Amino acid requirements: Quantitative estimates

Amino Acids in Human Nutrition and Health

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 267-290

  Pillai, R R ^a   Kurpad, A V ^a  

^a ST JOHN'S NATIONAL ACADEMY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880018826     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (127)

1. Ball, R.O. and Bayley, H.S. (1984) Tryptophan requirement of the 2.5 kg piglet determined by the oxidation of an indicator amino acid. Journal of Nutrition 14, 1741-1746.
2. Ball, R.O., Courtney-Martin, G. and Pencharz, P.B. (2006) The in vivo sparing of methionine by cysteine in sulfur amino acid requirements in animal models and adult humans. Journal of Nutrition 136, 1682S-1693S.
3. Basile-Filho, A., El-Khoury, A.E., Beaumier, L., Wan, S.Y. and Young, V.R. (1997) Continuous twenty-fourhour L-[1-13C]phenylalanine and L-[3,3-2H2]tyrosine oral tracer studies at an "intermediate" phenylalanine intake, to estimate requirements in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 473-488.
4. Basile-Filho, A., Beaumier, L., El-Khoury, A.E., Yu, Y.M., Kenneway, M., Gleason, R.E. and Young, V.R. (1998) Twenty-four-hour L-[1-13C]tyrosine and L-[3,3-2H3]phenylalanine oral tracer studies at generous, intermediate and low phenylalanine intakes to estimate aromatic amino acid requirements in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 640-659.
5. Bergner, H., Simon, O. and Adam, K. (1978) Estimation of lysine requirements in growing rats from the rate of catabolism of 14C and 15N-labeled lysine. (Lysinbedarfs-bestimmung bei wachsenden Ratten anhand der Katabolisierungsrate von 14C und 15N-markiertem Lysin). Archiv Tierenahrung 28, 21-29.
6. Bodwell, C.E., Schuster, E.M., Kyle, E., Brooks, B., Womack, M., Steele, P. and Ahrens, R. (1979) Obligatory urinary and faecal nitrogen losses in young women, older men, and young men and the factorial estimation of adult human protein requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 2450-59.
7. Borgonha, S., Regan, M.M., Oh, S.-H., Condon, M. and Young, V.R. (2002) Threonine requirements of healthy adults, evaluated by a 24h indicator amino acid balance technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75, 698-704.
8. Brookes, I.M., Owens, F.N. and Garrigus, U.S. (1972) Influence of amino acid level in the diet upon amino acid oxidation by the rat. Journal of Nutrition 102, 27-36.
9. Bross, R., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (1998) Development of a minimally invasive protocol for the determination of phenylalanine and lysine kinetics in humans during the fed state. Journal of Nutrition 128, 1913-9.
10. Calloway, D.H. and Margen, S. (1971) Variation in endogenous nitrogen excretion and dietary nitrogen utilization as determination of human protein requirements. Journal of Nutrition 101, 295-316.
11. Chavez, E.R. and Bayley, H.S. (1976) Amino acid metabolism in the piglet. 3. Influence of lysine level in the diet on energy metabolism and in vivo oxidation. British Journal of Nutrition 36, 369-380.
12. Cortiella, J., Matthews, D.E., Hoerr, R.A., Bier, D.M. and Young, V.R. (1988) Leucine kinetics at graded intakes in young men: quantitative fate of dietary leucine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 998-1009.
13. Cortiella, J., Marchini, J.S., Branch, S., Chapman, T.E. and Young, V.R. (1992) Phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics in relation to altered protein and phenylalanine and tyrosine intakes in healthy young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 517-525.
14. Davis, J.A., Greer, F.R. and Benevenga, N.J. (2000) Urea production is increased in neonatal piglets infused with alanine at 25, 50 and 75% of resting energy needs. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1971-1977.
15. De Benoist, B., Abdulrazzak, Y., Brooke, O.G., Halliday, D. and Millward, D.J. (1984) The measurement of whole body protein turnover in the preterm infant with intragastric infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine and sampling of the urinary leucine pool. Clinical Science 66, 155-164.
16. Di Buono, M., Wykes, L.J., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2001a) Dietary cysteine reduces the methionine requirement in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74, 761-766.
17. Di Buono, M., Wykes, L.J., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2001b) Total sulfur amino acid requirement in young men as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation L-[1-13C]phenylalanine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74, 756-760.
18. Duncan, A.M., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (1996) Lysine requirement of adult males is not affected by decreasing dietary protein. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64, 718-725.
19. Elango, R., Humayun, M.A., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2007) Lysine requirement of healthy school-age children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, 360-365.
20. Elango, R., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2008) Individual amino acid requirements in humans: an update PB. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 11, 34-39.
21. Elango, R., Humayun, M.A., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2009) Indicator amino acid oxidation is not affected by period of adaptation to a wide range of lysine intake in healthy young men. Journal of Nutrition 139, 1-6.
22. El-Khoury, A.E., Fukagawa, N.K., Sánchez, M., Tsay, R.H., Gleason, R.E., Chapman, T.E. and Young, V.R. (1994a) Validation of the tracer-balance concept with reference to leucine: 24 El-Khoury hour intravenous tracer studies with L-(1-13C)leucine and (15N-15N)urea. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 1000-1011.
23. El-Khoury, A.E., Fukagawa, N.K., Sánchez, M., Tsay, R.H., Gleason, R.E., Chapman, T.E. and Young, V.R. (1994b) The 24 hour pattern and rate of leucine oxidation, with particular reference to tracer estimates of leucine requirements in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 1012-1020.
24. El-Khoury, A.E., Sánchez, M., Fukagawa, N.K., Gleason, R.E., Tsay, R.H. and Young, V.R. (1995) The 24 hour kinetics of leucine oxidation in healthy adults receiving a generous leucine intake via three discrete meals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 579-590.
25. El-Khoury, A.E., Ajami, A.M., Fukagawa, N.K., Chapman, T.E. and Young, V.R. (1996) Diurnal pattern of the interrelationships among leucine oxidation, urea production, and hydrolysis in humans. American Journal of Physiology 271, E563-E573.
26. El-Khoury, A.E., Forslund, A., Olsson, R., Branth, S., Sjodin, A., Anderson, A., Atkinson, A., et al. (1997) Moderate exercise at energy balance does not affect 24-h leucine oxidation or nitrogen retention in healthy men. American Journal of Physiology 273, E394-E407.
27. El-Khoury, A.E., Basile, A., Beaumier, L., Wang, S.Y., Al-Amiri, H.A., Selvaraj, A., Wong, S., et al. (1998) Twenty-four hour intravenous and oral tracer studies with L-[1-13C]-2-aminoadipic acid and L-(1-13C) lysine as tracers at generous nitrogen and lysine intakes in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, 827-839.
28. El-Khoury, A.E., Pereira, P.C.M., Borgonha, S., Basile-Filho, A., Beaumier, L., Wang, S.Y., Metges, C.C., et al. (2000) Twenty-four-hour oral studies with L-[1-13C]lysine at a low (15 mg.kg-1.d-1) and intermediate (29 mg.kg-1.d-1)lysine intake in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, 122-130.
29. FAO and WHO (1973) Energy and protein requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee, Technical Report Series 522. World Health Organization, Geneva.
30. FAO, WHO, and UNU (1985) Energy and protein requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, Technical Report Series 724. World Health Organization, Geneva.
31. Fukagawa, N.K., Yu, Y.M. and Young, V.R. (1998) Methionine and cysteine kinetics at different intakes of methionine and cystine in elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, 380-388.
32. Fuller, M.F. and Garlick, P. (1994) Human amino acid requirements: can the controversy be resolved? Annual Review of Nutrition 14, 217-241.
33. Harper, A.E. and Benjamin, E. (1984) Relationship between intake and rate of oxidation of leucine and a-ketoisocaproate in vivo in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 114, 431-440.
34. Hegsted, D.M. (1963) Variation in requirements of nutrients-amino acids. Federation Proceedings 22, 1424-1430.
35. Hegsted, D.M. (1976) Balance studies. Journal of Nutrition 106, 307-311.
36. Hiramatsu, T., Fukagawa, N.K., Marchini, J.S., Cortiella, J., Yu, Y.M., Chapman, T.E. and Young, V.R. (1994) Methionine and cysteine kinetics at different intakes of cystine in healthy adult men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 525-533.
37. Hsu, J.W., Goonewardene, L.A., Rafii, M., Ball, R.O and Pencharz, P.B. (2006) Aromatic amino acid requirements in healthy men measured by indicator amino acid oxidation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, 82-88.
38. Humayun, M.A., Turner, J.M., Elango, R., Rafii, M., Langos, V., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2006) Minimum methionine requirement and cysteine sparing of methionine in healthy school-age children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, 1080-1085.
39. Humayun, M.A., Elango, R., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2007a) Re-evaluation of the protein requirement in young men with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, 995-1002.
40. Humayun, M.A., Elango, R., Moehn, S., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2007b) Application of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique for the determination of metabolic availability of sulfur amino acid from casein versus soy protein isolate in adult men. Journal of Nutrition 137, 1874-1879.
41. Inoue, G., Fujita, Y., Kishi, K., Yamamoto, S. and Niiyama, Y. (1974) Nutritive values of egg protein and wheat gluten in young men. Nutrition Reports International 10, 202-207.
42. Irwin, M.I. and Hegsted, D.M. (1971) A conspectus of research on amino acid requirements of man. Journal of Nutrition 101, 539-566.
43. Jackson, A.A. (1993) Chronic malnutrition: protein metabolism. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 8, 1617-1626.
44. Kang-Lee, Y.A.E and Harper, A.E. (1977) Effect of histidine intake and hepatic histidase activity on the metabolism of histidine in vivo. Journal of Nutrition 107, 1427-1443.
45. Kang-Lee, Y.A.E. and Harper, A.E. (1978) Threonine metabolism in vivo: Effect of threonine intake and prior induction of threonine dehydratase in rats. Journal of Nutrition 108, 163-175.
46. Kim, K.-I. and Bayley, H.S. (1983) Amino acid oxidation by young piglets receiving diets with varying levels of sulphur amino acids. British Journal of Nutrition 50, 383-390.
47. Kim, K.-I., McMillan, I. and Bayley, H.S. (1983a) Determination of amino acid requirements of young pigs using an indicator amino acid. British Journal of Nutrition 50, 369-382.
48. Kim, K.-I., Elliott, I.I. and Bayley, H.S. (1983b) Oxidation of an indicator amino acid by young pigs receiving diets with varying levels of lysine or threonine and assessment of amino acid requirements. British Journal of Nutrition 50, 391-399.
49. Krempf, M., Hoerr, R.A., Pelletier, V.A., Marks, L.M., Gleason, R. and Young, V.R. (1993) An isotopic study of the effect of dietary carbohydrate on the metabolic fate of dietary leucine and phenylalanine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 161-169.
50. Kriengsinyos, W., Wykes, L.J., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2002) Oral and intravenous tracer protocols of the indicator amino acid oxidation method provide the same estimate of the lysine requirement in healthy men. Journal of Nutrition 132, 2251-57.
51. Kriengsinyos, W., Wykes, L.J., Goonewardene, L.A., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2004) Phase of menstrual cycle affects lysine requirement in healthy women. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 287, E489-E496.
52. Kurpad, A.V. and Vaz, M. (2000) Protein and amino acid requirements in the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, S131-S142.
53. Kurpad, A.V. and Young, V.R. (2003) What is apparent is not always real: lessons from lysine requirement studies in adult humans. Journal of Nutrition 133, 1227-1230.
54. Kurpad, A.V., El-Khoury, A.E., Beaumier, L., Srivatsa, A., Kuriyan, R., Raj, T., Borgonha, S., et al. (1998) An initial assessment, using 24 hour 13C-leucine kinetics, of the lysine requirement of healthy adult Indian subject. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 58-66.
55. Kurpad, A.V., Raj, T., El-Khoury, A.E., Beaumier, L., Kuriyan, R., Srivatsa, A., Borgonha, S., et al. (2001a) Lysine requirements of healthy adult Indian subjects, measured by an indicator amino acid balance technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 900-908.
56. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Raj, T., El-Khoury, A., Kuriyan, R., Vaz, M., Chandakudlu, D.V.G.V., et al. (2001b) The lysine requirement of healthy adult Indian subjects on longer term feeding and measured by the 24h indicator amino acid oxidation and balance technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 900-907.
57. Kurpad, A.V., Raj, T., El-Khoury, A., Kuriyan, R., Maruthy, K., Borgonha, S., Chandukudlu, D., et al. (2001c) The daily requirement for and splanchnic uptake of leucine in healthy adult healthy Indian subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74, 747-755.
58. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Raj, T., Maruthy, K., Gananou, J. and Young, V.R. (2002a) Intravenously infused 1-13C leucine is retained in fasting healthy adult men. Journal of Nutrition 132, 1906-1908.
59. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Raj, T., El-Khoury, A., Kuriyan, R., Vaz, M., Chandakudlu, D., et al. (2002b) Lysine requirements of healthy adult Indian subjects receiving long-term feeding measured with a 24-h indicator amino acid oxidation and balance technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, 404-412.
60. Kurpad, A.V., Raj, T., Regan, M.M., Vasudevan., J., Caszo, B., Nazareth, D. and Young, V.R. (2002c) Threonine requirements of healthy Indian adults, measured by a 24-h indicator amino acid oxidation and balance technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, 789-797.
61. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Raj, T., Varalakshmi, S., Gnanou, J., Thankachan, P. and Young, V.R. (2003a) Leucine requirement and splanchnic uptake of leucine in chronically undernourished adult Indian subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77, 861-867.
62. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Raj, T., Vasudevan, J., Kuriyan, R., Gnanou, J. and Young, V.R. (2003b) Lysine requirements of chronically undernourished adult Indian men, measured by a 24-h indicator amino acid oxidation and balance technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77, 101-108.
63. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Varalakshmi, S., Vasudevan, J., Gnanou, J., Raj, T. and Young, V.R. (2003c) Daily methionine requirements of healthy Indian men, measured by a 24-h indicator amino acid oxidation and balance technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77, 1198-205.
64. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Nazareth, D., Nagaraj, S., Gnanou, J. and Young, V.R. (2003d) Intestinal parasites increase the dietary lysine requirement in chronically undernourished Indian men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78, 1145-11451.
65. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Varalakshmi, S., Gnanou, J. and Young, V.R. (2004) Daily requirement for total sulfur amino acids of chronically undernourished Indian men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, 95-100.
66. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Raj, T., Gnanou, J., Rao, V. and Young, V.R. (2005) The daily valine requirement of healthy adult Indians determined by the 24-h indicator amino acid balance approach. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, 373-379.
67. Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Raj, T., Rao, V., Gnanou, J. and Young, V.R. (2006) The daily phenylalanine requirement of healthy Indian adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, 1331-1336.
68. Lazaris-Brunner, G., Rafii, M., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (1998) Tryptophan requirement in young adult women as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation with L-[13C]phenylalanine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, 303-310.
69. Libao-Mercado, A.J.O., Zhu, C.L., Cant, J.P., Lapierre, H., Thibault, J., Sève, B., Fuller, M.F., et al. (2009) Dietary and endogenous amino acids are the main contributors to microbial protein in the upper gut of normally nourished pigs. Journal of Nutrition 139, 1088-1094.
70. MacCoss, M.J., Fukagawa, N.K. and Matthews, D.E. (1999) Measurement of homocysteine concentrations and stable isotope tracer enrichments in human plasma. Analytical Chemistry 71, 4527-4533.
71. Mager, D.R., Wykes, L.J., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2003) Branched-chain acid requirements in school-aged children determined by indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO). Journal of Nutrition 133, 3540-3545.
72. Manatt, M.W. and Garcia, P.A. (1992) Nitrogen balance: concepts and techniques. In: Nissen, S. (ed.) Modern Methods in Protein Nutrition and Metabolism. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 9-66.
73. Marchini, C.J., Cortiella, J., Hiramatsu, T., Chapman, T.E. and Young, V.R. (1993) Requirements for indispensable amino acids in adult humans: longer term amino acid kinetic study with support for the adequacy of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology amino acid requirement pattern. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, 670-683.
74. Meguid, M.M., Matthews, D.E., Bier, D.M., Meredith, C.N., Soeldner, J.S. and Young, V.R. (1986a) Leucine kinetics at graded leucine intakes in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 770-780.
75. Meguid, M.M., Matthews, D.E., Bier, D.M., Meredith, C.N. and Young, V.R. (1986b) Valine kinetics at graded valine intakes in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 781-786.
76. Meredith, C.N., Wen, Z.-M., Bier, D.M., Matthews, D.E. and Young, V.R. (1986) Lysine kinetics at graded lysine intakes in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 787-794.
77. Millward, D.J. (1998) Metabolic demands for amino acids and the human dietary requirement: Millward and Rivers (1988) revisited. Journal of Nutrition 128, 2563S-2576S.
78. Millward, D.J. (1999) The nutritional value of plant-based diets in relation to human amino acid and protein requirements. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, 249-260.
79. Millward, D.J. (2000) Postprandial protein utilization: implications for clinical nutrition. In: Fürst, P. and Young, V.R. (eds) Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids in Enteral Nutrition. Karger AG, Basel, pp. 135-155.
80. Millward, D.J., Price, G.M., Pacy, P.J.H. and Halliday, D. (1990) Maintenance protein requirements: the need for conceptual re-evaluation. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 49, 473-487.
81. Millward, D.J., Fereday, A., Gibson, N.R. and Pacy, P.J. (2000) Human adult amino acid requirements: [1-13C] leucine balance evaluation of the efficiency of utilization and apparent requirements for wheat protein and lysine compared with those for milk protein in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, 112-121.
82. Moehn, S., Bertolo, R.F., Pencharz, P.B. and Ball, R.O. (2004) Indicator amino acid oxidation responds rapidly to changes in lysine or protein intake in growing and adult pigs. Journal of Nutrition 134, 836-41.
83. Mortimore, G.E., Woodside, K.H. and Henry, J.E. (1972) Compartmentation of free valine and its relation to protein turnover in perfused rat liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry 247, 2776-2784.
84. Motil, K.J., Bier, D.M., Matthews, D.E., Burke, J.F. and Young, V.R. (1981) Whole body leucine and lysine metabolism studied with [1-13C]leucine and [1-15N]lysine: response in healthy young men given excess energy intake. Metabolism 30, 783-791.
85. Pelletier, V., Marks, L., Wagner, D.A., Hoerr, R.A. and Young, V.R. (1991) Branched-chain amino acid interactions with reference to amino acid requirements in adult men: valine metabolism at different leucine intakes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 395-40l.
86. Pencharz, P.B. and Ball, R.O. (2003) Different approaches to define individual amino acid requirements. Annual Review of Nutrition 23, 101-116.
87. Pencharz, P.B., Hsu, J.W. and Ball, R.O. (2007) Aromatic amino acid requirements in healthy human subjects. Journal of Nutrition 137, 1576S-1578S. Pillai, R.R., Elango, R., Muthayya, S., Ball, R.O., Kurpad, A.V. and Pencharz, P.B. (2010) Lysine requirement of healthy, school-aged Indian children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Journal of Nutrition 140, 54-59.
88. Quevedo, M.R., Price, G.M., Halliday, D., Pacy, P.J. and Millward, D.J. (1994) Nitrogen homeostasis in man: diurnal changes in nitrogen excretion, leucine oxidation and whole body leucine kinetics during a reduction from a high to a moderate protein intake. Clinical Science 86, 185-193.
89. Raguso, C., Ajami, A.M., Gleason, R. and Young, V.R. (1997) Effect of cystine intake on methionine kinetics and oxidation, using oral tracers of methionine and cystine in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, 283-292.
90. Raguso, C., El-Khoury, A.E. and Young, V.R. (1999) Leucine kinetics in reference to the effect of the feeding mode as three discrete meals. Metabolism 48, 1378-1386.
91. Raguso, C., Regan, M.M. and Young, V.R. (2000) Cysteine kinetics and oxidation at different intakes of methionine and cystine in young adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 491-499.
92. Raj, T., Dileep, U., Vaz, M., Fuller, M.F. and Kurpad, A.V. (2008) Intestinal microbial contribution to metabolic leucine input in adult men. Journal of Nutrition 138, 2217-2221.
93. Rand, W.M. and Young, V.R. (1999) Statistical analysis of N balance data with reference to the lysine requirement in adults. Journal of Nutrition 129, 1920-1926.
94. Rand, W.M., Young, V.R. and Scrimshaw, N.S. (1976) Change of urinary nitrogen excretion in response to low-protein diets in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29, 639-644.
95. Rand, W.M., Scrimshaw, N.S. and Young, V.R. (1977) Determination of protein allowances in human adults from nitrogen balance data. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30, 1129-1134.
96. Rand, W.M., Scrimshaw, N.S. and Young, V.R. (1979) An analysis of temporal patterns in urinary nitrogen excretion of young adults receiving constant diets at two nitrogen intakes for 8 to 11 weeks. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 1408-1414.
97. Rand, W.M., Scrimshaw, N.S. and Young, V.R. (1985) A retrospective analysis of long term metabolic balance studies: Implications for understanding dietary nitrogen and energy utilization. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 1329-1350.
98. Riazi, R., Wykes, L.J., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2003) The total branched-chain amino acid requirement in young healthy adult men determined by indicator amino acid oxidation by use of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine. Journal of Nutrition 133, 1383-1389.
99. Roberts, S.B., Young, V.R., Fuss, P., Fiatarone, M.A., Richard, B., Rasmussen, H., Wagner, D.J., et al. (1990) Energy expenditure and subsequent nutrient intakes in overfed young men. American Journal of Physiology 259, R461-R469.
100. Roberts, S.B., Thorpe, J.M., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2001) Tyrosine requirement of healthy men receiving a fixed phenylalanine intake determined by using indicator amino acid oxidation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 276-282.
101. Rose, W.C. (1957) The amino acid requirements of adult man. Nutrition Abstract and Review 27, 631-647.
102. Sánchez, M., El-Khoury, A.E., Castillo, L., Chapman, T.E. and Young, V.R. (1995) Phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics in young men throughout a continuous 24-h period, at a low phenylalanine intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 555-570.
103. Sánchez, M., El-Khoury, A.E., Castillo, L., Chapman, T.E., Basile, A., Beaumier, L. and Young, V.R. (1996) Twenty-four-hour intravenous and oral tracer studies with L-[1-13C]phenylalanine and L-[3,3-2H2] tyrosine at a tyrosine-free generous phenylalanine intake in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 532-545.
104. Storch, K.J., Wagner D.A., Burke J.F. and Young V.R. (1988) Quantitative study in vivo of methionine cycle in humans using [methyl-2H3]- and [1-13C]methionine. American Journal of Physiology 255, E322-331.
105. Tontisirin, K., Young, V.R., Miller, M. and Scrimshaw, N.S. (1973) Plasma tryptophan response curve and tryptophan requirements of elderly people. Journal of Nutrition 103, 1220-1228.
106. Turner, J.M., Humayun, M.A., Elango, R., Rafii, M., Langos, V., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (2006) Total sulfur amino acid requirement of healthy school aged children as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, 619-623.
107. Waterlow, J.C. (1996) The requirements of adult man for indispensable amino acids. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, S151-S179.
108. WHO, FAO, and UNU (2007) Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 935, 1-265.
109. Wilson, D.C., Rafii, M., Ball, R.O., Pencharz, P.B. (2000) Threonine requirement of young men determined by indicator amino acid oxidation with use of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 757-764.
110. Wykes, L.J., Ball, R.O., Menendez, C.E. and Pencharz, P.B. (1990) Urine collection as an alternative to blood sampling: a noninvasive means of determining isotopic enrichment to study amino acid flux in neonates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 605-608.
111. Young, V.R. (1987) McCollum Award Lecture. Kinetics of human amino acid metabolism: nutritional implications and some lessons. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 709-725.
112. Young, V.R. (1999) Amino acid flux and requirements: counterpoint; tentative estimates are feasible and necessary. In: The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining Enhancing Performance. Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, pp. 217-242.
113. Young, V.R. and Bier, D.M. (1981) Stable isotopes (13C and 15N) in the study of human protein and amino acid metabolism and requirements. In: Beers, R.F. and Bassett, E.G. (eds) Nutritional Factors: Modulating Effects on Metabolic Processes. Raven Press, New York, pp. 267.
114. Young, V.R. and Marchini, J.S. (1990) Mechanisms and nutritional significance of metabolic responses to altered adaptation in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 270-289.
115. Young, V.R., Hussein, M.A., Murray, E. and Scrimshaw, N.S. (1971) Plasma tryptophan response curve and its relation to tryptophan requirement in young men. Journal of Nutrition 101, 45-60.
116. Young, V.R., Taylor, Y.S.M., Rand, W.M. and Scrimshaw, N.S. (1973) Protein requirements of man: efficiency of egg protein utilization at maintenance and sub maintenance levels in young men. Journal of Nutrition 103, 1164-1174.
117. Young, V.R., Wayler, A., Garza, C., Steinke, F.H., Murray, E., Rand, W.M. and Scrimshaw, N.S. (1984) A long-term metabolic balance study in young men to assess the nutritional quality of an isolated soy protein and beef proteins. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 8-15.
118. Young, V.R., Gucalp, C., Rand, W.M., Matthews, D.E. and Bier, D.M. (1987) Leucine kinetics during three weeks at submaintenance-to-maintenance intakes of leucine in men: adaptation and accommodation. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 41C, 1-18.
119. Young, V.R., Bier, D.M. and Pellett, P.L. (1989) A theoretical basis for increasing current estimates of the amino acid requirements in adult man, with experimental support. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 80-92.
120. Young, V.R., Wagner, D.A., Burini, R. and Storch, K.J. (1991) Methionine kinetics and balance at the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU intake requirement in adult men studied with L-[2H3-methyl-1-13C]methionine as tracer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 377-385.
121. Young, V.R., Yu, Y.-M. and Fukagawa, N.K. (1992) Energy and protein turnover. In: Kinney, J.M. and Tucker, H.N. (eds) Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. Raven Press, New York.
122. Zanni, E., Callow, D.H. and Zezulka, A.Y. (1979) Protein requirements of elderly men. Journal of Nutrition 109, 513-524.
123. Zello, G.A., Pencharz, P.B. and Ball, R.O. (1990) Phenylalanine flux, oxidation, and conversion to tyrosine in humans studies with L-[1-13C]phenylalanine. American Journal of Physiology 259, E835-E843.
124. Zello, G.A., Pencharz, P.B. and Ball, R.O. (1993) Dietary lysine requirement of young adult males determined by oxidation of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine. American Journal of Physiology 264, E677-E685.
125. Zello, G.A., Marai, L., Tung, A.S., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (1994) Plasma and urine enrichments following infusion of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine and L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine in humans: evidence for an isotope effect in renal tubular reabsorption. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 43, 487-491.
126. Zello G.A., Wykes, L.J., Ball, R.O. and Pencharz, P.B. (1995) Recent advances in method of assessing dietary amino acid requirements for adult humans. Journal of Nutrition 125, 2907-2915.
127. Zhao, X.-H., Wen, Z.-M., Meredith, C.N., Matthews, D.E., Bier, D.M. and Young, V.R. (1986) Threonine kinetics at graded threonine intakes in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 795-802.