The exemplar interleaving effect in inductive learning: Moderation by the difficulty of category discriminations

Memory and Cognition

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 16-27

  Zulkiply, Norehan ^a,b   Burt, Jennifer S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Category discrimination; Category induction; Category learning; Inductive learning; Spacing effect

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION; CONCEPT FORMATION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; RECALL; SHORT TERM MEMORY; STIMULUS GENERALIZATION; ARTICLE;

ASSOCIATION LEARNING; ATTENTION; CONCEPT FORMATION; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); FEMALE; GENERALIZATION, STIMULUS; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MENTAL RECALL; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PRACTICE (PSYCHOLOGY); SERIAL LEARNING;

EID: 84879481247     PISSN: 0090502X     EISSN: 15325946     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-012-0238-9     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Appleton-Knapp, S. L., Bjork, R. A., & Wickens, T. D. (2005). Examining the spacing effect in advertising: Encoding variability, retrieval processes and their interaction. Journal of Consumer Research, 32, 266-276. doi: 10. 1086/432236.
2. Ashby, F. G., Alfonso-Reese, L. A., Turken, A. U., & Waldron, E. M. (1998). A neuropsychological theory of multiple systems in category learning. Psychological Review, 105, 442-481.
3. Ashby, F. G., & Gott, R. E. (1988). Decision rules in the perception and categorization of multidimensional stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 33-53.
4. Ashby, F. G., Maddox, W. T., & Bohil, C. J. (2002). Observational versus feedback training in rule-based and information-integration category learning. Memory and Cognition, 30, 666-677.
5. Carvalho, P. F., & Goldstone, R. L. (November, 2011). Stimulus similarity relations modulate benefits for blocking and interleaving during category learning. Paper presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Seatle, WA.
6. Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 354-380. doi: 10. 1037/0033-2909. 132. 3. 354.
7. Childers, J. B., & Tomasello, M. (2002). Two-year-olds learn novel nouns, verbs, and conventional actions from massed or distributed exposures. Developmental Psychology, 38, 967-978. doi: 10. 1037//0012-1649. 38. 6. 967.
8. Cornell, E. H. (1980). Distributed study facilitates infants' delayed recognition memory. Memory and Cognition, 8, 539-542. doi: 10. 3758/BF03213773.
9. Dellarosa, D., & Bourne, L. E., Jr. (1985). Surface form and the spacing effect. Memory and Cognition, 13, 529-537. doi: 10. 3758/BF03198324.
10. Dempster, F. N. (1996). Distributing and managing the conditions of encoding and practice. In E. L. Bjork & R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Memory: Handbook of perception and cognition (pp. 317-344). San Diego: Academic.
11. Donovan, J. J., & Radosevich, D. J. (1999). A meta-analytic review of the distribution of practice effect: Now you see it, now you don't. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 795-805. doi: 10. 1037/0021-9010. 84. 5. 795.
12. Ebbinghaus, H (1985/1913). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (H. A. Ruger, & C. E. Bussenius, Trans.). New York: Columbia University.
13. Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). In H. A. Ruger, C. E. Bussenius, & E. R. Hilgard (Eds.), Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. Original work published in 1885.
14. Gagne, R. M. (1950). The effect of sequence of presentation of similar items on the learning of paired-associates. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40, 61-73. doi: 10. 1037/h0060804.
15. Glenberg, A. M. (1979). Component-levels theory of the effects of spacing of repetitions on recall and recognition. Memory & Cognition, 7, 95-112.
16. Glenberg, A. M., & Lehmann, T. S. (1980). Spacing repetitions over 1 week. Memory and Cognition, 8, 528-538.
17. Glover, J. A., & Corkill, A. J. (1987). Influence of paraphrased repetitions on the spacing effect. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 198-199.
18. Goldstone, R. L. (1996). Isolated and interrelated concepts. Memory and Cognition, 24, 608-628.
19. Goldstone, R. L., Steyvers, M., & Rogosky, B. J. (2003). Conceptual interrelatedness and caricatures. Memory & Cognition, 31, 169-180.
20. Helsdingen, A. S., van Gog, T., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2011). The effects of practice schedule on learning a complex judgment task. Learning and Instruction, 21, 126-136. doi: 10. 1016/j. learninstruc. 2009. 12. 001.
21. Hintzman, D. L., & Rogers, M. K. (1973). Spacing effects in picture memory. Memory and Cognition, 1, 430-434.
22. Hintzman, D. L. (1974). Theoretical implications of the spacing effect. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Theories in cognitive psychology. The Loyola Symposium (pp. 77-99). Potomac: Erlbaum.
23. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
24. Kang, S. H. K., & Pashler, H. (2012). Learning painting styles: Spacing is advantageous when it promotes discriminative contrast. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 97-103. doi: 10. 1002/acp. 1801.
25. Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2008). Learning concepts and categories: Is spacing the "enemy of induction"? Psychological Science, 19, 585-592. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-9280. 2008. 02127. x.
26. Kornell, N., Castel, A. D., Eich, T. S., & Bjork, R. A. (2010). Spacing as the friend of both memory and induction in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 498-503. doi: 10. 1037/a0017807.
27. Kurtz, K. H., & Hovland, C. I. (1956). Concept learning with differing sequences of exemplars. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 239-243.
28. Medin, D., Wattenmaker, W. D., & Michalski, R. S. (1987). Constraints and preferences in inductive learning. Cognitive Science, 11, 299-339.
29. Melton, A. W. (1970). The situation with respect to the spacing of repetitions and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 596-606.
30. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295x. 84. 3. 231.
31. Rea, C. P., & Modigliani, V. (1987). The spacing effect in 4- to 9- year-old children. Memory and Cognition, 15, 436-443. doi: 10. 3758/BF03197733.
32. Rothkopf, E. Z., & Coke, E. U. (1966). Variations in phrasing and repetition interval and the recall of sentence material. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 86-91. doi: 10. 1016/S0022-5371(66)80111-1.
33. Stanton, R. D., & Nosofsky, R. M. (2007). Feedback interference and dissociations of classification: Evidence against the multiple-learning-systems hypothesis. Memory and Cognition, 35, 1747-1758. doi: 10. 3758/bf03193507.
34. Toppino, T. C. (1993). The spacing effect in preschool children's free recall of pictures and words. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31, 27-30.
35. Underwood, B. J. (1952). An orientation for research on thinking. Psychological Review, 59, 209-220.
36. Vlach, H. A., Sandhofer, C. M., & Kornell, N. (2008). The spacing effect in children's memory and category induction. Cognition, 109, 163-167. doi: 10. 1016/j. cognition. 2008. 07. 013.
37. Wahlheim, C. N., Dunlosky, J., & Jacoby, L. L. (2011). Spacing enhances the learning of natural concepts: An investigation of mechanisms, metacognition, and aging. Memory and Cognition, 39, 750-763. doi: 10. 3758/s13421-010-0063-y.
38. Wulf, G., & Shea, C. H. (2002). Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 185-211. doi: 10. 3758/BF03196276.
39. Zechmeister, E. B., & Shaughnessy, J. J. (1980). When you know that you know and when you think that you know but you don't. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 15, 41-44.
40. Zulkiply, N., McLean, J., Burt, J. S., & Bath, D. (2012). Spacing and induction: Application to exemplars presented as auditory and visual text. Learning and Instruction, 22, 215-221. doi: 10. 1016/j. learninstruc. 2011. 11. 002.