Building the judiciary: Law, courts, and the politics of institutional development

Building the Judiciary: Law, Courts, and the Politics of Institutional Development

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Crowe, Justin ^a  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

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EID: 84879562399     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (478)

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48. Ken I. Kersch, Constructing Civil Liberties: Discontinuities in the Development of American Constitutional Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
49. Gordon S. Wood, "The Origins of Judicial Review," 22 Suffolk University Law Review 1293, 1304 (1988)
50. Mark A. Graber, "Establishing Judicial Review: Marbury and the Judicial Act of 1789," 38 Tulsa Law Review 609, 646 (2003)
51. Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Foundations (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1991)
52. Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Transformations (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998)
53. Pamela Brandwein, Rethinking the Judicial Settlement of Reconstruction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011)
54. Victoria C. Hattam, Labor Visions and State Power: The Origins of Business Unionism in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993)
55. George I. Lovell, Legislative Deferrals: Statutory Ambiguity, Judicial Power, and American Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
56. William J. Novak, The People's Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996)
57. Julie Novkov, Constituting Workers, Protecting Women: Gender, Law, and Labor in the Progressive Era and New Deal Years (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2001)
58. Karen Orren, Belated Feudalism: Labor, Law, and Liberal Development in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
59. Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Law, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)
60. John M. De Figueiredo and Emerson H. Tiller, "Congressional Control of the Courts: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Expansion of the Federal Judiciary," Journal of Law and Economics 39 (1996): 435-462
61. Charles R. Shipan, Designing Judicial Review: Interest Groups, Congress, and Communications Policy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997)
62. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1991), ix: "Americans were not born free and democratic in any modern sense; they became so-and largely as a consequence of the American revolution."
63. Karen Orren and Stephen Skowronek, The Search for American Political Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 123, eschewing the Whiggish "assumption of progress between past and present" and defining political development as a "durable shift in governing authority."
64. Frankfurter and Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court, 2: "The mechanism of law-what courts are to deal with which causes and subject to what conditions-cannot be dissociated from the ends that law subserves. . . . After all, procedure is instrumental; it is the means of effectuating policy."
65. Robert A. Dahl, "Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker," Journal of Public Law 6 (1957): 279-95
66. Clayton and Pickerill, "The Politics of Criminal Justice"
67. Pickerill and Clayton, "The Rehnquist Court and the Political Dynamics of Federalism."
68. Thomas M. Keck, "Party, Policy, or Duty: Why Does the Supreme Court Invalidate Federal Statutes?" American Political Science Review 101 (2007): 321-38.
69. Sheldon Goldman, Picking Federal Judges: Lower Court Selection From Roosevelt Through Reagan (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997)
70. David Epstein and Sharyn O'Halloran, Delegating Powers: A Transactions-Cost Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
71. John D. Huber and Charles R. Shipan, Deliberate Discretion? The Institutional Foundations of Bureaucratic Autonomy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
72. Mathew D. McCubbins, Roger G. Noll, and Barry R. Weingast, "Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control," Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 3 (1987): 243-77.
73. James T. Rogers, "Information and Judicial Review: A Signaling Game of Legislative-Judicial Interaction," American Journal of Political Science 45 (2001): 84-99
74. Adam D. Sheingate, "Political Entrepreneurship, Institutional Change, and American Political Development," Studies in American Political Development 17 (2003): 188.
75. David R. Mayhew, Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-1990 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991).
76. Stephen M. Engel, American Politicians Confront the Court: Opposition Politics and the Changing Responses to Judicial Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
77. Stuart S. Nagel, "Court-Curbing Periods in American History," 18 Vanderbilt Law Review 925 (1965)
78. Gerald N. Rosenberg, "Judicial Independence and the Reality of Political Power," Review of Politics 54 (1992): 369-98
79. Dawn M. Chutkow, "Jurisdiction Stripping: Litigation, Ideology, and Congressional Control of the Courts," Journal of Politics 70 (2008): 1053-64
80. Frankfurter and Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court, 4: "Familiarity with political institutions breeds indifference to their origin."
81. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)
82. Joseph H. Smith, "An Independent Judiciary: The Colonial Background," 124 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1104 (1976)
83. Jack N. Rakove, "The Origins of Judicial Review: A Plea for New Contexts," 49 Stanford Law Review 1031 (1997)
84. Roscoe Pound, Organization of Courts (Boston: Little, Brown, 1940), 58-90
85. Charles Gardner Geyh and Emily Field Van Tassel, "The Independence of the Judicial Branch in the New Republic," 74 Chicago-Kent Law Review 31 (1998)
86. Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 3-9.
87. Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1968)
88. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1992)
89. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1969)
90. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage , 1993).
91. Henry J. Bourguignon, The First Federal Court: The Federal Appellate Prize Court of the American Revolution, 1775-1787 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1977).
92. Erwin C. Surrency, History of the Federal Courts (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 2002), 13-14.
93. Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (New York: Knopf, 1996)
94. Akhil Reed Amar, America's Constitution: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2005).
95. Geyh and Van Tassel, "The Independence of the Judicial Branch in the New Republic," 40-48
96. David Brian Robertson, The Constitution and America's Destiny (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 227-230
97. Thornton Anderson, Creating the Constitution: the Convention of 1787 and the First Congress (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), 148-55
98. Charlene Bangs Bickford and Kenneth R. Bowling, Birth of the Nation: The First Federal Congress, 1789-1791 (Madison, WI: Madison House, 1989), 45.
99. Gerhard Casper, "The Judiciary Act of 1789 and Judicial Independence," in Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789, ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 285
100. Geyh and Van Tassel, "The Independence of the Judicial Branch in the New Republic," 31-32.
101. John Ferejohn, "Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary: Explaining Judicial Independence," 72 Southern California Law Review 353 (1999).
102. Geyh and Van Tassel, "The Independence of the Judicial Branch in the New Republic," 36, 53
103. Gordon S. Wood, "The Origins of Judicial Review," 22 Suffolk University Law Review 1293, 1304 (1988)
104. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution, 323: "The most dramatic institutional transformation in the early Republic was the rise of what was called an 'independent judiciary.' "
105. Wilifred J. Ritz, Rewriting the History of the Judiciary Act of 1789: Exposing Myths, Challenging Premises, and Using New Evidence, ed. Wythe Holt and L. H. LaRue (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), 20.
106. Bickford and Bowling, Birth of the Nation, 51
107. James Madison, July 3, 1789, reprinted in The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800, vol. 4:Organizing the Federal Judiciary: Legislation and Commentaries [hereafter, DHSC], ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 444.
108. John Lowell, March 11, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 366.
109. James Madison, May 10, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 389
110. Richard Bassett, Benjamin Chew, before June 8, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 401, calling the drafting process "Intrigate [sic] & Laborious Work"
111. Gunning Bedford Jr., George Read, June 24, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 418
112. John Dickinson, George Read, June 24, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 419
113. Charles Warren, "New Light on the History of the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789," 37 Harvard Law Review 49 (1923).
114. George Lee Haskins and Herbert A. Johnson, Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 1801-15 (New York: Macmillan, 1981), 145.
115. Robert Treat Paine to Caleb Strong, May 18, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 392
116. Martin Shapiro, Courts: A Comparative and Political Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 65-80
117. Felix Frankfurter and James M. Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 10
118. Richard Law to Oliver Ellsworth, May 4, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 386
119. Maeva Marcus and Natalie Wexler, "The Judiciary Act of 1789: Political Compromise or Constitutional Interpretation," in Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789, ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 26.
120. Charles Warren, "Legislative and Judicial Attacks on the Supreme Court of the United States-A History of the Twenty-Fifth Section of the Judiciary Act," 47 American Law Review 1 (1913)
121. William M. Wiecek, "Murdock v. Memphis: Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Judicial Federalism," in Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789, ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 223-47
122. William Garrot Brown, The Life of Oliver Ellsworth (New York: Macmillan, 1905),197.
123. Julius Goebel Jr., Antecedents and Beginnings to 1801 (New York: Macmillan, 1905), 458-59
124. William R. Casto, The Supreme Court in the Early Republic: The Chief Justiceships of John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 27
125. Daniel A. Degnan, "William Paterson: Small States' Nationalist," in Seriatim: The Supreme Court before John Marshall, ed. Scott Douglas Gerber (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 231-59
126. Kenneth C. Martis, The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress 1789-1989 (New York: Macmillan, 1989)
127. William R. Casto, "Oliver Ellsworth: 'I have sought the felicity and glory of your Administration,' " in Seriatim: The Supreme Court Before John Marshall, ed. Scott Douglas Gerber (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 298.
128. William Smith to Otho Holland Williams, April 23, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 376, suspecting that the framers of the Judiciary Act were "disposed to proceed with great moderation"
129. Richard Henry Lee to Samuel Adams, May 10, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 390, expressing hope that the ultimate statute would "quiet the apprehensions of many."
130. Akhil Reed Amar, "Marbury, Section 13, and the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court," 56 University of Chicago Law Review 443, 469 (1989):
131. Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development, 1880-1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984)
132. Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859-1877 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990)
133. Richard Franklin Bensel, The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
134. Geyh and Van Tassel, "The Independence of the Judicial Branch in the New Republic," 57-59.
135. Ralph Lerner, "The Supreme Court as Republican Schoolmaster," 1967 Supreme Court Review 127 (1967)
136. William R. Casto, "The Origins of Admiralty Jurisdiction in an Age of Privateers, Smugglers, and Pirates," American Journal of Legal History 37 (1993): 117-57
137. William R. Casto, "Additional Light on the Origins of Federal Admiralty Jurisdiction," Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 31 (2000): 143-64
138. Marie Sauer Lambremont, "Rep. James Jackson of Georgia and the Establishment of the Southern States' Rights Tradition in Congress," in Inventing Congress: Origins and Establishment of the First Federal Congress, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1999).
139. William R. Casto, "The First Congress's Understanding of Its Authority over the Federal Courts' Jurisdiction," 26 Boston College Law Review 1101 (1985).
140. Kathryn Preyer, "United States v. Callender: Judge and Jury in a Republican Society," in Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789, ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 189.
141. Mark A. Graber, "Establishing Judicial Review: Marbury and the Judicial Act of 1789," 38 Tulsa Law Review 609, 637-38 (2003).
142. Wythe Holt, " 'Federal Courts as the Asylum to Federal Interests': Randolph's Report, The Benson Amendment, and the 'Original Understanding' of the Federal Judiciary," 36 Buffalo Law Review 341, 347 (1987)
143. Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, vol. 1: 1789-1835 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1926), 10-11
144. John D. Gordan III, "Egbert Benson: A Nationalist in Congress, 1789-1793," in Neither Separate nor Equal: Congress in the 1790s, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000), 75
145. David R. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974).
146. Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), esp. 15-16, 252-54
147. Kathleen Thelen, "How Institutions Evolve: Insights from Comparative Historical Analysis," in Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, ed. James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 208-40.
148. Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969)
149. William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963)
150. Cal Jillson, "Fighting for Control of the American Dream: Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and the Election of 1800," in Establishing Congress: The Removal to Washington, D.C., and the Election of 1800, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005), 6-17
151. Bernard A. Weisberger, America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Election of 1800 (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 43-116.
152. Wythe Holt, " 'The Federal Courts Have Enemies in All Who Fear Their Influence on State Objects': The Failure to Abolish Supreme Court Circuit-Riding in the Judiciary Acts of 1792 and 1793," 36 Buffalo Law Review 301 (1987).
153. John Jay, Draft of Letter from Justices of the Supreme Court to George Washington, September 15, 1790, reprinted in The Founders' Constitution, 4:162.
154. Edmund Randolph to George Washington, December 26, 1791, reprinted in DHSC, 569-70: "Perhaps too, in a review which the President takes of the affairs of the Union, at the opening of each Session of Congress, the judicial department will be comprehended."
155. William R. Casto, "The Early Supreme Court Justices' Most Significant Opinion," 29 Ohio Northern University Law Review 173 (2002)
156. Stewart Jay, Most Humble Servants: The Advisory Role of Early Judges (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997)
157. Wythe Holt, "Separation of Powers? Relations between the Judiciary and the Other Branches of the Federal Government before 1802," in Neither Separate nor Equal: Congress in the 1790s, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2000), 183-210
158. Mark Tushnet, "Dual Office Holding and the Constitution: A View from Hayburn's Case," in Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789, ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 196-222
159. John Jay to George Washington, August 8, 1793, reprinted in The Founders' Constitution, 4:258.
160. Dwight F. Henderson, Courts For a New Nation (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1971), 55-89
161. Mary K. Bonsteel Tachau, Federal Courts in the Early Republic: Kentucky 1789-1816 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978)
162. Bruce Ackerman, The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 130.
163. John H. Aldrich, Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-82
164. John H. Aldrich, "The Election of 1800: The Consequences of the First Change in Party Control," in Establishing Congress: The Removal to Washington, D.C., and the Election of 1800, ed. Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005), 23-38
165. Joanne B. Freeman, "The Election of 1800: A Study in the Logic of Political Change," 108 Yale Law Journal 1959, 1969-82 (1999)
166. Dan Sisson, The American Revolution of 1800 (New York: Knopf, 1974), 343-437
167. Susan Dunn, Jefferson's Second Revolution: The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 227-82
168. Donald Grier Stephenson Jr., Campaigns and the Court: The U.S. Supreme Court in Presidential Elections (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 35-39
169. Richard N. Rosenfeld, ed., American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns: The Suppressed History of Our Nation's Beginnings and the Heroic Newspaper That Tried to Report It (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997), passim.
170. John Rutledge Jr. to Alexander Hamilton, January 10, 1801, reprinted in DHSC, 676: "We shall profit of our short lived majority & do as much good as we can before the end of this session."
171. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1997), 69-81
172. John Rutledge Jr. to Alexander Hamilton, January 10, 1801, reprinted in DHSC, 676, claiming that the Judiciary Act would "greatly extend the judiciary power, & of course greatly widen the basis of government"
173. Kathyrn Turner, "Federalist Policy and the Judiciary Act of 1801," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 22 (1965): 31
174. Thomas B. Adams to John Adams, January 20, 1801, reprinted in DHSC, 687.
175. Gouverneur Morris to Robert R. Livingston, February 20, 1801, reprinted in DHSC, 714
176. William Paterson, "Notes for Remarks on Judiciary Bill," June 23, 1789, reprinted in DHSC, 416
177. Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow, March 14, 1801, quoted in Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 1:193
178. J. Mitchell Pickerill, Constitutional Deliberation in Congress: The Impact of Judicial Review in a Separated System (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004)
179. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789-1801 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997)
180. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Jeffersonians, 1801-1829 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001)
181. Alexander M. Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986), 111-98, on the "passive virtues."
182. Karen Orren and Stephen Skowronek, The Search for American Political Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 123.
183. Erwin C. Surrency, "A History of Federal Courts," 28 Missouri Law Review 214, 244 (1963)
184. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: Norton, 2005) on the consolidation of democratic norms and practices
185. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) on the development of a capitalist economy
186. William W. Freehling, Road to Disunion, vol. 1, Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) on slavery, the South, and the seeds of secession
187. Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987) on three influential legislators and regional leaders
188. Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
189. George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952)
190. George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815-1828 (New York: Harper and Row, 1965)
191. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945)
192. Erwin C. Surrency, History of the Federal Courts (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 2002), 36
193. David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution in American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1965)
194. Shaw Livermore Jr., The Twilight of Federalism: The Disintegration of the Federalist Party, 1815-1830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962)
195. Felix Frankfurter and James M. Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 34: "Thus began the periodic increase in the membership of the Supreme Court as the territorial needs of the country for more circuits were met."
196. Henry J. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II, 5th ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008), passim
197. Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, vol. 1, 1789-1835 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1926)
198. Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, vol. 2, 1836-1918 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1926).
199. Mark A. Graber, "The Passive-Aggressive Virtues: Cohens v. Virginia and the Problematic Establishment of Judicial Review," 12 Constitutional Commentary 67 (1995)
200. Robert V. Remini, Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (New York: Norton, 1997), 213.
201. Mark A. Graber, "Federalist or Friends of Adams: The Marshall Court and Party Politics," Studies in American Political Development 12 (1998): 232
202. Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).
203. Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), 170-211.
204. Curtis Nettels, "The Mississippi Valley and the Federal Judiciary, 1807-1837," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 12 (1925): 210-211.
205. James Madison, Eighth Annual Message to Congress (December 3, 1816).
206. James Monroe, Eighth Annual Message to Congress (December 7, 1824).
207. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Jeffersonians, 1801-1829 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 335
208. Charles Warren, "Legislative and Judicial Attacks on the Supreme Court of the United States-A History of the Twenty-Fifth Section of the Judiciary Act," 47 American Law Review 1 (1913)
209. William M. Wiecek, "Murdock v. Memphis: Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Judicial Federalism," in Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789, ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 225
210. Jeremiah Mason to Daniel Webster, February 4, 1826, quoted in George Ticknor Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, vol. 1, 4th ed. (New York: D. Appelton, 1872), 264
211. Robert V. Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 114, 229
212. Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995)
213. Daniel P. Carpenter, The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862-1928 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 37-64
214. Martin Van Buren to Benjamin F. Butler, May 15, 1826, quoted in Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 1:683n1: "The great object is to get McLean out of the Post Office which can only be effected by his promotion, as they dare not displace him."
215. Francis P. Weisenburger, The Life of John McLean: A Politician on the United States Supreme Court (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1937), 61
216. Martin Van Buren to Benjamin F. Butler, May 15, 1826, quoted in Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 1:683n1: "It is also said that Ingham is to be made P. M. G. and Webster, Speaker. There may be some mistake about this latter part although I am not certain that there is."
217. Martin Van Buren to Benjamin F. Butler, May 15, 1826, quoted in Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 1:683n1
218. John Quincy Adams, Third Annual Message to Congress (December 4, 1827).
219. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1997), 130-54
220. Florence Weston, The Presidential Election of 1828 (Washington, DC: Ruddick Press, 1938).
221. Robert V. Remini, The Election of Andrew Jackson (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1963), 11-29
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223. Mark A. Graber, "The Nonmajoritarian Difficulty: Legislative Deference to the Judiciary," Studies in American Political Development 7 (1993): 35-73, 46-50
224. Robert G. McCloskey, The American Supreme Court, 5th ed., rev. by Sanford Levinson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 261
225. Mark A. Graber, "The Jacksonian Origins of Chase Court Activism," Journal of Supreme Court History 25 (2000): 17-39
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227. Mark A. Graber, "James Buchanan as Savior? Judicial Power, Political Fragmentation, and the Failed 1831 Repeal of Section 25," unpublished article, accessed December 20, 2009, at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1356075
228. Keith E. Whittington, Constitutional Construction: Divided Powers and Constitutional Meaning (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 72-112
229. Andrew Jackson to Roger Taney, June 25, 1834, quoted in Samuel Tyler, Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney (Baltimore: Murphy, 1872), 222-23.
230. Irving Dillard, "Gabriel Duvall," in The Justices of the United States Supreme Court 1789-1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions, vol. 1, ed. Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel (New York: Chelsea House, 1969), 427
231. Andrew Jackson, Sixth Annual Message to Congress (December 1, 1834).
232. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt, 1920), which includes Turner's famous essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History."
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236. Martin Van Buren to Andrew Jackson, August 7, 1834, quoted in Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 1:800n3
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238. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976)
239. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988)
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241. Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1990)
242. C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991)
243. Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, vol. 2, 1836-1918 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1926), 421-97
244. Walter F. Murphy, Congress and the Court: A Case Study in the American Political Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 35-43
245. Stanley I. Kutler, Judicial Power and Reconstruction Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968)
246. William M. Wiecek, "The Reconstruction of Federal Judicial Power, 1863-1875," American Journal of Legal History 13 (1969): 333-59
247. William M. Wiecek "The Great Writ and Reconstruction: The Habeas Corpus Act of 1867," Journal of Southern History 36 (1970): 530-48
248. Justin Crowe, "Westward Expansion, Preappointment Politics, and the Making of the Southern Slaveholding Supreme Court," Studies in American Political Development 24 (2010): 90-120.
249. Mark A. Graber, Dred Scott and the Politics of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 91-171.
250. Mark A. Graber, "The Nonmajoritarian Difficulty: Legislative Deference to the Judiciary," Studies in American Political Development 7 (1993): 35-73
251. Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978)
252. Wallace Mendelson, "Dred Scott's Case-Reconsidered," 38 Minnesota Law Review 16 (1953-54).
253. Felix Frankfurter and James M. Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 52
254. Kermit L. Hall, "Federal Judicial Reform and Proslavery Constitutional Theory: A Retrospect on the Butler Bill," American Journal of Legal History 17 (1973): 166-84.
255. William M. Wiecek, "The Origin of the United States Court of Claims," 20 Administrative Law Review 387 (1967-68)
256. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: Democrats and Whigs, 1829-1861 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 195-203
257. Michael Kammen, "Temples of Justice: The Iconography of Judgment and American Culture," in Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789, ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 248-80
258. Austin Allen, Origins of the Dred Scott Case: Jacksonian Jurisprudence and the Supreme Court, 1837-1857 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006)
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261. Kermit L. Hall, "The Civil War Era as a Crucible for Nationalizing the Lower Federal Courts," Prologue 7 (1975): 180
262. Mark A. Graber, "The Jacksonian Origins of Chase Court Activism," Journal of Supreme Court History 25 (2000): 17-39
263. Mark A. Graber, "The Jacksonian Origins of Chase Court Activism," Journal of Supreme Court History 25 (2000): 17-39
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265. Mark A. Graber, "Legal, Strategic or Legal Strategy: Deciding to Decide during the Civil War and Reconstruction," in The Supreme Court and American Political Development, ed. Ronald Kahn and Ken I. Kersch (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2006), 33-66
266. Howard Gillman, "How Political Parties Can Use the Courts to Advance Their Agendas: Federal Courts in the United States, 1875-1891," American Political Science Review 96 (2002): 515
267. Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859-1877 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
268. Richard Franklin Bensel, The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), esp. 289-354
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270. Peter Graham Fish, The Politics of Federal Judicial Administration (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973).
271. Tony A. Freyer, "The Federal Courts, Localism, and the National Economy, 1865-1900," Business History Review 53 (1978): 354
272. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
273. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977)
274. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984)
275. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I (New York: New York University Press, 1988)
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277. Samuel P. Hays, The Response to Industrialism, 1885-1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957)
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279. Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977)
280. Glenn Porter, The Rise of Big Business, 1860-1910 (New York: Crowell, 1973)
281. Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998)
282. Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Law, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)
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284. Richard Franklin Bensel, The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2000)
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286. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
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288. Richard M. Valelly, The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004)
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290. Victoria C. Hattam, Labor Visions and State Power: The Origins of Business Unionism in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993)
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292. Deborah J. Barrow, Gary Zuk, and Gerard S. Gryski, The Federal Judiciary and Institutional Change (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 28-30
293. Tony A. Freyer, "The Federal Courts, Localism, and the National Economy, 1865-1900," Business History Review 53 (1978): 343-63
294. Tony Allan Freyer, Forums of Order: The Federal Courts and Business in American History (Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1979)
295. Philip L. Merkel, "The Origins of an Expanded Federal Court Jurisdiction: Railroad Development and the Ascendance of the Federal Judiciary," Business History Review 58 (1984): 336-58
296. Edward A. Purcell, Litigation and Inequality: Federal Diversity Jurisdiction in Industrial America, 1870-1958 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
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298. William G. Ross, A Muted Fury: Populists, Progressives, and Labor Unions Confront the Courts, 1890-1937 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
299. Felix Frankfurter and James M. Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 86.
300. William M. Wiecek, "Murdock v. Memphis: Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Judicial Federalism," in Origins of the Federal Judiciary: Essays on the Judiciary Act of 1789, ed. Maeva Marcus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 223-47
301. Charles Gardner Geyh, When Courts and Congress Collide: The Struggle for Control of America's Judicial System (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006), 96
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307. Rutherford B. Hayes, First Annual Message to Congress (December 3, 1877)
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310. Rutherford B. Hayes, Fourth Annual Message to Congress (December 6, 1880)
311. Chester A. Arthur, First Annual Message to Congress (December 6, 1881)
312. Grover Cleveland, First Annual Message to Congress-First Term (December 8, 1885)
313. Grover Cleveland, Second Annual Message to Congress-First Term (December 6, 1886)
314. Grover Cleveland, Fourth Annual Message to Congress-First Term (December 3, 1888)
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316. Benjamin Harrison, Second Annual Message to Congress (December 1, 1890)
317. Chester L. Barrows, William M. Evarts: Lawyer, Diplomat, Statesman (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941), 480.
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319. Henry B. Brown, "The New Federal Judicial Code," 73 Central Law Journal 275, 278 (1911)
320. Peter Graham Fish, The Politics of Federal Judicial Administration (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), 11
321. Alan Furman Westin, "The Supreme Court, the Populist Movement, and the Campaign of 1896," Journal of Politics 15 (1953): 3-41
322. Roscoe Pound, "The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice," 14 American Lawyer 445 (1906)
323. Theodore Roosevelt, Eighth Annual Message to Congress (December 8, 1908)
324. William Howard Taft, First Annual Message to Congress (December 7, 1909)
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326. William Howard Taft, Third Annual Message to Congress (December 5, 1911).
327. Robert E. Bunker, 'The Judicial Code of March 3, 1911," 9 Michigan Law Review 697, 698 (1911)
328. Jacob Trieber, "The New Federal Judicial Code," 46 American Law Review 702, 710 (1912)
329. William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-1932, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993)
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332. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1912).
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336. William Howard Taft, "Three Needed Steps of Progress," American Bar Association Journal 8 (1922): 34.
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338. Gerhard Casper and Richard A. Posner, The Workload of the Supreme Court (Chicago: American Bar Association, 1976).
339. Felix Frankfurter and James M. Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 295.
340. Alpheus Thomas Mason, William Howard Taft: Chief Justice (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984), 108.
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355. James David Barber, The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1985), 150-59
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357. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1997), 252-59.
358. David J. Danelski, "The Influence of the Chief Justice in the Decisional Process of the Supreme Court," in Courts, Judges, and Politics: An Introduction to the Judicial Process, 4th ed., ed. Walter F. Murphy and C. Hermann Pritchett (New York: Random House, 1986), 568-77
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360. Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1939), 992
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364. Edson Sunderland, History of the American Bar Association and Its Work (Chicago: American Bar Foundation, 1953).
365. Walter F. Murphy, Congress and the Court: A Case Study in the American Political Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 48-53
366. Keith E. Whittington, "Preserving the 'Dignity and Influence of the Court': Political Supports for Judicial Review in the United States," in Rethinking Political Institutions: The Art of the State, ed. Ian Shapiro, Stephen Skowronek, and Daniel Galvin (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 283-302
367. Peter Graham Fish, The Politics of Federal Judicial Administration (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), 39
368. Richard L. Pacelle Jr., The Transformation of the Supreme Court's Agenda: From the New Deal to the Reagan Administration (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991)
369. H. W. Perry Jr., Deciding to Decide: Agenda Setting in the United States Supreme Court (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).
370. William Howard Taft, "The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under the Act of February 13, 1925," 35 Yale Law Journal 1, 12 (1925-26).
371. Stephen B. Burbank, "The Rules Enabling Act of 1934," 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1015, 1040-41 (1982).
372. Stephen N. Subrin, "How Equity Conquered Common Law: The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in Historical Perspective," 135 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 909, 957-58 (1987)
373. Edward A. Purcell Jr., Brandeis and the Progressive Constitution: Erie, Judicial Power, and the Politics of the Federal Courts in Twentieth Century America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 28.
374. Roscoe Pound, "The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice," 14 The American Lawyer 445 (1906).
375. Erwin C. Surrency, History of the Federal Courts (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 2002), 195
376. Paul Frymer, "Acting When Elected Officials Won't: Federal Courts and Civil Rights Enforcement in U.S. Labor Unions, 1935-85," American Political Science Review 97 (2003): 487.
377. Leonard Baker, Back to Back: The Duel Between FDR and the Supreme Court (New York: Macmillan, 1967), 12.
378. Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 158.
379. Arthur F. Mullen, Western Democrat (New York: Wilfred Funk, 1940), 307
380. S. J. Woolf, "Cummings Sees the Law as a Living Thing," New York Times, September 3, 1933
381. Carl Brent Swisher, "Biographical Note," in Selected Papers of Homer Cummings: Attorney General of the United States, 1933-1939, ed. Carl Brent Swisher (New York: Scribner's, 1939), xiii
382. William A. Kelly, "Honorable Homer Cummings, Attorney General of the United States-A Biographical Sketch," Bulletin of the New Haven County Bar Association 14 (January 1934): 13-16, 15
383. David L. Mazza, "Homer S. Cummings and Progressive Politics from Bryan through Wilson, 1896-1925" (PhD diss., St. John's University, 1978)
384. Homer S. Cummings, "The New Law Relating to Federal Procedure," United States Law Week 1, no. 42 (1934): 16
385. Homer S. Cummings, "Letter to the President, Recommending Approval of Legislation Authorizing the Formulation of Uniform and Simplified Rules of Civil Procedure under the Supervision of the Supreme Court," June 12, 1934, reprinted in Selected Papers of Homer Cummings, 188
386. Homer S. Cummings, "Letters to Chairmen of Senate and House Judiciary Committees," March 1, 1934, reprinted in Selected Papers of Homer Cummings, 186.
387. Herbert Corey, "Stream-Lined Justice," Nation's Business, July 1938, 30
388. Carl Brent Swisher, "Introduction," in Selected Papers of Homer Cummings, xxv
389. Homer S. Cummings, "From an address at the Silver Anniversary Banquet of the New York County Lawyers' Association," March 14, 1934, reprinted in Selected Papers of Homer Cummings, 184
390. Charles Evans Hughes, "Address of Chief Justice Hughes," American Bar Association Journal 21 (1935): 340
391. Thomas G. Walker and Deborah J. Barrow, "Funding the Federal Judiciary: The Congressional Connection," Judicature 69 (1985-86): 44.
392. Peter Graham Fish, "Crises, Politics, and Federal Judicial Reform: The Administrative Office Act of 1939," Journal of Politics 32 (1970): 605
393. William L. Ransom, "Improving the Administration of Justice," Journal of the American Judicature Society 20 (1936-37): 223
394. Henry P. Chandler, "The Administration of the Federal Courts," Law and Contemporary Problems 13 (1948): 186
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398. Peter Graham Fish, "The Circuit Councils: Rusty Hinges of Federal Judicial Administration," 37 University of Chicago Law Review 203 (1970)
399. William Schwarzer, "The Federal Judicial Center and the Administration of Justice in the Federal Courts," 28 U.C. Davis Law Review 1129 (1995)
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403. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, rev. ed. (New York: Basic, 1999)
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410. A. Powe Jr., The Warren Court in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2000).
411. J. W. Peltason, 58 Lonely Men: Southern Federal Judges and School Desegregation (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971).
412. William F. Swindler, "The Chief Justice and Law Reform, 1921-1971," The Supreme Court Review 1971 (1971): 255
413. Martin Shapiro, "APA: Past, Present, and Future," 72 Virginia Law Review 447 (1986)
414. George B. Shephard, "Fierce Compromise: The Administrative Procedure Act Emerges from New Deal Politics," 90 Northwestern University Law Review 1557 (1996).
415. Charles A. Lindquist, "The Origin and Development of the United States Commissioner System," American Journal of Legal History 14 (1970): 1-2.
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420. Peter G. McCabe, "The Federal Magistrate Act of 1979," 16 Harvard Journal on Legislation 343, 347 (1979).
421. Christopher E. Smith, "Assessing the Consequences of Judicial Innovation: U.S. Magistrates' Trials and Related Tribulations," 23 Wake Forest Law Review 455 (1988).
422. Jack B. Streepy, "The Developing Role of the Magistrate in the Federal Courts," 29 Cleveland State Law Review 81 (1980).
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