Prevalence of left heart contrast in healthy, young, asymptomatic humans at rest breathing room air

Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology

Volumn 188, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 71-78

  Elliott, Jonathan E ^a   Nigam, S Milind ^a   Laurie, Steven S ^a   Beasley, Kara M ^a   Goodman, Randall D ^b   Hawn, Jerold A ^a,b   Gladstone, Igor M ^a,c   Chesnutt, Mark S ^d   Lovering, Andrew T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^b Oregon Heart and Vascular Institute   (United States)

^c OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses; Patent foramen ovale; Right to left shunt; Transthoracic saline contrast echocardiography

Indexed keywords

CONTRAST MEDIUM; OXYGEN; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ADULT; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; BREATHING; CARDIAC IMAGING; FEMALE; HEART CYCLE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HUMAN; LEFT HEART CONTRAST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REST; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; STANDING; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC SALINE CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AIR; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASES; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; MALE; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATION; RESPIRATORY MECHANICS; REST; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84879363790     PISSN: 15699048     EISSN: 18781519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.04.019     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Bates M.L., Fulmer B.R., Farrell E.T., Drezdon A., Pegelow D.F., Conhaim R.L., Eldridge M.W. Hypoxia recruits intrapulmonary arteriovenous pathways in intact rats but not isolated rat lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology 2012, 112:1915-1920.
2. Bommer W.J., Shah P.M., Allen H., Meltzer R., Kisslo J. The safety of contrast echocardiography: report of the Committee on Contrast Echocardiography for the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1984, 3:6-13.
3. Bryan T.L., van Diepen S., Bhutani M., Shanks M., Welsh R.C., Stickland M.K. The effects of dobutamine and dopamine on intrapulmonary shunt and gas exchange in healthy humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2012, 113:541-548.
4. Cabanes L., Coste J., Derumeaux G., Jeanrenaud X., Lamy C., Zuber M., Mas J.-L. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in detection of patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm with transesophageal echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 2002, 15:441-446.
5. Dean J.B. Hyperoxia, reactive oxygen species and hyperventilation: oxygen sensitivity of brain stem neurons. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004, 96:784-791.
6. Di Tullio M., Sacco R., Gopal A., Mohr J., Homma S. Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992, 117:461-465.
7. Eldridge M.W., Dempsey J.A., Haverkamp H.C., Lovering A.T., Hokanson J.S. Exercise-induced intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunting in healthy humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004, 97:797-805.
8. Elliott J.E., Choi Y., Laurie S.S., Yang X., Gladstone I.M., Lovering A.T. Effect of initial gas bubble composition on detection of inducible intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunt during exercise in normoxia, hypoxia, or hyperoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology 2011, 110:35-45.
9. Freeman J.A., Woods T.D. Use of saline contrast echo timing to distinguish intracardiac and extracardiac shunts: failure of the 3- to 5-beat rule. Echocardiography 2008, 25:1127-1130.
10. Gazzaniga P., Buscarini E., Leandro G., Reduzzi L., Grosso M., Pongiglione G., Pedrinazzi C., Lanzarini L., Portugalli V., Blotta P., Forner P., Boccardi E., Pagella F., Manfredi G., Olivieri C., Zambelli A., Danesino C., Inama G. Contrast echocardiography for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations screening: does any bubble matter?. European Journal of Echocardiography 2009, 10:513-518.
11. Glazier J.B., Hughes J.M., Maloney J.E., West J.B. Measurements of capillary dimensions and blood volume in rapidly frozen lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology 1969, 26:65-76.
12. Gossage J.R., Kanj G. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. A state of the art review. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1998, 158:643-661.
13. Hagen P., Scholz D., Edwards W. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1984, 59:17-20.
14. Hlastala M.P., Van Liew H.D. Absorption of in vivo inert gas bubbles. Respiration Physiology 1975, 24:147-158.
15. Hopkins S.R., Olfert I.M., Wagner P.D. Point: exercise-induced intrapulmonary shunting is imaginary. Journal of Applied Physiology 2009, 107:993-994.
16. Kallstrom T.J. AARC clinical practice guideline: oxygen therapy for adults in the acute care facility - 2002 revision & update. Respiratory Care 2002, 47:717-720.
17. Kennedy J.M., Foster G.E., Koehle M.S., Potts J.E., Sandor G.G.S., Potts M.T., Houghton K.M., Henderson W.R., Sheel A.W. Exercise-induced intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunt in healthy women. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2012, 181:8-13.
18. Kjeldsen A.D., Oxhøj H., Andersen P.E., Elle B., Jacobsen J.P., Vase P. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: screening procedures and pulmonary angiography in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Chest 1999, 116:432-439.
19. La Gerche A., MacIsaac A., Burns A., Mooney D., Inder W., Voigt J., Heidbüchel H., Prior D. Pulmonary transit of agitated contrast is associated with enhanced pulmonary vascular reserve and right ventricular function during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 2010, 109:1307-1317.
20. Lalande S., Yerly P., Faoro V., Naeije R. Pulmonary vascular distensibility predicts aerobic capacity in healthy individuals. Journal of Physiology 2012, 590:4279-4288.
21. Lamy C. Clinical and imaging findings in cryptogenic stroke patients with and without patent foramen ovale: the PFO-ASA study. Stroke 2002, 33:706-711.
22. Laurie S.S., Elliott J.E., Goodman R.D., Lovering A.T. Catecholamine-induced opening of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses in healthy humans at rest. Journal of Applied Physiology 2012, 113:1213-1222.
23. Laurie S.S., Yang X., Elliott J.E., Beasley K.M., Lovering A.T. Hypoxia-induced intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunting at rest in healthy humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2010, 109:1072-1079.
24. Lovering A.T., Romer L.M., Haverkamp H.C., Pegelow D.F., Hokanson J.S., Eldridge M.W. Intrapulmonary shunting and pulmonary gas exchange during normoxic and hypoxic exercise in healthy humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 2008, 104:1418-1425.
25. Lovering A.T., Stickland M.K., Amann M., Murphy J.C., O'Brien M.J., Hokanson J.S., Eldridge M.W. Hyperoxia prevents exercise-induced intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunt in healthy humans. Journal of Physiology 2008, 586:4559-4565.
26. Lovering A.T., Stickland M.K., Kelso A.J., Eldridge M.W. Direct demonstration of 25- and 50-(m arteriovenous pathways in healthy human and baboon lungs. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2007, 292:H1777-H1781.
27. Manohar M., Goetz T.E. Intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts of >15μm in diameter probably do not contribute to arterial hypoxemia in maximally exercising Thoroughbred horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005, 99:224-229.
28. Marriott K., Manins V., Forshaw A., Wright J., Pascoe R. Detection of right-to-left atrial communication using agitated saline contrast imaging: experience with 1162 patients and recommendations for echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 2013, 26:96-102.
29. McMullan D.M., Hanley F.L., Cohen G.A., Portman M.A., Riemer R.K. Pulmonary arteriovenous shunting in the normal fetal lung. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2004, 44:1497-1500.
30. Meerbaum S. Principles of echo contrast. Advances in Echo Imaging Using Contrast Enhancement 1993, Kluwer Academic.
31. Melsom M.N., Flatebø T., Nicolaysen G. Hypoxia and hyperoxia both transiently affect distribution of pulmonary perfusion but not ventilation in awake sheep. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1999, 166:151-158.
32. Meltzer R.S., Sartorius O.E., Lancée C.T., Serruys P.W., Verdouw P.D., Essed C.E., Roelandt J. Transmission of ultrasonic contrast through the lungs. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 1981, 7:377-384.
33. Nanthakumar K., Graham A.T., Robinson T.I., Grande P., Pugash R.A., Clarke J.A., Hutchison S.J., Mandzia J.L., Hyland R.H., Faughnan M.E. Contrast echocardiography for detection of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. American Heart Journal 2001, 141:243-246.
34. Niden A., Aviado D. Effects of pulmonary embolism on the pulmonary circulation with special reference to arteriovenous shunts in the lung. Circulation Research 1956, 4:67-73.
35. Reeves J., Linehan J., Stenmark K. Distensibility of the normal human lung circulation during exercise. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2005, 288:L419-L425.
36. Roelandt J. Contrast echocardiography. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 1982, 8:471-492.
37. Rosenzweig D.Y., Hughes J.M., Glazier J.B. Effects of transpulmonary and vascular pressures on pulmonary blood volume in isolated lung. Journal of Applied Physiology 1970, 28:553-560.
38. Shovlin C.L., Letarte M. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: issues in clinical management and review of pathogenic mechanisms. Thorax 1999, 54:714-729.
39. Stickland M.K., Lovering A.T. Exercise-induced intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunting and pulmonary gas exchange. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 2006, 34:99-106.
40. Stickland M.K., Lovering A.T., Eldridge M.W. Exercise-induced arteriovenous intrapulmonary shunting in dogs. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2007, 176:300-305.
41. Stickland M.K., Welsh R.C., Haykowsky M.J., Petersen S.R., Anderson W.D., Taylor D.A., Bouffard M., Jones R.L. Intra-pulmonary shunt and pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in humans. Journal of Physiology 2004, 561:321-329.
42. Stickland M.K., Welsh R.C., Haykowsky M.J., Petersen S.R., Anderson W.D., Taylor D.A., Bouffard M., Jones R.L. Effect of acute increases in pulmonary vascular pressures on exercise pulmonary gas exchange. Journal of Applied Physiology 2006, 100:1910-1917.
43. Tobin C.E. Arteriovenous shunts in the peropheral pulmonary circulation in the human lung. Thorax 1966, 21:197-204.
44. Tobin C.E., Zariquiey M.O. Arteriovenous shunts in the human lung. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1950, 75:827-829.
45. Tobin C.E., Zariquiey M.O. Some observations on the blood supply of the human lung. Medical Radiography and Photography 1953, 29:9-19.
46. Tsujino T., Shima A. The behaviour of gas bubbles in blood subjected to an oscillating pressure. Journal of Biomechanics 1980, 13:407-416.
47. van Gent M.W.F., Post M.C., Snijder R.J., Swaans M.J., Plokker H.W.M., Westermann C.J.J., Overtoom T.T., Mager J.J. Grading of pulmonary right-to-left shunt with transthoracic contrast echocardiography: does it predict the indication for embolotherapy?. Chest 2009, 135:1288-1292.
48. Vogiatzis I., Zakynthinos S., Boushel R., Athanasopoulos D., Guenette J.A., Wagner H., Roussos C., Wagner P.D. The contribution of intrapulmonary shunts to the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference during exercise is very small. Journal of Physiology 2008, 586:2381-2391.
49. Woods T.D., Harmann L., Purath T., Ramamurthy S., Subramanian S., Jackson S., Tarima S. Small- and moderate-size right-to-left shunts identified by saline contrast echocardiography are normal and unrelated to migraine headache. Chest 2010, 138:264-269.
50. Woods T.D., Patel A. A critical review of patent foramen ovale detection using saline contrast echocardiography: when bubbles lie. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 2006, 19:215-222.
51. Yang W.J., Echigo R., Wotton D.R., Hwang J.B. Experimental studies of the dissolution of gas bubbles in whole blood and plasma. I. Stationary bubbles. Journal of Biomechanics 1971, 4:275-281.
52. Yang W.J., Echigo R., Wotton D.R., Hwang J.B. Experimental studies of the dissolution of gas bubbles in whole blood and plasma. II. Moving bubbles or liquids. Journal of Biomechanics 1971, 4:283-288.