Systematic review of economic evaluations in plastic surgery

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Volumn 132, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 191-203

  Ziolkowski, Natalia I ^a,b   Voineskos, Sophocles H ^b   Ignacy, Teegan A ^b   Thoma, Achilleas ^b  

^a not available   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COST; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; HUMAN; PLASTIC SURGERY; REVIEW;

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; HUMANS; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; SURGERY, PLASTIC;

EID: 84879924881     PISSN: 00321052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318290f8f8     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O'Brien BJ, Stoddar GL. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. 3rd ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Medical Publications. 2005.
2. Thoma A, Strumas N, Rockwell G, McKnight L. The use of cost-effectiveness analysis in plastic surgery clinical research. Clin Plast Surg. 2008;35:285-296.
3. Damen TH, Wei W, Mureau MA, et al. Medium-term cost analysis of breast reconstructions in a single Dutch centre: A comparison of implants, implants preceded by tissue expansion, LD transpositions and DIEP flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64:1043-1053.
4. Dzwierzynski WW, Spitz K, Hartz A, Guse C, Larson DL. Improvement in resource utilization after development of a clinical pathway for patients with pressure ulcers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:2006-2011.
5. Dennis G. Outcome and cost analysis for outpatient skin grafting. J Trauma 1997;43:597-602.
6. Biskupiak J, Sclafani AP. Economic analysis of "liquid" versus surgical face-lift: Are large-volume facial soft tissue filler injection treatments a viable alternative to rhytidectomy? Facial Plast Surg. 2010;26:296-302.
7. Davis Sears E, Burns PB, Chung KC. The outcomes of outcome studies in plastic surgery: A systematic review of 17 years of plastic surgery research. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120:2059-2065.
8. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Health Care System: Efficiency and Policy Settings. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2010.
9. The Price of Excess: Identifying Waste in Healthcare Spending. PricewaterhourseCoopers' Health Research Institute, 2009. Available at: www.pwc.com/us/en/healthcare/publications/the-price-of-excess.jhtml. Accessed June 13, 2012.
10. Thoma A, Sprague S, Tandan V; Evidence-Based Surgery Working Group. Users' guide to the surgical literature: How to use an article on economic analysis. Can J Surg. 2001;44:347-354.
11. Thoma A, Farrokhyar F, Bhandari M, Tandan V. Users' guide to the surgical literature: How to assess a randomized controlled trial in surgery. Can J Surg. 2004;47:200-208.
12. Thoma A, Ignacy TA, Ziolkowski N, Voineskos S. The performance and publication of cost-utility analyses in plastic surgery: Making our specialty relevant. Can J Plast Surg. 2012;20:187-193.
13. Health Quality Ontario. Available at: http://www.hqontario. ca/. Accessed December 13, 2012.
14. Health Quality Council of Alberta. Available at: http://www. hqca.ca/. Accessed December 20, 2012.
15. Saskatchewan Health Quality Council. Available at: http://hqc.sk.ca/. Accessed December 20, 2012.
16. Programs for Assessment of Technology in Health (PATH) Research Institute. Available at: http://www.path-hta.ca/Home.aspx. Accessed December 20, 2012
17. Kotsis SV, Chung KC. Fundamental principles of conducting a surgery economic analysis study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125:727-735.
18. Thoma A, McKnight LL. Quality-adjusted life-year as a surgical outcome measure: A primer for plastic surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125:1279-1287.
19. Hoerger TJ, Zhang P, Segel JE, Kahn HS, Barker LE, Couper S. Cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgery for severely obese adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1933-1939.
20. Thoma A, Khuthaila D, Rockwell G, Veltri K. Cost-utility analysis comparing free and pedicled TRAM flap for breast reconstruction. Microsurgery 2003;23:287-295.
21. Thoma A, Haines T, Veltri K, Goldsmith CH, O'Brien BJ, Quartly C. A methodological guide to performing a costutility study comparing surgical techniques. Can J Plast Surg. 2004; 12:179-187.
22. Vertical scar versus inferior pedicle technique. Registered at ClinialTrials.gov. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00149344? term=NCT00149344&rank=1. Accessed December 22, 2012.
23. Wood FM, Kolybaba ML, Allen P. The use of cultured epithelial autograft in the treatment of major burn injuries: A critical review of the literature. Burns 2006;32:395-401.
24. Hermans MH. Preservation methods of allografts and their (lack of) influence on clinical results in partial thickness burns. Burns 2011;37:873-881.
25. Bass MJ, Phillips LG. Economics of pediatric burns. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19:888-890.
26. Khan MN, Davies CG. Advances in the management of leg ulcers The potential role of growth factors. Int Wound J. 2006;3:113-120.
27. Jansen LA, Macadam SA. The use of AlloDerm in postmastectomy alloplastic breast reconstruction: Part I. A systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127:2232-2244.
28. Jones I, Currie L, Martin R. A guide to biological skin substitutes. Br J Plast Surg. 2002;55:185-193.
29. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000100.
30. Kroll SS, Evans GR, Reece GP, et al. Comparison of resource costs between implant-based and TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:364-372.
31. Muñoz E, Soldano R, Sherrow K, Laughlin A, Margolis IB, Wise L. Mode of admission and cost for surgical DRGs. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:1268-1274.
32. Adams WP Jr, Rios JL, Smith SJ. Enhancing patient outcomes in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery using triple antibiotic breast irrigation: Six-year prospective clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:30-36.
33. Siemionow M, Gatherwright J, Djohan R, Papay F. Cost analysis of conventional facial reconstruction procedures followed by face transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:379-385.
34. Argirova M, Hadjiski O, Victorova A. Acticoat versus Allevyn as a split-thickness skin graft donor-site dressing: A prospective comparative study. Ann Plast Surg. 2007; 59:415-422.
35. Braakenburg A, Obdeijn MC, Feitz R, van Rooij IA, van Griethuysen AJ, Klinkenbijl JH. The clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness of the vacuum-assisted closure technique in the management of acute and chronic wounds: A randomized controlled trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:390-397; discussion 398.
36. Buenaventura S, Severinac R, Mullis W, Beasley M, Jacobs W, Wood D. Outpatient reduction mammaplasty: A review of 338 consecutive cases. Ann Plast Surg. 1996;36:162-166.
37. Cheng MH, Lin JY, Ulusal BG, Wei FC. Comparisons of resource costs and success rates between immediate and delayed breast reconstruction using DIEP or SIEA flaps under a well-controlled clinical trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:2139-2142; discussion 2143.
38. Damen TH, Wei W, Mureau MA, et al. Medium-term cost analysis of breast reconstructions in a single Dutch centre: A comparison of implants, implants preceded by tissue expansion, LD transpositions and DIEP flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64:1043-1053.
39. Davies BW, Lewis RD, Pennington GA. Reduction mammaplasty: A comparison of outpatient and inpatient procedures. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1996;20:77-80.
40. Deleyiannis FW, Porter AC. Economic factors affecting head and neck reconstructive microsurgery: The surgeons' and hospital's perspective. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120: 157-165.
41. Dzwierzynski WW, Spitz K, Hartz A, Guse C, Larson DL. Improvement in resource utilization after development of a clinical pathway for patients with pressure ulcers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:2006-2011.
42. Englesson S, Ohlsen L. Cost savings of using EMLA cream for split-skin harvesting. Eur J Plast Surg. 1995;18:230-234.
43. Gore DC. Outcome and cost analysis for outpatient skin grafting. J Trauma 1997;43:597-600; discussion 600.
44. Han K, Choi JH, Choi TH, et al. Comparison of endoscopic endonasal reduction and transcaruncular reduction for the treatment of medial orbital wall fractures. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62:258-264.
45. Hettiaratchy SP, Kang N, O'Toole G, Allan R, Cook MG, Powell BW. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant melanoma: A series of 100 consecutive patients. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53:559-562.
46. Hwang TG, Wilkins EG, Lowery JC, Gentile J. Implementation and evaluation of a clinical pathway for TRAM breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:541-548.
47. Jandali S, Nelson JA, Bergey MR, Sonnad SS, Serletti JM. Evaluating the use of a barbed suture for skin closure during autologous breast reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2011;27:277-286.
48. Jansen LA, Macadam SA. The use of AlloDerm in postmastectomy alloplastic breast reconstruction: Part II. A cost analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127:2245-2254.
49. Katolik LI, Friedrich J, Trumble TE. Repair of acute ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint: A retrospective comparison of pull-out sutures and bone anchor techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122:1451-1456.
50. Katsaros J, Tan E, Robinson DN. Cost-effectiveness of free tissue transfer. Aust N Z J Surg. 1988;58:373-376.
51. Kelishadi SS, St-Hilaire H, Rodriguez ED. Is simultaneous surgical management of advanced craniofacial osteoradionecrosis cost-effective? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123: 1010-1017.
52. Kroll SS, Evans GR, Goldberg D, et al. A comparison of resource costs for head and neck reconstruction with free and pectoralis major flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:1282-1286.
53. Kroll SS, Evans GR, Reece GP, et al. Comparison of resource costs between implant-based and TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:364-372.
54. Leblanc MR, Lalonde J, Lalonde DH. A detailed cost and efficiency analysis of performing carpal tunnel surgery in the main operating room versus the ambulatory setting in Canada. Hand (N Y). 2007;2:173-178.
55. Narayanan K, Futrell JW, Bentz M, Hurwitz D. Comparative clinical study of the sure-closure device with conventional wound closure techniques. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;35:485-491.
56. Nelson AA, Frassica FJ, Gordon TA, Deune EG. Cost analysis of functional restoration surgery for extremity soft-tissue sarcoma. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:277-283.
57. Parente ST. Estimating the economic cost offsets of using Dermagraft-TC as an alternative to cadaver allograft in the treatment of graftable burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997;18(1 Pt 2):S18-S24.
58. Pelletier A, Tseng C, Agarwal S, Park J, Song D. Cost analysis of near-infrared spectroscopy tissue oximetry for monitoring autologous free tissue breast reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2011;27:487-494.
59. Prichard RS, O'Keefe M, McLaughlin R, Malone C, Sweeney KJ, Kerin MJ. A study of pre-operative type and screen in breast surgery: Improved efficiency and cost saving. Ir J Med Sci. 2011;180:513-516.
60. Rees RS, Bashshur N. The effects of TeleWound management on use of service and financial outcomes. Telemed J E Health 2007;13:663-674.
61. Berger MM, Davadant M, Marin C, et al. Impact of a pain protocol including hypnosis in major burns. Burns 2010;36:639-646.
62. Best T, Lobay G, Moysa G, Tredget E. A prospective randomized trial of absorbable staple fixation of skin grafts for burn wound coverage. J Trauma 1995;38:915-919.
63. Biskupiak J, Sclafani AP. Economic analysis of "liquid" versus surgical face-lift: Are large-volume facial soft tissue filler injection treatments a viable alternative to rhytidectomy? Facial Plast Surg. 2010;26:296-302.
64. Bonaparte JP, Corsten M, Allen M. Cost-effectiveness of a topically applied pre-operative tissue expansion device for radial forearm free flaps: A cohort study. Clin Otolaryngol. 2011;36:345-351.
65. Caruso DM, Foster KN, Blome-Eberwein SA, et al. Randomized clinical study of Hydrofiber dressing with silver or silver sulfadiazine in the management of partial-thickness burns. J Burn Care Res. 2006;27:298-309.
66. Cross KJ, Teo EH, Wong SL, et al. The absorbable dermal staple device: A faster, more cost-effective method for incisional closure. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124:156-162.
67. Muangman P, Nitimonton S, Aramwit P. Comparative clinical study of Bactigras and Telfa AMD for skin graft donor-site dressing. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12:5031-5038.
68. Rozen WM, Shahbaz S, Morsi A. An improved alternative to vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) as a negative pressure dressing in lower limb split skin grafting: A clinical trial. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61:334-337.
69. Serletti JM, Moran SL. Free versus the pedicled TRAM flap: A cost comparison and outcome analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100:1418-1424; discussion 1425.
70. Setälä L, Koskenvuori H, Gudaviciene D, Berg L, Mustonen P. Cost analysis of 109 microsurgical reconstructions and flap monitoring with microdialysis. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2009;25:521-526.
71. Siegler EL, Lavizzo-Mourey R. Management of stage III pressure ulcers in moderately demented nursing home residents. J Gen Intern Med. 1991;6:507-513.
72. Short KK, Ringler SL, Bengtson BP, Hunstad JP, Henry E. Reduction mammaplasty: A safe and effective outpatient procedure. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1996;20:513-518.
73. Talesnik A, Markowitz B, Calcaterra T, Ahn C, Shaw W. Cost and outcome of osteocutaneous free-tissue transfer versus pedicled soft-tissue reconstruction for composite mandibular defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:1167-1178.
74. Thaller SR, Reavie D, Daniller A. Rigid internal fixation with miniplates and screws: A cost-effective technique for treating mandible fractures? Ann Plast Surg. 1990;24:469-474.
75. Petkar KS, Dhanraj P, Kingsly PM, et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing negative pressure dressing and conventional dressing methods on split-thickness skin grafts in burned patients. Burns 2011;37:925-929.
76. Allorto NL, Clarke DL, Thomson SR. A cost model case comparison of current versus modern management of burns at a regional hospital in South Africa. Burns 2011;37:1033-1037.
77. Amani H, Dougherty WR, Blome-Eberwein S. Use of Transcyte and dermabrasion to treat burns reduces length of stay in burns of all size and etiology. Burns 2006;32:828-832.
78. Osmond MH, Klassen TP, Quinn JV. Economic comparison of a tissue adhesive and suturing in the repair of pediatric facial lacerations. J Pediatr. 1995;126:892-895.
79. Scuderi N, Paolini G, Grippaudo FR, Tenna S. Comparative evaluation of traditional, ultrasonic, and pneumatic assisted lipoplasty: Analysis of local and systemic effects, efficacy, and costs of these methods. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2000;24:395-400.
80. Thornton BP, Rosenblum WJ, Pu LL. Reconstruction of limited soft-tissue defect with open tibial fracture in the distal third of the leg: A cost and outcome study. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54:276-280.
81. Cole RP, Shakespeare V, Shakespeare P, Hobby JA. Measuring outcome in low-priority plastic surgery patients using quality of life indices. Br J Plast Surg. 1994;47:117-121.
82. Davis EN, Chung KC, Kotsis SV, Lau FH, Vijan S. A cost/utility analysis of open reduction and internal fixation versus cast immobilization for acute nondisplaced mid-waist scaphoid fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:1223-1235; discussion 1236.
83. Preminger BA, Pusic AL, McCarthy CM, Verma N, Worku A, Cordeiro PG. How should quality-of-life data be incorporated into a cost analysis of breast reconstruction? A consideration of implant versus free TRAM flap procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:1075-1082.
84. Sánchez JL, Perepérez SB, Bastida JL, Martínez MM. Costutility analysis applied to the treatment of burn patients in a specialized center. Arch Surg. 2007;142:50-57; discussion 57.
85. Thoma A, Khuthaila D, Rockwell G, Veltri K. Cost-utility analysis comparing free and pedicled TRAM flap for breast reconstruction. Microsurgery 2003;23:287-295.
86. Peyasantiwong S, Loutfy MR, Laporte A, Coyte PC. An economic evaluation of treatments for HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy: A cost-utility analysis. Curr HIV Res. 2010;8:386-395.
87. Gerber RA, Perry R, Thompson R, Bainbridge C. Dupuytren's contracture: A retrospective database analysis to assess clinical management and costs in England. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:73.
88. Haddock NT, Gobble RM, Levine JP. More consistent postoperative care and monitoring can reduce costs following microvascular free flap reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2010;26:435-439.
89. Kolios L, Kolios G, Beyersdorff M, et al. Cost analysis of topical negative pressure (TNP) therapy for traumatic acquired wounds. Ger Med Sci. 2010;8:Doc13.
90. Lineaweaver WC, Hui K, Krave K, Mailhot C. Economics of microsurgical cases and routine cases in a medical center. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:46-54.
91. Molina AR, Ponniah A, Simcock J, Irwin MS, Malata CM. Resource implications of bilateral autologous breast reconstruction: A single centre's seven year experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63:1588-1591.
92. Muñoz E, Angus G, Calabro S, Mulloy K, Wise L. DRGs, costs, and outcome for plastic surgical patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;82:116-124.
93. Muñoz E, Soldano R, Sherrow K, Laughlin A, Margolis IB, Wise L. Mode of admission and cost for surgical DRGs. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:1268-1274.
94. Pacella SJ, Comstock MC, Kuzon WM Jr. Facility cost analysis in outpatient plastic surgery: Implications for the academic health center. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:1479-1488.
95. Roth FS, Felder JM, Friedman JD. Breast capsulectomy specimens and their clinical implications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126:1848-1852.
96. Rue LW 3rd, Cioffi WG, McManus WF, Pruitt BA Jr. Wound closure and outcome in extensively burned patients treated with cultured autologous keratinocytes. J Trauma 1993;34:662-667; discussion 667.
97. Whitney TM, Buncke HJ, Lineaweaver WC, Alpert BS. Reconstruction of the upper extremity with multiple microvascular transplants: Analysis of method, cost, and complications. Ann Plast Surg. 1989;23:396-400.
98. Yadav JK, Singhvi AM, Kumar N, Garg S. Topical phenytoin in the treatment of split-thickness skin autograft donor sites: A comparative study with polyurethane membrane drape and conventional dressing. Burns 1993;19:306-310.
99. Aguilar M, de Troya M, Martin L, Benítez N, González M. A cost analysis of photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate and imiquimod compared with conventional surgery for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma and Bowen's disease of the lower extremities. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1431-1436.
100. Almond LM, Khodaverdi L, Kumar B, Coveney EC. Flap anchoring following primary breast cancer surgery facilitates early hospital discharge and reduces costs. Breast Care (Basel) 2010;5:97-101.
101. Andreassen GS, Madsen JE. A simple and cheap method for vacuum-assisted wound closure. Acta Orthop. 2006;77:820-824.
102. Birchall L, Street L, Clift H. Developing a trust-wide centralised approach to the use of TNP. J Wound Care 2002;11:311-314.
103. Brauer CA, Waters PM. An economic analysis of the timing of microsurgical reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:970-978.
104. Calligaro KD, Veith FJ, Sales CM, Dougherty MJ, Savarese RP, DeLaurentis DA. Comparison of muscle flaps and delayed secondary intention wound healing for infected lower extremity arterial grafts. Ann Vasc Surg. 1994;8:31-37.
105. Cierny G, Zorn KE. Segmental tibial defects: Comparing conventional and Ilizarov methodologies. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994; 301: 118-123.
106. Cillo JE Jr, Marx RE, Stevens MR. Evaluation of autologous platelet-poor plasma gel as a hemostatic adjunct after posterior iliac crest bone harvest. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:1734-1738.
107. de Bree R, Reith R, Quak JJ, Uyl-de Groot CA, van Agthoven M, Leemans CR. Free radial forearm flap versus pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction of oral and oropharyngeal defects: A cost analysis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2007;32:275-282.
108. Feldman DL, Rogers A, Karpinski RH. A prospective trial comparing Biobrane, Duoderm and Xeroform for skin graft donor sites. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;173:1-5.
109. Girod DA, Sykes K, Jorgensen J, Tawfik O, Tsue T. Acellular dermis compared to skin grafts in oral cavity reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2009;119:2141-2149.
110. Hertel R, Strebel N, Ganz R. Amputation versus reconstruction in traumatic defects of the leg: Outcome and costs. J Orthop Trauma 1996;10:223-229.
111. Hutton DW, Sheehan P. Comparative effectiveness of the SNaP Wound Care System. Int Wound J. 2011;8:196-205.
112. Koch CA, Olsen SM, Martin EJ, Moore EJ. Ultrasonic shears in free-tissue transfer: Increased efficiency and cost savings. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;144:201-205.
113. Marks MM, Yelverton CB, Williford PM, et al. A Medicare cost comparison of minor cutaneous procedures by surgical setting. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21:101-106.
114. Miller MJ, Swartz WM, Miller RH, Harvey JM. Cost analysis of microsurgical reconstruction in the head and neck. J Surg Oncol. 1991;46:230-234.
115. Miller PK, Roenigk RK, Brodland DG, Randle HW. Cutaneous micrographic surgery: Mohs procedure. Mayo Clin Proc. 1992;67:971-980.
116. Muston D, Downs A, Rives V. An economic evaluation of topical treatments for actinic keratosis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2009;20:266-275.
117. Parkin IR, Chiu GA, Schwarz PA, Hodder SC. Acute perioperative normovolaemic haemodilution in major maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;46:387-390.
118. Rebello G, Parikh R, Grottkau B. Coaptive film versus subcuticular suture: Comparing skin closure time following identical, single-session, bilateral limb surgery in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29:626-628.
119. Tarricone R, Aguzzi G, Musi F, Fariselli L, Casasco A. Costeffectiveness analysis for trigeminal neuralgia: Cyberknife vs microvascular decompression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008;4:647-652.
120. Tsue TT, Desyatnikova SS, Deleyiannis FW, et al. Comparison of cost and function in reconstruction of the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx: Free vs pedicled soft tissue transfer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:731-737.
121. Whitney TM, Buncke HJ, Siko P. Multiple microvascular transplants: Reducing the cost of complex reconstruction. Probl Gen Surg. 1991; 8:225-236.
122. Wong KK, Enepekides DJ, Higgins KM. Cost-effectiveness of simultaneous versus sequential surgery in head and neck reconstruction. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;40: 48-53.
123. Xia JJ, Phillips CV, Gateno J, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis for computer-aided surgical simulation in complex cranio-maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64:1780-1784.
124. Yuen JC, Feng Z. Reduced cost of extremity free flap monitoring. Ann Plast Surg. 1998;41:36-40.
125. Pliskin JS, Pilpel D, Ilani S. Economic considerations and size determination of a surgical day-care unit. Theor Surg. 1987;2:29-33.
126. Rahmanian-Schwarz A, Willkomm LM, Gonser P, Hirt B, Schaller HE. A novel option in negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for chronic and acute wound care. Burns 2012;38:573-577.
127. Huemer GM, Bauer T, Gurunluoglu R, Sakho C, Oehlbauer M, Dunst KM. Analysis of publications in three plastic surgery journals for the year 2002. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:1147-1154.
128. Karri V. Randomised clinical trials in plastic surgery: Survey of output and quality of reporting. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59:787-796.
129. Loonen MP, Hage JJ, Kon M. Plastic surgery classics: Characteristics of 50 top-cited articles in four plastic surgery journals since 1946. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121: 320e-327e.
130. Taghinia AH, Liao EC, May JW Jr. Randomized controlled trials in plastic surgery: A 20-year review of reporting standards, methodologic quality, and impact. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122:1253-1263.
131. Higgins JPT, Green S (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
132. Sackett D, Haynes R, Guyatt G, Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. 2nd Ed. Boston: Little, Brown & Co; 1991:30.