메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue , 2013, Pages 48-63

How a picture facilitates the process of learning from text: Evidence for scaffolding

Author keywords

Comprehension of text and graphics; Eye movements; Mental model construction; Picture perception; Text processing

Indexed keywords


EID: 84879590625     PISSN: 09594752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.05.002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (115)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 33646549299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DeFT: a conceptual framework for considering learning with multiple representations
    • Ainsworth S. DeFT: a conceptual framework for considering learning with multiple representations. Learning and Instruction 2006, 16:183-198. 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.03.001.
    • (2006) Learning and Instruction , vol.16 , pp. 183-198
    • Ainsworth, S.1
  • 2
    • 4544343894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language-mediated eye movements in the absence of a visual world: the 'blank screen paradigm'
    • Altmann G.T.M. Language-mediated eye movements in the absence of a visual world: the 'blank screen paradigm'. Cognition 2004, 93:B79-B87. 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.02.005.
    • (2004) Cognition , vol.93
    • Altmann, G.T.M.1
  • 3
    • 23744460423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual representations and learning: the role of static and animated graphics
    • Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, D.H. Jonassen (Ed.)
    • Anglin G.J., Vaez H., Cunningham K.L. Visual representations and learning: the role of static and animated graphics. Handbook of research on educational communications and technology 2004, 865-916. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. D.H. Jonassen (Ed.).
    • (2004) Handbook of research on educational communications and technology , pp. 865-916
    • Anglin, G.J.1    Vaez, H.2    Cunningham, K.L.3
  • 4
    • 0019754125 scopus 로고
    • Processing global information in briefly presented pictures
    • Antes J.R., Penland J.G., Metzger R.L. Processing global information in briefly presented pictures. Psychological Research 1981, 43:277-292. 10.1007/BF00308452.
    • (1981) Psychological Research , vol.43 , pp. 277-292
    • Antes, J.R.1    Penland, J.G.2    Metzger, R.L.3
  • 6
    • 58649108992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Static and animated presentations in learning dynamic mechanical systems
    • Boucheix J.-M., Schneider E. Static and animated presentations in learning dynamic mechanical systems. Learning and Instruction 2009, 19:112-127. 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.03.004.
    • (2009) Learning and Instruction , vol.19 , pp. 112-127
    • Boucheix, J.-M.1    Schneider, E.2
  • 7
    • 0030901594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous eye movements during visual imagery reflect the content of the visual scene
    • Brandt S.A., Stark L.W. Spontaneous eye movements during visual imagery reflect the content of the visual scene. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1997, 9:27-38. 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.27.
    • (1997) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.9 , pp. 27-38
    • Brandt, S.A.1    Stark, L.W.2
  • 8
    • 33645751958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning from text with diagrams: promoting mental model development and inference generation
    • Butcher K.R. Learning from text with diagrams: promoting mental model development and inference generation. Journal of Educational Psychology 2006, 98:182-197. 10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.182.
    • (2006) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.98 , pp. 182-197
    • Butcher, K.R.1
  • 10
    • 0002929633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-explaining expository texts: the dual process of generating inferences and repairing mental models
    • Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, R. Glaser (Ed.)
    • Chi M.T.H. Self-explaining expository texts: the dual process of generating inferences and repairing mental models. Advances in instructional psychology 2000, 161-238. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. R. Glaser (Ed.).
    • (2000) Advances in instructional psychology , pp. 161-238
    • Chi, M.T.H.1
  • 11
    • 59049088701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the split-attention effect: is the reduction of extraneous cognitive load accompanied by an increase in germane cognitive load?
    • Cierniak G., Scheiter K., Gerjets P. Explaining the split-attention effect: is the reduction of extraneous cognitive load accompanied by an increase in germane cognitive load?. Computers in Human Behavior 2009, 25(2):315-324. 10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.020.
    • (2009) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 315-324
    • Cierniak, G.1    Scheiter, K.2    Gerjets, P.3
  • 12
    • 0031299140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in memory awareness during learning: the acquisition of knowledge by psychology undergraduates
    • Conway M.A., Gardiner J.M., Perfect T.J., Cohen G.M. Changes in memory awareness during learning: the acquisition of knowledge by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1997, 126:393-413. 10.1037//0096-3445.126.4.393.
    • (1997) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.126 , pp. 393-413
    • Conway, M.A.1    Gardiner, J.M.2    Perfect, T.J.3    Cohen, G.M.4
  • 14
    • 84872141621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The time course of information extraction from instructional diagrams
    • Eitel A., Scheiter K., Schüler A. The time course of information extraction from instructional diagrams. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2012, 115:677-701. 10.2466/22.23.PMS.115.6.677-701.
    • (2012) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.115 , pp. 677-701
    • Eitel, A.1    Scheiter, K.2    Schüler, A.3
  • 15
    • 84880817570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How inspecting a picture affects processing of text in multimedia learning
    • Eitel A., Scheiter K., Schüler A. How inspecting a picture affects processing of text in multimedia learning. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2013, 10.1002/acp.2922.
    • (2013) Applied Cognitive Psychology
    • Eitel, A.1    Scheiter, K.2    Schüler, A.3
  • 17
    • 33846980853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do we perceive in a glance at a real-world scene?
    • Fei-Fei L., Iyer A., Koch C., Perona P. What do we perceive in a glance at a real-world scene?. Journal of Vision 2007, 7:1-29. 10.1167/7.1.10.
    • (2007) Journal of Vision , vol.7 , pp. 1-29
    • Fei-Fei, L.1    Iyer, A.2    Koch, C.3    Perona, P.4
  • 18
    • 34548570981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multimedia principle
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, R.E. Mayer (Ed.)
    • Fletcher J.D., Tobias S. The multimedia principle. The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning 2005, 117-133. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA. R.E. Mayer (Ed.).
    • (2005) The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning , pp. 117-133
    • Fletcher, J.D.1    Tobias, S.2
  • 19
    • 60849112117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processing and integrating multimodal material: the influence of color-coding
    • Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, B.G. Bara, L. Barsalou, M. Bucciarelli (Eds.)
    • Folker S., Ritter H., Sichelschmidt L. Processing and integrating multimodal material: the influence of color-coding. Proceedings of the 27th annual conference of the cognitive science society 2005, 690-695. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. B.G. Bara, L. Barsalou, M. Bucciarelli (Eds.).
    • (2005) Proceedings of the 27th annual conference of the cognitive science society , pp. 690-695
    • Folker, S.1    Ritter, H.2    Sichelschmidt, L.3
  • 20
    • 37849187840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating information: a meta-analysis of the spatial contiguity and temporal contiguity effects
    • Ginns P. Integrating information: a meta-analysis of the spatial contiguity and temporal contiguity effects. Learning and Instruction 2006, 16:511-525. 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.10.001.
    • (2006) Learning and Instruction , vol.16 , pp. 511-525
    • Ginns, P.1
  • 21
    • 0038382410 scopus 로고
    • Comprehension of illustrated text: pictures help to build mental models
    • Glenberg A.M., Langston W.E. Comprehension of illustrated text: pictures help to build mental models. Journal of Memory and Language 1992, 31:129-151. 10.1016/0749-596X(92)90008-L.
    • (1992) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.31 , pp. 129-151
    • Glenberg, A.M.1    Langston, W.E.2
  • 22
    • 42449092814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of working memory components in multimedia comprehension
    • Gyselinck V., Jamet E., Dubois V. The role of working memory components in multimedia comprehension. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2008, 22:353-374. 10.1002/acp.1411.
    • (2008) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 353-374
    • Gyselinck, V.1    Jamet, E.2    Dubois, V.3
  • 23
    • 0001288735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of illustrations in text comprehension: what, when, for whom, and why?
    • Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, H. van Oostendorp, S. Goldman (Eds.)
    • Gyselinck V., Tardieu H. The role of illustrations in text comprehension: what, when, for whom, and why?. The construction of mental representations during reading 1999, 195-218. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. H. van Oostendorp, S. Goldman (Eds.).
    • (1999) The construction of mental representations during reading , pp. 195-218
    • Gyselinck, V.1    Tardieu, H.2
  • 24
    • 0026918068 scopus 로고
    • Mental animation: inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems
    • Hegarty M. Mental animation: inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1992, 18:1084-1102. 10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.1084.
    • (1992) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.18 , pp. 1084-1102
    • Hegarty, M.1
  • 25
    • 2542457496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical reasoning by mental simulation
    • Hegarty M. Mechanical reasoning by mental simulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004, 8:280-285. 10.1016/S1364-6613(04)00100-7.
    • (2004) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.8 , pp. 280-285
    • Hegarty, M.1
  • 26
    • 79960210557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive science of visual-spatial displays: implications for design
    • Hegarty M. The cognitive science of visual-spatial displays: implications for design. Topics in Cognitive Science 2011, 3:446-474. 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01150.x.
    • (2011) Topics in Cognitive Science , vol.3 , pp. 446-474
    • Hegarty, M.1
  • 27
    • 0000497741 scopus 로고
    • Constructing mental models of machines from text and diagrams
    • Hegarty M., Just M.A. Constructing mental models of machines from text and diagrams. Journal of Memory and Language 1993, 32:717-742. 10.1006/jmla.1993.1036.
    • (1993) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.32 , pp. 717-742
    • Hegarty, M.1    Just, M.A.2
  • 29
    • 33846196967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pictures and spoken descriptions elicit similar eye movements during mental imagery, both in light and in complete darkness
    • Johansson R., Holsanova J., Holmqvist K. Pictures and spoken descriptions elicit similar eye movements during mental imagery, both in light and in complete darkness. Cognitive Science 2006, 30:1053-1079. 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_86.
    • (2006) Cognitive Science , vol.30 , pp. 1053-1079
    • Johansson, R.1    Holsanova, J.2    Holmqvist, K.3
  • 30
    • 0018857124 scopus 로고
    • Mental models in cognitive science
    • Johnson-Laird P.N. Mental models in cognitive science. Cognitive Science 1980, 4:71-115. 10.1016/S0364-0213(81)80005-5.
    • (1980) Cognitive Science , vol.4 , pp. 71-115
    • Johnson-Laird, P.N.1
  • 32
    • 34848917682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental models and thought
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, K. Holyoak, R.J. Sternberg (Eds.)
    • Johnson-Laird Mental models and thought. The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning 2005, 185-208. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. K. Holyoak, R.J. Sternberg (Eds.).
    • (2005) The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning , pp. 185-208
    • Johnson-Laird1
  • 33
    • 84867879068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An eye movement analysis of the spatial contiguity effect in multimedia learning
    • Johnson C.I., Mayer R.E. An eye movement analysis of the spatial contiguity effect in multimedia learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 2012, 18:178-191. 10.1037/a0026923.
    • (2012) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.18 , pp. 178-191
    • Johnson, C.I.1    Mayer, R.E.2
  • 34
    • 0019039493 scopus 로고
    • Atheory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension
    • Just M.A., Carpenter P.A. Atheory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review 1980, 87:329-354. 10.1037//0033-295X.87.4.329.
    • (1980) Psychological Review , vol.87 , pp. 329-354
    • Just, M.A.1    Carpenter, P.A.2
  • 36
    • 34547982763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial visualization in physics problem solving
    • Kozhevnikov M., Motes M.A., Hegarty M. Spatial visualization in physics problem solving. Cognitive Science 2007, 31:549-579. 10.1080/15326900701399897.
    • (2007) Cognitive Science , vol.31 , pp. 549-579
    • Kozhevnikov, M.1    Motes, M.A.2    Hegarty, M.3
  • 39
    • 0036203689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eye scanpaths during visual imagery reenact those of perception of the same visual scene
    • Laeng B., Teodorescu D.-S. Eye scanpaths during visual imagery reenact those of perception of the same visual scene. Cognitive Science 2002, 26:207-231. 10.1016/S0364-0213(01)00065-9.
    • (2002) Cognitive Science , vol.26 , pp. 207-231
    • Laeng, B.1    Teodorescu, D.-S.2
  • 40
    • 0242592090 scopus 로고
    • Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words
    • Larkin J.H., Simon H.A. Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cognitive Science 1987, 11:65-99. 10.1016/S0364-0213(87)80026-5.
    • (1987) Cognitive Science , vol.11 , pp. 65-99
    • Larkin, J.H.1    Simon, H.A.2
  • 42
    • 33750233302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual working memory for briefly presented scenes
    • Liu K., Jiang Y. Visual working memory for briefly presented scenes. Journal of Vision 2005, 5:650-658. 10.1167/5.7.5.
    • (2005) Journal of Vision , vol.5 , pp. 650-658
    • Liu, K.1    Jiang, Y.2
  • 43
    • 0033238924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extracting information from an animation during complex visual processing
    • Lowe R. Extracting information from an animation during complex visual processing. European Journal of the Psychology of Education 1999, 14:225-244. 10.1007/BF03172967.
    • (1999) European Journal of the Psychology of Education , vol.14 , pp. 225-244
    • Lowe, R.1
  • 44
    • 84866494282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do fourth graders integrate text and picture in processing and learning from an illustrated science text? Evidence from eye-movement patterns
    • Mason L., Tornatora M.C., Pluchino P. Do fourth graders integrate text and picture in processing and learning from an illustrated science text? Evidence from eye-movement patterns. Computers & Education 2013, 60:95-109.
    • (2013) Computers & Education , vol.60 , pp. 95-109
    • Mason, L.1    Tornatora, M.C.2    Pluchino, P.3
  • 45
    • 0036762645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rote versus meaningful learning
    • Mayer R.E. Rote versus meaningful learning. Theory into Practice 2002, 41:226-232. 10.1207/s15430421tip4104_4.
    • (2002) Theory into Practice , vol.41 , pp. 226-232
    • Mayer, R.E.1
  • 46
    • 0003781450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Mayer R.E. Multimedia learning 2009, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2nd ed.
    • (2009) Multimedia learning
    • Mayer, R.E.1
  • 47
    • 0000787218 scopus 로고
    • When is an illustration worth ten thousand words?
    • Mayer R.E., Gallini J.K. When is an illustration worth ten thousand words?. Journal of Educational Psychology 1990, 82:715-726. 10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.715.
    • (1990) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 715-726
    • Mayer, R.E.1    Gallini, J.K.2
  • 48
    • 0012855917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aids to computer-based multimedia learning
    • Mayer R.E., Moreno R. Aids to computer-based multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction 2002, 12:107-119. 10.1016/S0959-4752(01)00018-4.
    • (2002) Learning and Instruction , vol.12 , pp. 107-119
    • Mayer, R.E.1    Moreno, R.2
  • 49
    • 79951825435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of diagrams on online reading processes and memory
    • McCrudden M.T., Magliano J.P., Schraw G. The effect of diagrams on online reading processes and memory. Discourse Processes 2011, 48:69-92. 10.1080/01638531003694561.
    • (2011) Discourse Processes , vol.48 , pp. 69-92
    • McCrudden, M.T.1    Magliano, J.P.2    Schraw, G.3
  • 51
    • 49449122735 scopus 로고
    • Forest before trees: the precedence of global features in visual perception
    • Navon D. Forest before trees: the precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology 1977, 9:353-383. 10.1016/0010-0285(77)90012-3.
    • (1977) Cognitive Psychology , vol.9 , pp. 353-383
    • Navon, D.1
  • 52
    • 84882484227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gist of the scene
    • Elsevier, San Diego, CA, L. Itti, G. Rees, J.K. Tsotsos (Eds.)
    • Oliva A. Gist of the scene. Neurobiology of attention 2005, 251-256. Elsevier, San Diego, CA. L. Itti, G. Rees, J.K. Tsotsos (Eds.).
    • (2005) Neurobiology of attention , pp. 251-256
    • Oliva, A.1
  • 53
    • 0034269180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic colors mediate scene recognition
    • Oliva A., Schyns P.G. Diagnostic colors mediate scene recognition. Cognitive Psychology 2000, 41:176-210. 10.1006/cogp.1999.0728.
    • (2000) Cognitive Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 176-210
    • Oliva, A.1    Schyns, P.G.2
  • 54
    • 33749236045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building the gist of a scene: the role of global image features in recognition
    • Oliva A., Torralba A. Building the gist of a scene: the role of global image features in recognition. Progress in Brain Research 2006, 155:23-36. 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)55002-2.
    • (2006) Progress in Brain Research , vol.155 , pp. 23-36
    • Oliva, A.1    Torralba, A.2
  • 55
    • 70350702666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why does signaling enhance multimedia learning? Evidence from eye movements
    • Ozcelik E., Arslan-Ari I., Cagiltay K. Why does signaling enhance multimedia learning? Evidence from eye movements. Computers in Human Behavior 2010, 26:110-117. 10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.001.
    • (2010) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.26 , pp. 110-117
    • Ozcelik, E.1    Arslan-Ari, I.2    Cagiltay, K.3
  • 56
    • 68349084361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search
    • Rayner K. Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2009, 62:1457-1506. 10.1080/17470210902816461.
    • (2009) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 1457-1506
    • Rayner, K.1
  • 57
    • 33747067130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eye movements as reflections of comprehension processes in reading
    • Rayner K., Chace K.H., Slattery T.J., Ashby J. Eye movements as reflections of comprehension processes in reading. Scientific Studies of Reading 2006, 10:241-255. 10.1207/s1532799xssr1003_3.
    • (2006) Scientific Studies of Reading , vol.10 , pp. 241-255
    • Rayner, K.1    Chace, K.H.2    Slattery, T.J.3    Ashby, J.4
  • 58
    • 24644485943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How long to get to the "gist" of real-world natural scenes?
    • Rousselet G.A., Joubert O.R., Fabre-Thorpe M. How long to get to the "gist" of real-world natural scenes?. Visual Cognition 2005, 12:852-877. 10.1080/13506280444000553.
    • (2005) Visual Cognition , vol.12 , pp. 852-877
    • Rousselet, G.A.1    Joubert, O.R.2    Fabre-Thorpe, M.3
  • 60
    • 0030215996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External cognition: how do graphical representations work?
    • Scaife M., Rogers Y. External cognition: how do graphical representations work?. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 1996, 45:185-213. 10.1006/ijhc.1996.0048.
    • (1996) International Journal of Human-Computer Studies , vol.45 , pp. 185-213
    • Scaife, M.1    Rogers, Y.2
  • 61
    • 77955837662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting a clue: gist extraction from scenes and causal systems
    • Springer, Heidelberg, LNAI 6170, A.K. Goel, M. Jamnik, N.H. Narayanan (Eds.)
    • Scheiter K., Eitel A. Getting a clue: gist extraction from scenes and causal systems. Diagrammatic representation and inference - 6th International conference, diagrams 2010 2010, 264-270. Springer, Heidelberg, LNAI 6170. 10.1007/978-3-642-14600-8_26. A.K. Goel, M. Jamnik, N.H. Narayanan (Eds.).
    • (2010) Diagrammatic representation and inference - 6th International conference, diagrams 2010 , pp. 264-270
    • Scheiter, K.1    Eitel, A.2
  • 62
    • 71749108389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acloser look at split visual attention in system- and self-paced instruction in multimedia learning
    • Schmidt-Weigand F., Kohnert A., Glowalla U. Acloser look at split visual attention in system- and self-paced instruction in multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction 2010, 20:100-110. 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.02.011.
    • (2010) Learning and Instruction , vol.20 , pp. 100-110
    • Schmidt-Weigand, F.1    Kohnert, A.2    Glowalla, U.3
  • 63
    • 77956426441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the modality and contiguity effects: new insights from investigating students' viewing behaviour
    • Schmidt-Weigand F., Kohnert A., Glowalla U. Explaining the modality and contiguity effects: new insights from investigating students' viewing behaviour. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2010, 24:226-237. 10.1002/acp.1554.
    • (2010) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 226-237
    • Schmidt-Weigand, F.1    Kohnert, A.2    Glowalla, U.3
  • 64
    • 0036108968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards an integrated view of learning from text and visual displays
    • Schnotz W. Towards an integrated view of learning from text and visual displays. Educational Psychology Review 2002, 14:101-120. 10.1023/A:1013136727916.
    • (2002) Educational Psychology Review , vol.14 , pp. 101-120
    • Schnotz, W.1
  • 65
    • 0037400254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construction and interference in learning from multiple representations
    • Schnotz W., Bannert M. Construction and interference in learning from multiple representations. Learning and Instruction 2003, 13:141-156. 10.1016/S0959-4752(02)00017-8.
    • (2003) Learning and Instruction , vol.13 , pp. 141-156
    • Schnotz, W.1    Bannert, M.2
  • 66
    • 42149123737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • External and internal representations in the acquisition and use of knowledge: visualization effects on mental model construction
    • Schnotz W., Kürschner C. External and internal representations in the acquisition and use of knowledge: visualization effects on mental model construction. Instructional Science 2008, 36:175-190. 10.1007/s11251-007-9029-2.
    • (2008) Instructional Science , vol.36 , pp. 175-190
    • Schnotz, W.1    Kürschner, C.2
  • 67
    • 70449370183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How multiple external representations are used and how they can be made more useful
    • Schwonke R., Berthold K., Renkl A. How multiple external representations are used and how they can be made more useful. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2009, 23:1227-1243. 10.1037/a0013247.
    • (2009) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 1227-1243
    • Schwonke, R.1    Berthold, K.2    Renkl, A.3
  • 68
    • 84879589564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which cognitive processes predict successful learning with multimedia?
    • August, Paper presented at the Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI), Munich, Germany.
    • Stalbovs, K., Eitel, A., & Scheiter, K. (2013, August). In Which cognitive processes predict successful learning with multimedia? Paper presented at the Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI), Munich, Germany.
    • (2013)
    • Stalbovs, K.1    Eitel, A.2    Scheiter, K.3
  • 69
    • 0002750297 scopus 로고
    • Acognitive theory of graphical and linguistic reasoning: logic and implementation
    • Stenning K., Oberlander J. Acognitive theory of graphical and linguistic reasoning: logic and implementation. Cognitive Science 1995, 19:97-140. 10.1016/0364-0213(95)90005-5.
    • (1995) Cognitive Science , vol.19 , pp. 97-140
    • Stenning, K.1    Oberlander, J.2
  • 70
    • 0036296579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the value of graphical displays in learning?
    • Vekiri I. What is the value of graphical displays in learning?. Educational Psychology Review 2002, 14:261-312.
    • (2002) Educational Psychology Review , vol.14 , pp. 261-312
    • Vekiri, I.1
  • 71
    • 0001708634 scopus 로고
    • Learning from maps and diagrams
    • Winn W. Learning from maps and diagrams. Educational Psychology Review 1991, 3:211-247. 10.1007/BF01320077.
    • (1991) Educational Psychology Review , vol.3 , pp. 211-247
    • Winn, W.1
  • 72
    • 38249001432 scopus 로고
    • An account of how readers search for information in diagrams
    • Winn W. An account of how readers search for information in diagrams. Contemporary Educational Psychology 1993, 18:162-185. 10.1006/ceps.1993.1016.
    • (1993) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 162-185
    • Winn, W.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.