Detecting Foci of Malaria Transmission with School Surveys: A Pilot Study in the Gambia

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

  Takem, Ebako N ^a   Affara, Muna ^a   Amambua Ngwa, Alfred ^a   Okebe, Joseph ^a   Ceesay, Serign J ^a   Jawara, Musa ^a   Oriero, Eniyou ^a   Nwakanma, Davis ^a   Pinder, Margaret ^a   Clifford, Caitlin ^b   Taal, Makie ^c   Sowe, Momodou ^c   Suso, Penda ^c   Mendy, Alphonse ^c   Mbaye, Amicoleh ^d   Drakeley, Chris ^e   D'Alessandro, Umberto ^a,f  

^a MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LABORATORIES   (Gambia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c National Health Laboratory   (Gambia)

^d Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education   (Gambia)

^e LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^f INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APICAL MEMBRANE ANTIGEN 1; HEMOGLOBIN; INSECTICIDE; MEROZOITE SURFACE PROTEIN 1; MEROZOITE SURFACE PROTEIN 2; PARASITE ANTIBODY; PROTOZOON ANTIBODY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; ANTIBODY DETECTION; ARTICLE; BED NET; BLOOD SAMPLING; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; GAMBIA; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALARIA; MALE; MICROSCOPY; PILOT STUDY; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCHOOL; SCHOOL CHILD; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEROPREVALENCE; SEX RATIO; SOCIAL STATUS; BLOOD; INSECTICIDE TREATED NET; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; AGE FACTORS; ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; GAMBIA; HUMANS; INSECTICIDE-TREATED BEDNETS; MALARIA; MALE; PILOT PROJECTS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; SCHOOLS; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84879520183     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067108     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. WHO (2012) World Malaria Report 2012. Geneva, Switzerland.
2. WHO (2011) World Malaria Report 2011. Geneva, Switzerland.
3. Brooker S, Kolaczinski JH, Gitonga CW, Noor AM, Snow RW, (2009) The use of schools for malaria surveillance and programme evaluation in Africa. Malar J 8: 231.
4. Hay SI, Smith DL, Snow RW, (2008) Measuring malaria endemicity from intense to interrupted transmission. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 369-378.
5. Smith DL, Guerra CA, Snow RW, Hay SI, (2007) Standardizing estimates of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate. Malar J 6: 131.
6. Oduro AR, Bojang KA, Conway DJ, Corrah T, Greenwood BM, et al. (2011) Health Centre Surveys as a Potential Tool for Monitoring Malaria Epidemiology by Area and over Time. PLoS ONE 6: e26305.
7. Satoguina J, Walther B, Drakeley C, Nwakanma D, Oriero EC, et al. (2009) Comparison of surveillance methods applied to a situation of low malaria prevalence at rural sites in The Gambia and Guinea Bissau. Malar J 8: 274.
8. Gitonga CW, Karanja PN, Kihara J, Mwanje M, Juma E, et al. (2010) Implementing school malaria surveys in Kenya: towards a national surveillance system. Malar J 9: 306.
9. Kazadi W, Sexton JD, Bigonsa M, W'Okanga B, Way M, (2004) Malaria in primary school children and infants in kinshasa, democratic republic of the congo: surveys from the 1980s and 2000. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 97-102.
10. Ayi I, Nonaka D, Adjovu JK, Hanafusa S, Jimba M, et al. (2010) School-based participatory health education for malaria control in Ghana: engaging children as health messengers. Malar J 9: 98.
11. Koukounari A, Estambale BB, Njagi JK, Cundill B, Ajanga A, et al. (2008) Relationships between anaemia and parasitic infections in Kenyan schoolchildren: a Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach. Int J Parasitol 38: 1663-1671.
12. Ndyomugyenyi R, Kroeger A, (2007) Using schoolchildren's reports of bed net use monitored by schoolteachers as a proxy of community coverage in malaria endemic areas of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 12: 230-237.
13. Wang SJ, Lengeler C, Smith TA, Vounatsou P, Cisse G, et al. (2005) Rapid urban malaria appraisal (RUMA) in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J 4: 40.
14. Magnussen P, Ndawi B, Sheshe AK, Byskov J, Mbwana K, (2001) Malaria diagnosis and treatment administered by teachers in primary schools in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 6: 273-279.
15. Clarke SE, Brooker S, Njagi JK, Njau E, Estambale B, et al. (2004) Malaria morbidity among school children living in two areas of contrasting transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 732-738.
16. Ashton RA, Kefyalew T, Tesfaye G, Pullan RL, Yadeta D, et al. (2011) School-based surveys of malaria in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: a rapid survey method for malaria in low transmission settings. Malar J 10: 25.
17. Midzi N, Mtapuri-Zinyowera S, Mapingure MP, Paul NH, Sangweme D, et al. (2011) Knowledge attitudes and practices of grade three primary schoolchildren in relation to schistosomiasis, soil transmitted helminthiasis and malaria in Zimbabwe. BMC Infect Dis 11: 169.
18. Okello G, Ndegwa SN, Halliday KE, Hanson K, Brooker SJ, et al. (2012) Local perceptions of intermittent screening and treatment for malaria in school children on the south coast of Kenya. Malar J 11: 185.
19. Teklehaimanot HD, Teklehaimanot A, Kiszewski A, Rampao HS, Sachs JD, (2009) Malaria in Sao Tome and principe: on the brink of elimination after three years of effective antimalarial measures. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 133-140.
20. Lee PW, Liu CT, Rampao HS, do Rosario VE, Shaio MF, (2010) Pre-elimination of malaria on the island of Principe. Malar J 9: 26.
21. Otten M, Aregawi M, Were W, Karema C, Medin A, et al. (2009) Initial evidence of reduction of malaria cases and deaths in Rwanda and Ethiopia due to rapid scale-up of malaria prevention and treatment. Malar J 8: 14.
22. Bhattarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, Martensson A, Abbas AK, et al. (2007) Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Med 4: e309.
23. Ceesay SJ, Casals-Pascual C, Erskine J, Anya SE, Duah NO, et al. (2008) Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 372: 1545-1554.
24. Ceesay SJ, Casals-Pascual C, Nwakanma DC, Walther M, Gomez-Escobar N, et al. (2010) Continued Decline of Malaria in The Gambia with Implications for Elimination. PLoS ONE 5: e12242.
25. Bojang K, Akor F, Bittaye O, Conway D, Bottomley C, et al. (2010) A randomised trial to compare the safety, tolerability and efficacy of three drug combinations for intermittent preventive treatment in children. PLoS ONE 5: e11225.
26. Kirby MJ, Green C, Milligan PM, Sismanidis C, Jasseh M, et al. (2008) Risk factors for house-entry by malaria vectors in a rural town and satellite villages in The Gambia. Malar J 7: 2.
27. Kirby MJ, Ameh D, Bottomley C, Green C, Jawara M, et al. (2009) Effect of two different house screening interventions on exposure to malaria vectors and on anaemia in children in The Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374: 998-1009.
28. Tongren JE, Drakeley CJ, McDonald SL, Reyburn HG, Manjurano A, et al. (2006) Target antigen, age, and duration of antigen exposure independently regulate immunoglobulin G subclass switching in malaria. Infect Immun 74: 257-264.
29. Corran PH, Cook J, Lynch C, Leendertse H, Manjurano A, et al. (2008) Dried blood spots as a source of anti-malarial antibodies for epidemiological studies. Malar J 7: 195.
30. Riley EM, Morris-Jones S, Blackman MJ, Greenwood BM, Holder AA, (1993) A longitudinal study of naturally acquired cellular and humoral immune responses to a merozoite surface protein (MSP1) of Plasmodium falciparum in an area of seasonal malaria transmission. Parasite Immunol 15: 513-524.
31. Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, et al. (1993) High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61: 315-320.
32. Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, (1993) Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol 58: 283-292.
33. Greenwood BM, Armstrong JR, (1991) Comparison of two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85: 186-188.
34. de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, et al. (2007) Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 85: 660-667.
35. D'Alessandro U, Leach A, Drakeley CJ, Bennett S, Olaleye BO, et al. (1995) Efficacy trial of malaria vaccine SPf66 in Gambian infants. Lancet 346: 462-467.
36. Campbell H, Byass P, Greenwood BM, (1987) Bed-nets and malaria suppression. Lancet 1: 859-860.
37. Thomson MC, D'Alessandro U, Bennett S, Connor SJ, Langerock P, et al. (1994) Malaria prevalence is inversely related to vector density in The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 638-643.
38. Metzger WG, Okenu DM, Cavanagh DR, Robinson JV, Bojang KA, et al. (2003) Serum IgG3 to the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 is strongly associated with a reduced prospective risk of malaria. Parasite Immunol 25: 307-312.
39. Sesay S, Milligan P, Touray E, Sowe M, Webb EL, et al. (2011) A trial of intermittent preventive treatment and home-based management of malaria in a rural area of The Gambia. Malar J 10: 2.
40. Rougemont M, Van Saanen M, Sahli R, Hinrikson HP, Bille J, et al. (2004) Detection of four Plasmodium species in blood from humans by 18S rRNA gene subunit-based and species-specific real-time PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5636-5643.
41. Nebie I, Diarra A, Ouedraogo A, Soulama I, Bougouma EC, et al. (2008) Humoral responses to Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigens and association with incidence of clinical malaria in children living in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Infect Immun 76: 759-766.
42. Corran PH, O'Donnell RA, Todd J, Uthaipibull C, Holder AA, et al. (2004) The fine specificity, but not the invasion inhibitory activity, of 19-kilodalton merozoite surface protein 1-specific antibodies is associated with resistance to malarial parasitemia in a cross-sectional survey in The Gambia. Infect Immun 72: 6185-6189.
43. Dodoo D, Atuguba F, Bosomprah S, Ansah NA, Ansah P, et al. (2011) Antibody levels to multiple malaria vaccine candidate antigens in relation to clinical malaria episodes in children in the Kasena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana. Malar J 10: 108.
44. Egan AF, Morris J, Barnish G, Allen S, Greenwood BM, et al. (1996) Clinical immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with serum antibodies to the 19-kDa C-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface antigen, PfMSP-1. J Infect Dis 173: 765-769.
45. Bejon P, Williams TN, Liljander A, Noor AM, Wambua J, et al. (2010) Stable and unstable malaria hotspots in longitudinal cohort studies in Kenya. PLoS Med 7: e1000304.
46. WHO (2007) Malaria elimination A field manual for low and moderate endemic countries.
47. Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, et al. (2012) Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med 9: e1001165.
48. WHO (1995) Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry: Report of WHO expert committee. Geneva, Switzerland.
49. Moore SE, Goldblatt D, Bates CJ, Prentice AM, (2003) Impact of nutritional status on antibody responses to different vaccines in undernourished Gambian children. Acta Paediatr 92: 170-176.
50. Poskitt EM, Cole TJ, Whitehead RG (1999) Less diarrhoea but no change in growth: 15 years' data from three Gambian villages. Arch Dis Child 80: 115-119; discussion 119-120.
51. Custodio E, Descalzo MA, Villamor E, Molina L, Sanchez I, et al. (2009) Nutritional and socio-economic factors associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection in children from Equatorial Guinea: results from a nationally representative survey. Malar J 8: 225.
52. Friedman JF, Kwena AM, Mirel LB, Kariuki SK, Terlouw DJ, et al. (2005) Malaria and nutritional status among pre-school children: results from cross-sectional surveys in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 698-704.
53. Crookston BT, Alder SC, Boakye I, Merrill RM, Amuasi JH, et al. (2010) Exploring the relationship between chronic undernutrition and asymptomatic malaria in Ghanaian children. Malar J 9: 39.
54. Fillol F, Cournil A, Boulanger D, Cisse B, Sokhna C, et al. (2009) Influence of wasting and stunting at the onset of the rainy season on subsequent malaria morbidity among rural preschool children in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 202-208.
55. Deribew A, Alemseged F, Tessema F, Sena L, Birhanu Z, et al. (2010) Malaria and under-nutrition: a community based study among under-five children at risk of malaria, south-west Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 5: e10775.
56. Ong'echa JM, Keller CC, Were T, Ouma C, Otieno RO, et al. (2006) Parasitemia, anemia, and malarial anemia in infants and young children in a rural holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 376-385.