A humble task: Restoring virtue in an age of conflicted interests

Academic Medicine

Volumn 88, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 924-928

  Dubois, James M ^a   Kraus, Elena M ^a   Mikulec, Anthony A ^a   Cruz Flores, Salvador ^a   Bakanas, Erin ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879956857     PISSN: 10402446     EISSN: 1938808X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318294fd5b     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Beecher HK. Ethics and clinical research. N Engl J Med. 1966;274:1354-1360.
2. Osler W. Aequanimitas: With Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses, and Practitioners of Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: P. Blakiston's Son & Co; 1906.
3. Pellegrino ED. Toward a virtue-based normative ethics for the health professions. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 1995;5:253-277.
4. Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. The Virtues in Medical Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993.
5. May WF. Professional virtue and self-regulation. In: Callahan J, ed. Ethical Issues in Professional Life. New York, NY: Oxford; 1998:408-410.
6. Mercier H, Sperber D. Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behav Brain Sci. 2011;34:57-74.
7. Haidt J, Kesebir S. Morality. In: Fiske S, Gilbert D, Lindzey G, eds. Handbook of Social Psychology. 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2010:797-832.
8. Appiah KA. Experiments in Ethics. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 2008.
9. Epley N, Caruso EM. Egocentric ethics. Soc Justice Res. 2004;17:171-187.
10. Moore DA, Loewenstein G. Self-interest, automaticity, and the psychology of confict of interest. Soc Justice Res. 2004;17:189-202.
11. Haidt J. The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science. 2007;316:998-1002.
12. Haidt J. The Righteous Mind. Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York, NY: Pantheon Books; 2012.
13. Dana J, Loewenstein G. A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry. JAMA. 2003;290:252-255.
14. Institute of Medicine. Confict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009.
15. Association of American Medical Colleges. Report of the AAMC Task Force on Industry Funding of Medical Education to the AAMC Executive Council. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2008. http://psychrights.org/articles/industryfunding(AAMC2008).pdf. Accessed March 18, 2013.
16. The Scientifc Basis of Infuence and Reciprocity: A Symposium. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges and Baylor College of Medicine; 2007. http://homecarenyc.org/upload/interactive/conference/conference/400s/410/ AAMCreport.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2013.
17. Steinman MA, Shlipak MG, McPhee SJ. Of principles and pens: Attitudes and practices of medicine housestaff toward pharmaceutical industry promotions. Am J Med. 2001;110:551-557.
18. Dubois JM, Carroll K, Gibb T, et al. Environmental factors contributing to wrongdoing in medicine: A criterion-based review of studies and cases. Ethics Behav. 2012;22:163-188.
19. N.Y. eye doctor admits he cheated Medicare by performing unnecessary surgery on mentally ill. Associated Press. May 20, 2003; Domestic News.
20. Eichenwald K. Operating profts: Mining Medicare; How one hospital benefted from questionable surgery. NY Times. August 12, 2003.
21. Lei H-H. Cardiologists more interested in proft than patient health [A Hearty Life]. San Francisco Chronicle. February 18, 2007, 2007.
22. Studdert DM, Mello MM, Brennan TA. Financial conficts of interest in physicians' relationships with the pharmaceutical industry-Self-regulation in the shadow of federal prosecution. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1891-1900.
23. DuBois JM. Conficting interests in research: Stories by physicians on how fnancing affects their work. Narrative Inquiry Bioeth. 2011;1:65-106.
24. Dinan MA, Weinfurt KP, Friedman JY, et al. Comparison of confict of interest policies and reported practices in academic medical centers in the United States. Account Res. 2006;13:325-342.
25. Ehringhaus S, Korn D. U.S. Medical School Policies on Individual Financial Conficts of Interest: Results of an AAMC Survey. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2004.
26. Weinfurt KP, Seils DM, Tzeng JP, Lin L, Schulman KA, Califf RM. Consistency of fnancial interest disclosures in the biomedical literature: The case of coronary stents. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2128.
27. Chimonas S, Frosch Z, Rothman DJ. From disclosure to transparency: The use of company payment data. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:81-86.
28. Okike K, Kocher MS, Wei EX, Mehlman CT, Bhandari M. Accuracy of confict-of-interest disclosures reported by physicians. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1466-1474.
29. Loewenstein G, Sah S, Cain DM. The unintended consequences of confict of interest disclosure. JAMA. 2012;307:669-670.
30. DuBois JM. Is compliance a professional virtue of researchers? Refections on promoting the responsible conduct of research. Ethics Behav. 2004;14:383-395.
31. Retting RA, Williams AF, Farmer CM, Feldman AF. Evaluation of red light camera enforcement in Oxnard, California. Accid Anal Prev. 1999;31:169-174.
32. Kraus JF, Peek C, William A. Compliance with the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:96-99.
33. Antes AL, Brown R P, Murphy ST, et al. Personality and ethical decision-making in research: The role of perceptions of self and others. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics. 2007;2:15-34.
34. Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al; Safe Surgery Saves Lives Study Group. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:491-499.
35. Turiel E. Snap judgment? Not so fast: Thought, reasoning, and choice as psychological realities. Hum Dev. 2010;53:105-109.
36. Gibbs JC. Moral Development and Reality: Beyond the Theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman. New York, NY: Pearson; 2009.
37. Appelbaum PS, Lidz CW, Grisso T. Therapeutic misconception in clinical research: Frequency and risk factors. IRB. 2004;26:1-8.
38. Roberts LW, Warner TD, Brody JL, Roberts B, Lauriello J, Lyketsos C. Patient and psychiatrist ratings of hypothetical schizophrenia research protocols: Assessment of harm potential and factors infuencing participation decisions. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:573-584.
39. Adair RF, Holmgren LR. Do drug samples infuence resident prescribing behavior? A randomized trial. Am J Med. 2005;118:881-884.
40. Wazana A. Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: Is a gift ever just a gift? JAMA. 2000;283:373-380.
41. Coulehan J. On humility. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:200-201.
42. Callahan D. Remembering the goals of medicine. J Eval Clin Pract. 1999;5:103-106.
43. Goodpaster KE. Ethics or excellence? Conscience as a check on the unbalanced pursuit of organizational goals. Ivey Bus J. 2004;68:1-9.