Necessity exceptions in WTO law: Retreaded tyres, regulatory purpose and cumulative regulatory measures

Journal of International Economic Law

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 153-173

  McGrady, Benn ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 65449163864     PISSN: 13693034     EISSN: 14643758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgn039     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. For this idea in a broader context see Pascal Lamy, 'The Emergence of Collective Preferences in International Trade: Implications in Regulating Globalisation', Conference on 'Collective Preferences and Global Governance: What Future for the Multilateral Trading System', Brussels, 15 September 2004.
2. Aaditya Mattoo and Arvind Subramanian, 'Regulatory autonomy and multilateral disciplines: the dilemma and a possible resolution' (1998) 1 JIEL 303.
3. WTO Appellate Body Report, United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, adopted 20 May 1996, DSR 1996:I, 3 (US -Gasoline), p. 20
4. See for example WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R, adopted 5 April 2001, DSR 2001:VII, 3243, (EC - Asbestos), paras 156-63.
5. WTO Panel Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/R, adopted 12 June 2007, para. 7.53.
6. Ibid, para. 7.42.
7. Ibid, para. 7.101 (my emphasis).
8. Ibid, para. 7.102.
9. WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Trade Description of Sardines, WT/ DS231/AB/R, adopted 23 October 2002, para. 7.120.
10. Appellate Body Report, EC - Asbestos, n 4, para. 168.
11. WTO Appellate Body Report, United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R, adopted 20 April 2005 (US - Gambling), para. 304.
12. WTO Appellate Body Report, Australia - Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/ AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998, DSR 1998:VIII, 3327 (Australia - Salmon), para. 207.
13. Appellate Body Report, US - Gambling, n 11, para. 304.
14. See in this regard Robert Howse and Elisabeth Türk, The WTO Impact Upon Internal Regulations: A Case Study of the Canada - EC Asbestos Dispute, in George Bermann and Petros Mavroidis, Trade and Human Health and Safety (Cambridge University Press, New York 2006) 77-117, 113.
15. Panel Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, n 5, paras 7.166 and 7.172.
16. Ibid, para. 7.175.
17. Ibid, para. 7.159.
18. Ibid, para. 7.175.
19. WTO Panel Report, Dominican Republic - Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes, WT/DS302/R, adopted 19 May 2005 (Dominican Republic - Import and Sale of Cigarettes), para. 7.215.
20. Appellate Body Report, EC - Asbestos, n 4, para. 172.
21. WTO Panel Report, European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/R and Add.1, adopted 5 April 2001, modified by Appellate Body Report, WT/DS135/AB/R, DSR 2001:VIII, 3305, para. 8.173.
22. Ibid, para. 8.174.
23. WTO Appellate Body Report, Korea - Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R, WT/DS169/AB/R, adopted 10 January 2001, DSR 2001:I, 5 (Korea - Various Measures on Beef), para. 178.
24. Ibid.
25. This argument does not to apply to all disputes. For example, a detailed analysis can be found in WTO Panel Report, EC - Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (adopted 7 February 2006), WT/DS291-293, (EC - Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products), paras 7.175-7.437.
26. Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef, n 23, para. 164.
27. Ibid, para. 166.
28. Appellate Body Report, US - Gambling, n 11, para. 308.
29. See Donald H. Regan, 'The meaning of 'necessary' in GATT Article XX and GATS Article XIV: the myth of cost-benefit balancing' (2007) 6(3) World Trade Rev 347.
30. Ibid, para. 306;
31. See also Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef, n 23, para. 162;
32. Appellate Body Report, EC - Asbestos, n 4, para. 172.
33. Appellate Body Report, Korea - Various Measures on Beef, n 23, para. 162.
34. Appellate Body Report, US - Gasoline, n 3, pp. 29-30.
35. WTO Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/ DS332/AB/R, 3 December 2007, para. 156 (my emphasis).
36. Appellate Body Report, EC - Asbestos, n 4, para. 172.
37. Panel Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, n 5, para. 7.111.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid, para. 7.112.
40. In this respect see Howse and Türk n 14, at 116.
41. My emphasis.
42. In this respect see Regan n 29, at 349.
43. Steve Charnovitz, 'An analysis of Pascal Lamy's proposal on collective preferences' (2005) 8(2) JIEL 449, 468.
44. World Health Organization: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 21 May 2003, 42 I.L.M. 518 (2003).
45. For a similar argument see Daniel Farber and Robert Hudec, 'GATT Legal Constraints on Domestic Environmental Regulations' in Jagdish Bhagwati and Robert Hudec (eds) Fair Trade and Harmonization: Prerequisites for Free Trade? vol. 2 (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA 1996), 59-94, 81.
46. Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, n 33, para. 172.
47. Panel Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, n 5, para. 7.169.
48. Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, n 33, para. 154.
49. On the discretion of a panel see Jeffrey Waincymer, 'Reformulated gasoline under reformulated WTO Dispute Settlement procedures: pulling Pandora out of the Chapeau?' (1996) 18(1) MJIL 141, 158-64.
50. Available at: http://www.basel.int/meetings/sbc/workdoc/old%20docs/tech- usedtyres.pdf (visited 16 January 2008).
51. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1673 UNTS 126; 28 ILM 657 (1989).
52. Panel Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, n 5, paras 7.81 and 7.187.
53. Wilfred Jenks, 'Conflict of law-making treaties' (1953) 30 Br Ybk Intl L, 401, 427-8.
54. While this method is like the second method in that it is carried out without recourse to an enabling provision, it is treated differently here because it can be utilized in different circumstances to the second method discussed below.
55. Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law (Cambridge University Press: New York 2003) 463.
56. Ibid.
57. Done at Montego Bay, 10 December 1982, UN Doc. A/CONF.62/122; 21 ILM 1261.
58. Done at Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992, UNEP/Bio.Div./N7-INC5/4; 31 ILM 818.
59. Appellate Body Report, United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998, DSR1998:VII, 2755 (US -Shrimp), para. 130.
60. Appellate Body Report, United States - Tax Treatment for "Foreign Sales Corporations" -Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the European Communities, WT/DS108/AB/RW, adopted 29 January 2002, DSR 2002:I, 55, paras 141-5.
61. Panel Report, EC - Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, n 25, para. 7. 94.
62. Ibid, para. 7.92.
63. See Pauwelyn, n 53, pp. 257-60.
64. For discussion and further sources see Benn McGrady, 'Fragmentation of International Law or "systemic integration" of treaty regimes: EC - Biotech Products and the proper interpretation of Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties' (2008) 42(4) JWT 589.
65. Ibid.