Applications of X-ray computed tomography for examining biophysical interactions and structural development in soil systems: A review

European Journal of Soil Science

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 279-297

  Helliwell, J R ^a   Sturrock, C J ^a   Grayling, K M ^a   Tracy, S R ^a   Flavel, R J ^b   Young, I M ^b   Whalley, W R ^c   Mooney, S J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (Australia)

^c ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; LITERATURE REVIEW; MINERAL; SOIL FAUNA; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; TOMOGRAPHY; X-RAY;

EID: 84879415787     PISSN: 13510754     EISSN: 13652389     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ejss.12028     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Adderley, W.P., Simpson, I.A. & MacLeod, G.W. 2001. Testing high-resolution X-ray computed tomography for the micromorphological analyses of archaeological soils and sediments. Archaeological Prospection, 8, 107-112.
2. Al-Raoush, R.I. & Willson, C.S. 2005. Extraction of physically realistic pore network properties from three-dimensional synchrotron X-ray microtomography images of unconsolidated porous media systems. Journal of Hydrology, 300, 44-64.
3. Anderson, S.H., Peyton, R.L. & Gantzer, C.J. 1990. Evaluation of constructed and natural soil macropores using X-ray computed tomography. Geoderma, 46, 13-29.
4. Anderson, S.H., Peyton, R.L., Wigger, J.W. & Gantzer, C.J. 1992. Influence of aggregate size on solute transport as measured using computed tomography. Geoderma, 53, 387-398.
5. Anderson, S.H., Wang, H., Petyton, R.L. & Gantzer, C.J. 2003. Estimation of porosity and hydraulic conductivity from X-ray CT-measured solute breakthrough. In: Applications of X-ray Computed Tomography in the Geosciences (eds F. Mees, R. Swennen, M. Van Geet & P. Jacobs), pp. 135-149. Geological Society Special Publication, London.
6. Aravena, J.E., Berli, M., Ghezzehei, T.A. & Tyler, S.W. 2011. Effects of root-induced compaction on rhizosphere hydraulic properties - X-ray microtomography imaging and numerical simulations. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 425-431.
7. Atkinson, B.S., Sparkes, D.L. & Mooney, S.J. 2007. Using selected soil physical properties of seedbeds to predict crop establishment. Soil and Tillage Research, 97, 218-228.
8. Atkinson, B.S., Sparkes, D.L. & Mooney, S.J. 2009. Effect of seedbed cultivation and soil macrostructure on the establishment of winter wheat (triticum aestivum). Soil and Tillage Research, 103, 291-301.
9. Aylmore, L.A.G. 1993. Use of computer-assisted tomography in studying water movement around plant roots. Advances in Agronomy, 39, 1-54.
10. Batey, T. 2009. Soil compaction and soil management - a review. Soil Use and Management, 25, 335-345.
11. Baveye, P., Rogasik, H., Wendroth, O., Onasch, I. & Crawford, J.W. 2002. Effect of sampling volume on the measurement of soil physical properties: simulation with X-ray tomography data. Measurement Science and Technology, 13, 775-784.
12. Baveye, P.C., Laba, M., Otten, W., Bouckaert, L., Dello Sterpaio, P., Goswami, R.R., et al. 2010. Observer-dependent variability of the thresholding step in the quantitative analysis of soil images and X-ray microtomography data. Geoderma, 157, 51-63.
13. Capowiez, Y., Pierret, A., Daniel, O., Monestiez, P. & Kretzschmar, A. 1998. 3D Skeleton reconstructions of natural earthworm burrow systems using CAT scan images of soil cores. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 27, 51-59.
14. Capowiez, Y., Pierret, A. & Moran, C. 2003. Characterisation of the three-dimensional structure of earthworm burrow systems using image analysis and mathematical morphology. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 38, 301-310.
15. Carlson, W.D. 2006. Three-dimensional imaging of earth and planetary materials. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 133-147.
16. Carlson, W., Denison, C. & Ketcham, R. 1999. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography as a tool for visualization and quantitative analysis of igneous textures in three dimensions. Visual Geosciences, 4, 1-14.
17. Carminati, A., Vetterlein, D., Weller, U., Vogel, H.-J. & Oswald, S.E. 2009. When roots lose contact. Vadose Zone Journal, 8, 805-809.
18. Carminati, A., Moradi, A.B., Vetterlein, D., Vontobel, P., Lehmann, E., Weller, U., et al. 2010. Dynamics of soil water content in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 332, 163-176.
19. Clark, R.T., MacCurdy, R.B., Jung, J.K., Shaff, J.E., McCouch, S.R., Aneshansley, D.J., et al. 2011. Three-dimensional root phenotyping with a novel imaging and software platform. Plant Physiology, 156, 455-465.
20. Clausnitzer, V. & Hopmans, J.W. 2000. Pore-scale measurements of solute breakthrough using microfocus X-ray computed tomography. Water Resource Research, 36, 2067-2079.
21. Crawford, J.W., Deacon, L., Grinev, D., Harris, J.A., Ritz, K., Singh, B.K., et al. 2011. Microbial diversity affects self-organization of the soil-microbe system with consequences for function. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface Online only at present. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0679.
22. Crestana, S., Mascarenhas, S. & Pozzi-Mucelli, R.S. 1985. Static and dynamic 3 dimensional studies of water in soil using computed tomographic scanning. Soil Science, 140, 326-332.
23. Culligan, K.A., Wildenschild, D., Christensen, B.S.B., Gray, W.G., Rivers, M.L. & Tompson, A.F.B. 2004. Interfacial area measurements for unsaturated flow through a porous medium. Water Resource Research, 40, W12413.
24. De Gryze, S., Jassogne, L., Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Wevers, M. & Merckx, R. 2006. Pore structure changes during decomposition of fresh residue: X-ray tomography analyses. Geoderma, 134, 82-96.
25. Delerue, J.F., Perrier, E., Timmerman, A. & Swennen, R. 2003. 3D Soil image characterization applied to hydraulic properties computation. In: Applications of X-ray Computed Tomography in the Geosciences (eds F. Mees, R. Swennen, M. Van Geet & P. Jacobs), pp. 167-176. Geological Society Special Publication, London.
26. Denison, C. & Carlson, W.D. 1997. Three-dimensional quantitative textural analysis of metamorphic rocks using high-resolution computed X-ray tomography: part II. Application to natural samples. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 15, 45-57.
27. Dhondt, S., Vanhaeren, H., Van Loo, D., Cnudde, V. & Inzé, D. 2010. Plant structure visualization by high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Trends in Plant Science, 15, 419-422.
28. Duliu, O.G. 1999. Computer axial tomography in geosciences: an overview. Earth-Science Reviews, 48, 265-281.
29. Elliot, T.R., Reynolds, W.D. & Heck, R.J. 2010. Use of existing pore models and X-ray computed tomography to predict saturated soil hydraulic conductivity. Geoderma, 156, 133-142.
30. Elyeznasni, N., Sellami, F., Pot, V., Benoit, P., Vieuble-Gonod, L., Young, I., et al. 2012. Exploration of soil micromorphology to identify coarse-sized OM assemblages in X-ray CT images of undisturbed cultivated soil cores. Geoderma, 179, 38-45.
31. Feeney, D.S., Crawford, J.W., Daniell, T., Hallett, P.D., Nunan, N., Ritz, K., et al. 2006. Three-dimensional microorganization of the soil-root-microbe system. Microbial Ecology, 52, 151-158.
32. Flannery, B.P., Deckman, H.W., Roberge, W.G. & D'Amico, K.L. 1987. Three-dimensional X-ray microtomography. Science, 237, 1439-1444.
33. Flavel, R.J., Guppy, C.N., Tighe, M., Watt, M., McNeill, A. & Young, I.M. 2012. Non-destructive quantification of cereal roots in soil using high-resolution X-ray tomography. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63, 2503-2511.
34. Gantzer, C.J. & Anderson, S.H. 2002. Computed tomographic measurement of macroporosity in chisel-disk and no-tillage seedbeds. Soil and Tillage Research, 64, 101-111.
35. Garbout, A., Munkholm, L.J., Hansen, S.B., Petersen, B.M., Munk, O.L. & Pajor, R. 2012. The use of PET/CT scanning technique for 3D visualization and quantification of real-time soil/plant interactions. Plant and Soil, 352, 113-127.
36. Géraud, Y., Surma, F. & Mazerolle, F. 2003. Porosity and fluid flow characterization of granite by capillary wetting using X-ray computed tomography. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 95-105.
37. Godel, B., Barnes, S.J., Barnes, S.-J. & Maier, W.D. 2010. Platinum ore in three dimensions: insights from high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Geology, 38, 1127-1130.
38. Greco, M., Bell, M., Spooner-Hart, R. & Holford, P. 2006. X-ray computerized tomography as a new method for monitoring amegilla holmesi nest structures, nesting behaviour, and adult female activity. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 120, 71-76.
39. Gregory, P.J. 2006. Plant Roots: Growth, Activity and Interaction with Soils. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
40. Gregory, P.J. & Hinsinger, P. 1999. New approaches to studying chemical and physical changes in the rhizosphere: an overview. Plant and Soil, 211, 1-9.
41. Gregory, P.J., Hutchison, D.J., Read, D.B., Jenneson, P.M., Gilboy, W.B. & Morton, E.J. 2003. Non-invasive imaging of roots with high resolution X-ray micro-tomography. Plant and Soil, 255, 351-359.
42. Gregory, P.J., Bengough, A.G., Grinev, D., Schmidt, S., Thomas, W.T.B., Wojciechowski, T., et al. 2009. Root phenomics of crops: opportunities and challenges. Functional Plant Biology, 36, 922-929.
43. Grevers, M.C.J., Jong, E.D. & St. Arnaud, R.J. 1989. The characterization of soil macroporosity with CT scanning. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 69, 629-637.
44. Hainsworth, J. & Aylmore, L. 1983. The use of computer assisted tomography to determine spatial distribution of soil water content. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 21, 435-443.
45. Hamza, M. & Aylmore, L. 1992. Soil solute concentration and water uptake by single lupin and radish plant roots. Plant and Soil, 145, 187-196.
46. Hamza, M.A., Anderson, S.H. & Aylmore, L.A.G. 2001. Studies of soil water drawdowns by single radish roots at decreasing soil water content using computer-assisted tomography. Soil Research, 39, 1387-1396.
47. Hapca, S.M., Wang, Z.X., Otten, W., Wilson, C. & Baveye, P.C. 2011. Automated statistical method to align 2D chemical maps with 3D X-ray computed micro-tomographic images of soils. Geoderma, 164, 146-154.
48. Hargreaves, C., Gregory, P. & Bengough, A. 2009. Measuring root traits in barley (hordeum vulgare ssp. Vulgare and ssp. Spontaneum) seedlings using gel chambers, soil sacs and X-ray microtomography. Plant and Soil, 316, 285-297.
49. Heeraman, D.A., Hopmans, J.W. & Clausnitzer, V. 1997. Three dimensional imaging of plant roots in situ with X-ray computed tomography. Plant and Soil, 189, 167-179.
50. Heijs, A.W.J., Delange, J., Schoute, J.F.T. & Bouma, J. 1995. Computed-tomography as a tool for nondestructive analysis of flow patterns in macroporous clay soils. Geoderma, 64, 183-196.
51. Hopmans, J.W., Vogel, T. & Koblik, P.D. 1992. X-ray tomography of soil water distribution in one-step outflow experiments. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56, 355-362.
52. Hounsfield, G.N. 1973. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): part 1. Description of system. British Journal of Radiology, 46, 1016-1022.
53. Iassonov, P., Gebrenegus, T. & Tuller, M. 2009. Segmentation of X-ray computed tomography images of porous materials: a crucial step for characterization and quantitative analysis of pore structures. Water Resource Research, 45, W09415.
54. Iyer-Pascuzzi, A.S., Symonova, O., Mileyko, Y., Hao, Y., Belcher, H., Harer, J., et al. 2010. Imaging and analysis platform for automatic phenotyping and trait ranking of plant root systems. Plant Physiology, 152, 1148-1157.
55. Jacobson, A.R., Dousset, S., Andreux, F. & Baveye, P.C. 2007. Electron microprobe and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping of the heterogeneous distribution of copper in high-copper vineyard soils. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 6343-6349.
56. Jegou, D., Brunotte, J., Rogasik, H., Capowiez, Y., Diestel, H., Schrader, S., et al. 2002. Impact of soil compaction on earthworm burrow systems using X-ray computed tomography: preliminary study. European Journal of Soil Biology, 38, 329-336.
57. Jenneson, P.M., Gilboy, W.B., Morton, E.J. & Gregory, P.J. 2003. An X-ray micro-tomography system optimised for the low-dose study of living organisms. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 58, 177-181.
58. Joschko, M., Müller, P.C., Kotzke, K., Döhring, W. & Larink, O. 1993. Earthworm burrow system development assessed by means of X-ray computed tomography. Geoderma, 56, 209-221.
59. Kaestner, A., Schneebeli, M. & Graf, F. 2006. Visualizing three-dimensional root networks using computed tomography. Geoderma, 136, 459-469.
60. Kaestner, A., Lehmann, E. & Stampanoni, M. 2008. Imaging and image processing in porous media research. Advances in Water Resources, 31, 1174-1187.
61. Kalukin, A.R., Van Geet, M. & Swennen, R. 2000. Principal components analysis of multienergy X-ray computed tomography of mineral samples. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 47, 1729-1736.
62. Ketcham, R.A. 2005. Three-dimensional grain fabric measurements using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 1217-1228.
63. Ketcham, R.A. & Carlson, W.D. 2001. Acquisition, optimization and interpretation of X-ray computed tomographic imagery: applications to the geosciences. Computers and Geosciences, 27, 381-400.
64. Kettridge, N. & Binley, A. 2011. Characterization of peat structure using X-ray computed tomography and its control on the ebullition of biogenic gas bubbles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, G01024.
65. Kim, H., Anderson, S.H., Motavalli, P.P. & Gantzer, C.J. 2010. Compaction effects on soil macropore geometry and related parameters for an arable field. Geoderma, 160, 244-251.
66. Kinney, J.H. & Nichols, M.C. 1992. X-Ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) using synchotron radiation. Annual Review of Materials Science, 22, 121-152.
67. Kitchen, M.J., Lewis, R.A., Yagi, N., Uesugi, K., Paganin, D., Hooper, S.B., et al. 2005. Phase contrast X-ray imaging of mice and rabbit lungs: a comparative study. British Journal of Radiology, 78, 1018-1027.
68. Koebernick, N. 2011. In-situ observation of root-growth by X-ray tomography - relationship between root and water distribution during a drying cycle. In: Rhizosphere, 3 International Conference (ed. H. Lambers). Perth.
69. Langmaack, M., Schrader, S., Rapp-Bernhardt, U. & Kotzke, K. 1999. Quantitative analysis of earthworm burrow systems with respect to biological soil-structure regeneration after soil compaction. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 28, 219-229.
70. Langmaack, M., Schrader, S., Rapp-Bernhardt, U. & Kotzke, K. 2002. Soil structure rehabilitation of arable soil degraded by compaction. Geoderma, 105, 141-152.
71. Lehmann, P., Wyss, P., Flisch, A., Lehmann, E., Vontobel, P., Krafczyk, M., et al. 2006. Tomographical imaging and mathematical description of porous media used for the prediction of fluid distribution. Vadose Zone Journal, 5, 80-97.
72. Lewis, R.A., Yagi, N., Kitchen, M.J., Morgan, M.J., Paganin, D., Siu, K.K.W., et al. 2005. Dynamic imaging of the lungs using X-ray phase contrast. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 50, 5031-5040.
73. Lipiec, J. & Hatano, R. 2003. Quantification of compaction effects on soil physical properties and crop growth. Geoderma, 116, 107-136.
74. Lontoc-Roy, M., Dutilleul, P., Prasher, S.O., Han, L., Brouillet, T. & Smith, D.L. 2006. Advances in the acquisition and analysis of CT scan data to isolate a crop root system from the soil medium and quantify root system complexity in 3-D space. Geoderma, 137, 231-241.
75. Macedo, A., Crestana, S. & Vaz, C.M.P. 1998. X-ray microtomography to investigate thin layers of soil clod. Soil and Tillage Research, 49, 249-253.
76. Macfall, J.S., Johnson, G.A. & Kramer, P.J. 1991. Comparative water uptake by roots of different ages in seedlings of loblolly pine (pinus taeda L.). New Phytologist, 119, 551-560.
77. Mairhofer, S., Zappala, S., Tracy, S.R., Sturrock, C., Bennett, M., Mooney, S.J., et al. 2012. RooTrak: automated recovery of three-dimensional plant root architecture in soil from X-ray microcomputed tomography images using visual tracking. Plant Physiology, 158, 561-569.
78. Marcelino, V., Cnudde, V., Vansteelandt, S. & Carò, F. 2007. An evaluation of 2D-image analysis techniques for measuring soil microporosity. European Journal of Soil Science, 58, 133-140.
79. McGarry, D. 2001. Tillage and soil compaction. In: 1st World Congress on Conservation Agriculture (eds L. Garcia-Torres, J. Benites, A. Martinez-Vilela & A. Holgado-Cabrera), pp. 307-316. Springer, Madrid.
80. Mees, F., Swennen, R., Van Geet, M. & Jacobs, P. 2003. Applications of X-ray Computed tomography in the Geosciences. Geological Society Special Publications, London.
81. Mooney, S.J. 2002. Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of soil macroporosity and water flow patterns using computed tomography. Soil Use and Management, 18, 142-151.
82. Mooney, S.J., Morris, C., Craigon, J. & Berry, P. 2007. Quantification of soil structural changes induced by cereal anchorage failure: image analysis of thin sections. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 170, 363-372.
83. Mooney, S., Pridmore, T., Helliwell, J. & Bennett, M. 2012. Developing X-ray computed tomography to non-invasively image 3-D root systems architecture in soil. Plant and Soil, 352, 1-22.
84. Moradi, A.B., Carminati, A., Vetterlein, D., Vontobel, P., Lehmann, E., Weller, U., et al. 2011. Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of water content in the rhizosphere. New Phytologist, 192, 653-663.
85. Moran, C., Pierret, A. & Stevenson, A. 2000. X-ray absorption and phase contrast imaging to study the interplay between plant roots and soil structure. Plant and Soil, 223, 101-117.
86. Nagel, K.A., Kastenholz, B., Jahnke, S., Van Dusschoten, D., Aach, T., Muhlich, M., et al. 2009. Temperature responses of roots: impact on growth, root system architecture and implications for phenotyping. Functional Plant Biology, 36, 947-959.
87. Norrish, K. & Hutton, J.T. 1969. An accurate X-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geological samples. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 33, 431-453.
88. Nunan, N., Ritz, K., Rivers, M., Feeney, D.S. & Young, I.M. 2006. Investigating microbial micro-habitat structure using X-ray computed tomography. Geoderma, 133, 398-407.
89. O'Donnell, A.G., Young, I.M., Rushton, S.P., Shirley, M.D. & Crawford, J.W. 2007. Visualization, modelling and prediction in soil microbiology. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 5, 689-699.
90. Orsi, T.H. & Anderson, A.L. 1995. X-ray computed tomography of macroscale variability in sediment physical properties, offshore Louisiana. In: Transactions of the Forty-Fifth Annual Convention of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies (eds C.J. John & M.R. Byrnes), pp. 475-480. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, New Orleans.
91. Orsi, T.H., Edwards, C.M. & Anderson, A.L. 1994. X-ray computed tomography; a nondestructive method for quantitative analysis of sediment cores. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64, 690-693.
92. Otten, W., Grinev, D., Baveye, P.C., Wang, Z., Hapca, S.M. & Wilson, C. 2010. Integrating physical and chemical techniques to characterise soil microsites. In: 19th World Congress of Soil Science: Soil Solutions for a Changing World (eds R.J. Gilkes & N. Prakongkep), pp. 60-63. International Union of Soil Sciences, Brisbane.
93. Papadopoulos, A., Bird, N.R.A., Mooney, S.J. & Whitmore, A.P. 2008. Fractal analysis of pore roughness in images of soil using the slit island method. Vadose Zone Journal, 7, 456-460.
94. Papadopoulos, A., Bird, N.R.A., Whitmore, A.P. & Mooney, S.J. 2009. Investigating the effects of organic and conventional management on soil aggregate stability using X-ray computed tomography. European Journal of Soil Science, 60, 360-368.
95. Perret, J., Prasher, S.O., Kantzas, A. & Langford, C. 1999. Three-dimensional quantification of macropore networks in undisturbed soil cores. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 1530-1543.
96. Perret, J.S., Al-Belushi, M.E. & Deadman, M. 2007. Non-destructive visualization and quantification of roots using computed tomography. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39, 391-399.
97. Peth, S., Nellesen, J., Fischer, G. & Horn, R. 2010. Non-invasive 3D analysis of local soil deformation under mechanical and hydraulic stresses by mu CT and digital image correlation. Soil and Tillage Research, 111, 3-18.
98. Petrovic, A.M., Siebert, J.E. & Rieke, P.E. 1982. Soil bulk density analysis in three dimensions by computed tomographic scanning. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46, 445-450.
99. Pierret, A., Moran, C.J. & Pankhurst, C.E. 1999a. Differentiation of soil properties related to the spatial association of wheat roots and soil macropores. Plant and Soil, 211, 51-58.
100. Pierret, A., Capowiez, Y., Moran, C.J. & Kretzschmar, A. 1999b. X-ray computed tomography to quantify tree rooting spatial distributions. Geoderma, 90, 307-326.
101. Pierret, A., Capowiez, Y., Belzunces, L. & Moran, C.J. 2002. 3D reconstruction and quantification of macropores using X-ray computed tomography and image analysis. Geoderma, 106, 247-271.
102. Pierret, A., Kirby, M. & Moran, C. 2003. Simultaneous X-ray imaging of plant root growth and water uptake in thin-slab systems. Plant and Soil, 255, 361-373.
103. Pierret, A., Doussan, C., Capowiez, Y., Bastardie, F. & Pagès, L. 2007. Root functional architecture: a framework for modeling the interplay between roots and soil. Vadose Zone Journal, 6, 269-281.
104. Pires, L.F., Bacchi, O.O.S. & Reichardt, K. 2007. Assessment of soil structure repair due to wetting and drying cycles through 2D tomographic image analysis. Soil and Tillage Research, 94, 537-545.
105. Pires, L.F., Borges, J.A.R., Bacchi, O.O.S. & Reichardt, K. 2010. Twenty-five years of computed tomography in soil physics: a literature review of the Brazilian contribution. Soil and Tillage Research, 110, 197-210.
106. Prodanović, M., Lindquist, W.B. & Seright, R.S. 2006. Porous structure and fluid partitioning in polyethylene cores from 3D X-ray microtomographic imaging. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 298, 282-297.
107. Quinton, W.L., Elliot, T., Price, J.S., Rezanezhad, F. & Heck, R. 2009. Measuring physical and hydraulic properties of peat from X-ray tomography. Geoderma, 153, 269-277.
108. Rogasik, H., Crawford, J.W., Wendroth, O., Young, I.M., Joschko, M. & Ritz, K. 1999. Discrimination of soil phases by dual energy X-ray tomography. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 741-751.
109. Rogasik, H., Onasch, I., Brunotte, J., Jegou, D. & Wendroth, O. 2003. Assessment of soil structure using X-ray computed tomography. In: Applications of X-ray Computed Tomography in the Geosciences (eds F. Mees, R. Swennen, M. Van Geet & P. Jacobs), pp. 151-165. Geological Society Special Publication, London.
110. Schmidt, S., Bengough, A.G., Gregory, P.J., Grinev, D.V. & Otten, W. 2012. Estimating root-soil contact from 3D X-ray microtomographs. European Journal of Soil Science, 63, 776-786.
111. Schrader, S., Rogasik, H., Onasch, I. & Jegou, D. 2007. Assessment of soil structural differentiation around earthworm burrows by means of X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Geoderma, 137, 378-387.
112. Seibert, J.A. & Boone, J.M. 2005. X-ray imaging physics for nuclear medicine technologists. Part 2: X-ray interactions and image formation. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 33, 3-18.
113. Sleutel, S., Cnudde, V., Masschaele, B., Vlassenbroek, J., Dierick, M., Van Hoorebeke, L., et al. 2008. Comparison of different nano- and micro-focus X-ray computed tomography set-ups for the visualization of the soil microstructure and soil organic matter. Computers and Geosciences, 34, 931-938.
114. Spanne, P., Jones, K.W., Prunty, L. & Anderson, S.H. 1994. Potential applications of synchrotron computed microtomography to soil science. In: Tomography of Soil-Water-Root Processes, Special Publication No 36 (eds S.H. Anderson & J.W. Hopmans) pp. 43-57. Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
115. Stock, S.R. 2008. Recent advances in X-ray microtomography applied to materials. International Materials Reviews, 53, 129-181.
116. Sun, W., Brown, S. & Leach, R. 2012. An Overview of Industrial X-ray Computed Tomography. National Physical Laboratory Report No 32, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington.
117. Taina, I.A., Heck, R.J. & Elliot, T.R. 2008. Application of X-ray computed tomography to soil science: a literature review. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 88, 1-19.
118. Thieme, J., Schneider, G. & Knöchel, C. 2003. X-ray tomography of a microhabitat of bacteria and other soil colloids with sub-100 nm resolution. Micron, 34, 339-344.
119. Tippkötter, R., Eickhorst, T., Taubner, H., Gredner, B. & Rademaker, G. 2009. Detection of soil water in macropores of undisturbed soil using microfocus X-ray tube computerized tomography (μCT). Soil and Tillage Research, 105, 12-20.
120. Tollner, E.W., Rasmseur, E.L. & Murphy, C. 1994. Techniques and approaches for documenting plant root development with X-ray computed tomography. In: Tomography of Soil-Water-Root Processes, Special Publication No 36 (eds S.H. Anderson & J.W. Hopmans) pp. 115-133. Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
121. Torrance, J.K., Elliot, T., Martin, R. & Heck, R.J. 2008. X-ray computed tomography of frozen soil. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 53, 75-82.
122. Tracy, S.R., Black, C.R., Roberts, J.A., Sturrock, C., Mairhofer, S., Craigon, J., et al. 2012a. Quantifying the impact of soil compaction on root system architecture in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) by X-ray micro-computed tomography. Annals of Botany, 110, 511-519.
123. Tracy, S.R., Black, C., Roberts, J., McNeill, A., Davidson, R., Tester, M., et al. 2012b. Quantifying the effect of soil compaction on three varieties of wheat (triticum aestivum L.) using X-ray micro computed tomography (CT). Plant and Soil, 353, 195-208.
124. Van Den Bulcke, J., Boone, M., van Acker, J. & van Hoorebeke, L. 2009. Three-dimensional X-ray imaging and analysis of fungi on and in wood. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 15, 395-402.
125. Van Dusschoten, D. 2011. Quantitative 3D root imaging in natural-like soil by MRI. In: Rhizosphere 3 International Conference (ed. H. Lambers). Perth.
126. Van Geet, M., Swennen, R. & Wevers, M. 2000. Quantitative analysis of reservoir rocks by microfocus X-ray computerised tomography. Sedimentary Geology, 132, 25-36.
127. Vaz, C.M.P., De Maria, I.C., Lasso, P.O. & Tuller, M. 2011. Evaluation of an advanced benchtop micro-computed tomography system for quantifying porosities and pore-size distributions of two Brazilian oxisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75, 10.
128. Vontobel, P., Lehmann, E.H., Hassanein, R. & Frei, G. 2006. Neutron tomography: method and applications. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 385, 475-480.
129. Wang, W., Kravchenko, A.N., Smucker, A.J.M., Liang, W. & Rivers, M.L. 2012. Intra-aggregate pore characteristics: X-ray computed microtomography analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 76, 1159-1171.
130. Wang, W., Kravchenko, A.N., Smucker, A.J.M. & Rivers, M.L. 2011. Comparison of image segmentation methods in simulated 2D and 3D microtomographic images of soil aggregates. Geoderma, 162, 231-241.
131. Wang, Y., De Carlo, F., Mancini, D.C., McNulty, I., Tieman, B., Bresnahan, J., et al. 2001. A high-throughput X-ray microtomography system at the advanced photon source. The Review of Scientific Instruments, 72, 2062-2068.
132. Wildenschild, D., Hopmans, J.W., Vaz, C.M.P., Rivers, M.L., Rikard, D. & Christensen, B.S.B. 2002. Using X-ray computed tomography in hydrology: systems, resolutions, and limitations. Journal of Hydrology, 267, 285-297.
133. Wildenschild, D., Armstrong, R.T., Herring, A.L., Young, I.M. & William Carey, J. 2011. Exploring capillary trapping efficiency as a function of interfacial tension, viscosity, and flow rate. Energy Procedia, 4, 4945-4952.
134. Yang, W.N., Xu, X.C., Duan, L.F., Luo, Q.M., Chen, S.B., Zeng, S.Q., et al. 2011. High-throughput measurement of rice tillers using a conveyor equipped with X-ray computed tomography. The Review of Scientific Instruments, 82, 025102-025107.
135. Young, I.M. 1998. Biophysical interactions at the root-soil interface: a review. Journal of Agricultural Science, 130, 1-7.
136. Young, I.M. & Crawford, J.W. 2004. Interactions and self-organization in the soil-microbe complex. Science, 304, 1634-1637.
137. Young, I.M., Crawford, J.W. & Rappoldt, C. 2001. New methods and models for characterising structural heterogeneity of soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 61, 33-45.
138. Young, I.M., Crawford, J.W., Nunan, N., Otten, W. & Spiers, A. 2008. Microbial distribution in soils: physics and scaling. In: Advances in Agronomy, Volume 100 (ed. D.L. Sparks) pp. 81-121. Elsevier Academic Press Inc, San Diego, CA.
139. Zeng, Y., Gantzer, C.J., Payton, R.L. & Anderson, S.H. 1996. Fractal dimension and lacunarity of bulk density determined with X-ray computed tomography. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60, 1718-1724.