backs Malaysian TPP Proposal Aiming to Protect Product Formulas, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, Jan. 9, 2013.
42. WTO, Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI: 4 Room Doc. No. 2160 (March 20, 2009).
43. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex IB, art. 6, Apr. 15, 1994, 1869 U. N. T. S. 183.
44. Article 1.3 (a) of the GATS required WTO members to "take such reasonable measures as may be available to it to ensure their observance" by sub-central levels of government. General Agreement on Trade in Services art. 1.3 (a), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex IB, 1869 U. N. T. S. 183.
45. See JANE KELSEY, TOBACCO CONTROL RESEARCH TURANGA, INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND TOBACCO CONTROL: TRADE AND INVESTMENT LAW ISSUES RELATING TO PROPOSED TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES TO ACHIEVE AN EFFECTIVELY SMOKEFREE NEW ZEALAND BY 2025 35-40 (2012).
46. James Love, Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, KNOWLEDGE ECOLOGY INT'L, http://keionline.org/tpp (last visited Feb. 28, 2013).
47. Memorandum from Lloyd Grove and Robert Stumberg to Chris Bostic on ASH: Proposed TPP Intellectual Property Language on Geographical Indications (April 9, 2012).
48. TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS CHAPTER: DRAFT - FEBRUARY#o10, 2011, at art. 2.3(2011), available at http://keionline.org/sites/ defauIt/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf.
49. Industry Groups Push USTR to Strengthen Trade Secret Proposal in TPP, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, Mar. 6, 2012.
50. The undated leaked text can be located at Trans-Pacific Partnership: Investment, CITIZENS TRADE CAMPAIGN, http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/wp- content/uploads/2012/06/tppinvestment.pdf [hereinafter Investment]. Specifically, the rules on non-discrimination and performance requirements, plus investor guarantees of minimum standards of treatment and protection from direct and indirect expropriation, unrestricted capital transfers, and investor-state dispute settlement. See id.
51. Investment, supra note 64, at art. 12.6.
52. UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE & DEVELOPMENT, WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2012, at 86-87 (2012)
53. Investment, supra note 64, at art. 12.6.2.
54. Matthew Porterfield, A Distinction Without a Difference? The Interpretation of Fair and Equitable Treatment Under Customary International Law by Investment Tribunals, INVESTMENT TREATY NEWS, Mar. 22, 2013, at 3, available at http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2013/iisd-itn-march-2013-en.pdf.
55. Investment, supra note 64. This position could change after the Australian general election in September 2013.
56. Draft Article 12.166/5, for example, seeks to exclude a dispute related to government procurement or granting of a subsidy. Investment, supra note 64, at art. 12.16.
57. The United States and Vietnam signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement in 2007. See Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, U. S.-Viet., June 21, 2007, available at http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/ agreements/tifa/asset-upload-file81-12935.pdf.
58. Investment, supra note 64, at art. 12.3 (2).
59. TPP Countries Signal New Proposals to Counter U. S. SOE, IPR Demands, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, Dec. 14, 2012.
60. Chin L. Lim et al., What Is "High-Quality, Twenty-First Century" Anyway?, in THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP: A QUEST FOR A TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY TRADE AGREEMENT 3, 4 (Chin L. Lim, Deborah K. Elms & Patrick Low eds., 2012).
61. See ASIA-PAC. ECON. COOPERATION [APEC], APEC INFORMATION NOTES ON GOOD PRACTICE FOR TECHNICAL REGULATION (2000), available at http://www.jisc.go.jp/ eng/apecasem/pdf/grp-info.pdf
62. (based on APEC, APEC PRINCIPLES TO ENHANCE COMPETITION AND REGULATORY REFORM (1999), available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatorypolicy/2371601.doc).
63. See APEC & ORG. FOR ECON. CO-OPERATION & DEV., APEC-OECD INTEGRATED CHECKLIST ON REGULATORY REFORM (2005), available at www.oecd.org/regreform/34989455.pdf.
64. Trans-Pacific Partnership: 'Regulatory Coherence', PUB. INTELLIGENCE, http://info.publicintelligence.net/TPP-RegulatoryCoherence.pdf (last visited Mar. 4, 2013) [hereinafter Regulatory Coherence].
65. JANE KELSEY, PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE DRAFT TPP CHAPTER ON DOMESTIC COHERENCE, CITIZENS TRADE CAMPAIGN 1, 3-5(2011), available at http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/wp-content/uploads/201 l/10/TransPacific- RegCoherence Memo.pdf.
66. Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.2.1
67. See, e.g., US Business Groups Attack NZ Plain-Packaging, SYDNEY MORNING HERALD, Feb. 21, 2013, http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/us- business-groups-attack-nzplainpackaging-20130221-2esxy.html.
68. DAVID BORTHWICK & ROBERT MILLINER, INDEPENDENT REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT'S REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS PROCESS 9 (2012).
69. See CASTALIA STRATEGIC ADVISORS, REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS 2012 (2012).
70. Jerry Ellig & Patrick McLaughlin, The Quality and Use of Regulatory Impact Analysis in 2008, at 3 (Mercatus Ctr., George Mason Univ. Working Paper No. 10-34, June 2010), available at http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/ WP1034-The-Quality-and-Use-of-Regulatory-Analysis-2008.pdf.
71. RICHARD D. MORGENSTERN, RES. FOR THE FUTURE, RFF DP 11-17, REFLECTIONS ON THE CONDUCT AND USE OF REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS AT THE U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 3(2011), available at http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-DP- l l-17.pdf.
72. Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.3.4.
73. See infra Part VI.
74. Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.3.7.
75. WHO, GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 5.3 OF THE WHO FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL 1(2008), available at http://www.who.int/fctc/ guidelines/article-5-3.pdf.
76. Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.5.1.
77. A proposed Transparency Annex on Healthcare Technologies has been leaked and confirms this general direction. See Trans-Pacific Partnership: Transparency Chapter-Annex on Transparency and Procedural Fairness for Healthcare Technologies, CITIZENS TRADE CAMPAIGN (June 22, 2011), http://www.citizenstrade. org/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/TransPacificTransparency.pdf.
78. See PIA EBERHARDT & CECILIA OLIVET, CORP. EUR. OBSERVATORY & TRANSNATIONAL INST., PROFITING FROM INJUSTICE: HOW LAW FIRMS, ARBITRATORS AND FINANCIERS ARE FUELLING AN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION BOOM (2012).
79. Recent History of Smoking in Australia, ABC NEWS, http://www.abc.net.au/ news/2010-04-29/recent-history-of-smoking-in-australia/415748 (last updated Apr. 29, 2010, 8:09 PM).
80. See Tobacco: Plain Packaging for Tobacco Products, AUSTRALIAN GOV'T DEP'T HEALTH & AGEING, http://www.health.gov. au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/ content/tobacco-plain (last updated Mar. 15, 2012).
81. The compendium of documents and hearing transcript is available at Case S389/2411, HIGH CT. AUSTL., http://www.hcourt.gov. au/cases/case-s389/2011 (last visited Mar. 4, 2013).
82. See Case S389/2411, supra note 123.
83. For a discussion of the implications of the decision for the TPP negotiations, see PATRICIA RANALD, THE AUSTRALIAN HIGH COURT TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING DECISION AND INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (ISDS) (2012), available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/105755455/Investor-State-Disputes- Settlement-and-the-TPP-Patricia-Ranald.
84. See Case S389/2411, supra note 123.
85. Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS435, WTO, http://www.wto.org/english/ tratop-e/dispu-e/cases e/ds435-e.htm (last updated Nov. 20, 2012).
86. Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS434, WTO, http://www.wto.org/english/ tratop-e/dispu-e/cases-e/ds434-e.htm (last updated Dec. 18, 2012).
87. In October 2012. Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS435, supra note 128.
88. In November 2012. Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS441, WTO, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop-e/dispu-e/cases-e/ds44l-e.htm (last updated Dec. 18, 2012).
89. Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, Minutes of the Meeting of 10-11 November 2011, ¶ 181, G/TBT/M/55 (Feb.9, 2012).
90. Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Minutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 28-29 February 2012, ¶¶ 155-229, IP/C/M/69 (May 15, 2012).
91. Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, supra note 132, ¶ 181.
92. Christopher Thompson, Cigarette Groups Aid Plain Packs Opposition, FIN. TIMES, Apr. 30, 2012.
93. Investor-State Arbitration - Tobacco Plain Packaging, AUSTRALIAN GOV'T ATT'Y-GEN.'S Dep'T, http://www.ag.gov. au/Internationalrelations/ IntemationalLaw/Pages/Tobaccoplain packaging.aspx (last visited Feb. 26, 2012).
94. Luke Eric Peterson, Philip Morris Vetoes Open Arbitration Hearings in Australia Case, but Filings May Be Released, and Tribunal Decisions Published, INV. ARB. REP., Jan. 10, 2013, available at http://www.iareporter.com/articles/ 20130110-1.
95. 46 Philip Morris on Australian Plain Packaging for Tobacco, SCOOP (Aug. 15, 2012, 4:14 PM), http://www.scoop. co.nz/stories/PO1208/S00225/philip-morris- on-australian-plain-packaging-for-toba cco.htm.
96. See Ben Packham, Cigarette Makers Use FOI Laws, AUSTRALIAN, Apr. 29, 2011, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/cigarette-makers-use-foi- laws/story-fi59niix-1226046544322.
97. See AUSTRALIAN GOV'T PREVENTATIVE HEALTH TASKFORCE, AUSTRALIA: THE HEALTHIEST COUNTRY BY 2020 (2008).
98. AUSTRALIAN GOV'T PREVENTATIVE HEALTH TASKFORCE, AUSTRALIA: THE HEALTHIEST COUNTRY BY 2020: TECHNICAL REPORT 2: TOBACCO CONTROL IN AUSTRALIA: MAKING SMOKING HISTORY (2009).
99. See Draft Regulatory Impact Statement for the Tobacco Control Act and Related Documents, AUSTRALIAN GOV'T DEP'T FIN. & DEREGULATION, http://www.finance.gov. au/foi/disclosurelog/2011/foi-11-26-draft-regulatory- impact-statement-for-the-tobacco-control-act-and-related-documents.html (last modified Nov. 9, 2011).
100. AUSTRALIAN GOV'T DEP'T OF HEALTH & AGEING, TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING BILL 2011 EXPOSURE DRAFT: CONSULTATION PAPER (2011), available at http://www.yourhealth. gov. au/internet/yourhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/tpp- paper#. URQ8eegcn WZ.
101. STANDING COMM. ON HEALTH & AGEING, AUSTL. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ADVISORY REPORT ON THE TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING BILL 2011 AND THE TRADE MARKS AMENDMENT (TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING) BILL 2011, at 1 (2011).
102. STANDING COMM. ON HEALTH & AGEING, supra note 155.
103. Nicola Roxon, 1 Year for Big Tobacco to Get Plain Packs into Gear, AUSTRALIAN GOV'T DEP'T HEALTH & AGEING (Dec. 1, 2011), http://www.health. gov. au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/mr-yrl l-nr-nr255.htm.
104. Nicola Roxon, Parliament Passes World First Plain Packaging of Tobacco Legislation, AUSTRALIAN GOV'T DEP'T HEALTH & AGEING (Nov. 21, 2011), http://www.health.gov. au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/ FE57EE8BD4E2C74FCA25794F00107034/$File/NR243.pdf.
105. See IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., SUBMISSION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND AGEING REGARDING THE TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING BILL 2011 (EXPOSURE DRAFT) AND CONSULTATION PAPER (2011), available at http://www.smoke-free.ca/plain- packaging/documents/201 l/Imperial%20Tobacco%20Australia.pdf;
106. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., COMMODITISING TOBACCO PRODUCTS THROUGH PLAIN PACKAGING WILL HARM PUBLIC HEALTH, VIOLATE TREATIES, AND DOES NOT MEET THE TEST OF "EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY" (2011).
107. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 2.
108. IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162, at 22;
109. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 24-25.
110. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 2.
111. IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162, at 6
112. (quoting Nicola Roxon, Minister, Australian Gov't Dep't of Health & Ageing, Press Conference - Canberra (May 24, 2011));
113. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 2-16.
114. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 29.
115. IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162;
116. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 25.
117. IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162;
118. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 30.
119. Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.2.1;
120. see also PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 4.
121. See IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162;
122. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162.
123. N. Z. PARLIAMENT, GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO THE REPORT OF THE MAORI AFFAIRS COMMITTEE ON ITS INQUIRY INTO THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN AOTEAROA AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF TOBACCO USE FOR MAORI (FINAL RESPONSE) 4 (2011).
124. Isaac Davison, Plain-Pack Ciggies No Slam-Dunk Says Key, N. Z. HERALD (July 24, 2012, 5:30 AM), http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c-id= l&objectid=l0821706.
125. MAORI AFFAIRS COMMITTEE, AUSTL. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, REPORT I.10A, INQUIRY INTO THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN AOTEAROA AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF TOBACCO USE FOR MAORI (2010).
126. Letter from Brett Taylor, General Manager, Philip Morris (N. Z.) Ltd., to Tariana Turia, Assoc. Minister of Health, N. Z. Parliament (July 11, 2011), available at http://www.health.govt.nz/about-ministry/legislation-and- regulation/regulatory-impactstatements/plain-packaging-tobacco-products- regulatory-impact-statement-consultation-phase/plainpackaging-consultation- release-background-documents-and-information.
127. See N. Z. MINISTRY OF HEALTH, PROPOSAL TO INTRODUCE PLAIN PACKAGING OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN NEW ZEALAND: CONSULTATION DOCUMENT (2012), http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/proposal-introduce-plain-packaging- tobacco-products-newzealand;
128. MINISTRY OF HEALTH, REGULATORY IMPACT STATEMENT: PLAIN PACKAGING OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS (2012).
129. Martin Johnston, Thousands Stubbing out, N. Z. HERALD (Dec. 12, 2012, 5:30 AM), http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfrn7c-idH &objectid=l 0853484.
130. See, e.g., IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162;
131. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162.
132. See IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162;
133. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162.
134. PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 2.
135. In a poll conducted during the Auckland round of TPPA negotiations in December 2012, sixty-two percent of New Zealanders said the government should reject investor-state dispute settlement in a TPPA, while only twelve percent said it should agree to the provision. Jane Kelsey, Opinion Polls Show PM out of Touch with Public on TPPA, SCOOP, (Dec. 19, 2012, 10:12 PM), http://www.scoop. co.nz/stories/PO1212/S00285/opinion-polls-show-pm-out-of-touch-with-public- ontppa.htm.
136. BRITISH AM. TOBACCO (N. Z.) LTD., PROPOSAL TO INTRODUCE PLAIN PACKAGING OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN NEW ZEALAND 6, 8-10 (2012).
137. The three companies are BATNZ, PMNZ and Imperial Tobacco. New Zealand's Tobacco Industry, ACTION SMOKING & HEALTH, http://www.ash.org.nz/?t=101 (last visited Feb. 25, 2013).
138. Sam Sachdeva, Tobacco Firms Use 'Stalling' Strategy, THE PRESS, (Jan. 13, 2013, 5:00 PM), http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/8172332/Tobacco-firms- use-stalling-strategy.
139. Key Admits Plain Cigarette Packaging May Not Go Ahead, TVNZ (Feb. 19, 2013), http://tvnz.co.nz/politics-news/key-adraits-plain-cigarette-packaging- may-not-go-ahead-5345464.
140. See The New Zealand legal System, N. Z. MINISTRY JUSTICE, http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global-publications/t/ the-new-zealand-legal-system (last visited Feb. 28, 2013).
141. BRITISH AM. TOBACCO (N. Z.) LTD., supra note 192, at 6.
142. Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS434, supra note 129.
143. The observations here are based on Article 23.1 of the U. S.-Korea FTA. United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement, supra note 213, at art. 23.1.
144. See Benn McGrady, Necessity Exceptions in WTO Law: Retreaded Tyres, Regulatory Purpose and Cumulative Regulatory Measures', 12 J. INT'L ECON. L. 153 (2009).
145. See Tania Voon, Flexibilities in WTO Law to Support Tobacco Control Regulation, 39 AM. J. L.&MED. 199 (2013).
146. See Lori Wallach, Lessons for TPP: How Limits in Past U. S. FTAs Undermine the Effectiveness of General Exceptions and Scheduled Exceptions for Non-Conforming Measures, PUB. CITIZEN GLOBAL TRADE WATCH, Dec. 2012.
147. See HARVEY PURSE & SANYA REID SMITH, SOME IMPACTS OF A TPPA INVESTMENT CHAPTER (2011), available at http://aftinet.org.au/cms/sites/default/ files/Investment% 20paper%20Santiago.pdf.
148. See Federico Ortino, Legal Reasoning of International Investment Tribunals: A Typology of Egregious Failures, 3 J. INT'L DlSP. SETTLEMENT 31 (2012).
149. USTRProposal Viewed as Middle Ground Between Business, Activists, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, May 12, 2012.
150. Appellate Body Report, United States-Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/AB/R 101 (Apr. 4, 2012) (adopted Apr. 24, 2012).
151. Benn McGrady, US Proposal on Tobacco in Trans-Pacific Partnership, O'NEILL INST. FOR NAT'L & GLOBAL HEALTH L. (May 18, 2012), http://www.oneillinstitutetradeblog.org/us-proposal-ontobacco-in-trans-pacific- partnership/.
152. OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, FACT SHEET: TPP TOBACCO PROPOSAL (2012), available at http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact- sheets/2012/may/tpptobacco-proposal.
153. Franco Ordonez, Tobacco Growers Afraid Trans-Pacific Trade Deal Will Harm Exports, McCLATCHY NEWSPAPERS, Feb. 29, 2012, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/ 02/28/140249/tobacco-growers-fear-trade-deal.html#story!ink=misearch;
154. Kirk Seeks 'Proper Balance' on Tobacco Treatment in TPP Proposal, INSIDE U. S. TRADE, Mar. 5, 2012;
155. USTR Heeds McIntyre's Call, Holds off Introduction of Tobacco Text in TPP to Gather Input from Tobacco Community, CONGRESSMAN MlKE MCINTYRE, http://mcintyre.house.gov/index.php?option=com-content& view=article&id= 627:-ustr-heeds-mcintyres-call-holds-off-introduction-of-tobacco-text-in-tpp-to- gather-input-from-tobaccocommunity&catid=l:2010-press-releases<emid= 26 (last visited Mar. 6, 2013).
156. CTR. FOR POL'Y ANALYSIS ON TRADE & HEALTH, CALL TO ACTION: FIX THE FATAL FLAWS IN U. S. TRADE POLICY ON TOBACCO (2012), available at http://www.cpath.org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/ cpathfinalontppproposal5-6-12.pdf.