Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells for cardiovascular tissue engineering applications

Tissue Engineering - Part B: Reviews

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 368-379

  Petsche Connell, Jennifer ^a   Camci Unal, Gulden ^b,c   Khademhosseini, Ali ^b,c,d   Jacot, Jeffrey G ^a,e  

^a Rice University   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOLOGOUS CELL SOURCE; CARDIAC DIFFERENTIATION; CARDIAC MYOCYTES; CARDIOVASCULAR TISSUE ENGINEERING; CONGENITAL DEFECTS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; RECENT RESEARCHES; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE;

BLOOD VESSELS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; LEAKAGE (FLUID); STEM CELLS; TISSUE;

SCAFFOLDS (BIOLOGY);

5' NUCLEOTIDASE; ALPHA ACTININ; CD14 ANTIGEN; CD31 ANTIGEN; CD34 ANTIGEN; CD45 ANTIGEN; DESMIN; ENDOGLIN; HERMES ANTIGEN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4; STAGE SPECIFIC EMBRYO ANTIGEN 4; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR; THY 1 ANTIGEN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NANOG; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX2; TROPONIN I; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CADHERIN; VIMENTIN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR;

AMNION FLUID; AMNIOTIC FLUID DERIVED STEM CELL; BIRTH DEFECT; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL ISOLATION; CELL LINEAGE; CELL POPULATION; CELL SELECTION; CELL TYPE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART INJURY; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART PROTECTION; HEART VALVE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

AMNIOTIC FLUID; ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES; CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL SEPARATION; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; HEART VALVES; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIUM; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; STEM CELLS; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 84879355886     PISSN: 19373368     EISSN: 19373376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0561     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Kochanek, K.D., Kirmeyer, S.E., Martin, J.A., Strobino, D.M., and Guyer, B. Annual summary of vital statistics: 2009. Pediatrics 129, 338, 2012.
2. Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R.J., Brown, T.M., Carnethon, M., Dai, S., De Simone, G., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation 121, e46, 2010.
3. Jonas, R. Comprehensive Surgical Management of Congenital Heart Disease. London: Hodder Arnold, 2004.
4. Silka, M.J., Hardy, B.G., Menashe, V.D., and Morris, C.D. A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 32, 245, 1998.
5. Brown, J.W., Rodefeld, M.D., Ruzmetov, M., Eltayeb, O., Yurdakok, O., and Turrentine, M.W. Surgical valvuloplasty versus balloon aortic dilation for congenital aortic stenosis: are evidence-based outcomes relevant? Ann Thorac Surg 94, 146, 2012.
6. Whitlock, R.P., Sun, J.C., Fremes, S.E., Rubens, F.D., and Teoh, K.H. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141, e576S, 2012.
7. Pok, S., and Jacot, J.G. Biomaterials advances in patches for congenital heart defect repair. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 4, 646, 2011.
8. Chien, K.R., Domian, I.J., and Parker, K.K. Cardiogenesis and the complex biology of regenerative cardiovascular medicine. Science 322, 1494, 2008.
9. Vunjak-Novakovic, G., Lui, K.O., Tandon, N., and Chien, K.R. Bioengineering heart muscle: a paradigm for regenerative medicine. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 13, 245, 2011.
10. Hibino, N., McGillicuddy, E., Matsumura, G., Ichihara, Y., Naito, Y., Breuer, C., et al. Late-term results of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in humans. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139, 431, 2010.
11. Hogler, W., Baumann, U., and Kelly, D. Endocrine and bone metabolic complications in chronic liver disease and after liver transplantation in children. J Pediatr Gastro-enterol Nutr 54, 313, 2012.
12. Sadler, T.W. Langman's Medical Embryology, 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
13. Antonucci, I., Pantalone, A., De Amicis, D., D'Onofrio, S., Stuppia, L., Palka, G., et al. Human amniotic fluid stem cells culture onto titanium screws: a new perspective for bone engineering. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 23, 277, 2009.
14. Arnhold, S., Gluer, S., Hartmann, K., Raabe, O., Addicks, K., Wenisch, S., et al. Amniotic-fluid stem cells: Growth dynamics and differentiation potential after a cd-117-based selection procedure. Stem Cells Int 2011, 715341, 2011.
15. De Coppi, P., Bartsch, G., Jr., Siddiqui, M.M., Xu, T., Santos, C.C., Perin, L., et al. Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat Biotechnol 25, 100, 2007.
16. Prusa, A.R., Marton, E., Rosner, M., Bernaschek, G., and Hengstschlager, M. Oct-4-expressing cells in human amniotic fluid: a new source for stem cell research? Hum Reprod 18, 1489, 2003.
17. Tsai, M.S., Lee, J.L., Chang, Y.J., and Hwang, S.M. Isolation of human multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from second-trimester amniotic fluid using a novel two-stage culture protocol. Hum Reprod 19, 1450, 2004.
18. Benavides, O.M., Petsche, J.J., Moise, K.J., Johnson, A., and Jacot, J. Evaluation of endothelial cells differentiated from amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 18, 1123, 2012.
19. You, Q., Tong, X., Guan, Y., Zhang, D., Huang, M., Zhang, Y., et al. The biological characteristics of human third trimester amniotic fluid stem cells. J Int Med Res 37, 105, 2009.
20. Bossolasco, P., Montemurro, T., Cova, L., Zangrossi, S., Calzarossa, C., Buiatiotis, S., et al. Molecular and pheno-typic characterization of human amniotic fluid cells and their differentiation potential. Cell Res 16, 329, 2006.
21. Niwa, H., Miyazaki, J., and Smith, A.G. Quantitative expression of oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of es cells. Nat Genet 24, 372, 2000.
22. Martin, F.H., Suggs, S.V., Langley, K.E., Lu, H.S., Ting, J., Okino, K.H., et al. Primary structure and functional expression of rat and human stem cell factor dnas. Cell 63, 203, 1990.
23. Seo, J.M., Sohn, M.Y., Suh, J.S., Atala, A., Yoo, J.J., and Shon, Y.H. Cryopreservation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells using natural cryoprotectants and low concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide. Cryobiology 62, 167, 2011.
24. You, Q., Cai, L., Zheng, J., Tong, X., Zhang, D., and Zhang, Y. Isolation of human mesenchymal stem cells from third-trimester amniotic fluid. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 103, 149, 2008.
25. Sessarego, N., Parodi, A., Podesta, M., Benvenuto, F., Mogni, M., Raviolo, V., et al. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from amniotic fluid: solid perspectives for clinical application. Haematologica 93, 339, 2008.
26. Kaviani, A., Guleserian, K., Perry, T.E., Jennings, R.W., Ziegler, M.M., and Fauza, D.O. Fetal tissue engineering from amniotic fluid. J Am Coll Surg 196, 592, 2003.
27. Steigman, S.A., and Fauza, D.O. Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from amniotic fluid and placenta. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol Chapter 1, Unit 1E.2, 2007.
28. Steigman, S.A., Armant, M., Bayer-Zwirello, L., Kao, G.S., Silberstein, L., Ritz, J., et al. Preclinical regulatory validation of a 3-stage amniotic mesenchymal stem cell manufacturing protocol. J Pediatr Surg 43, 1164, 2008.
29. Filioli Uranio, M., Valentini, L., Lange-Consiglio, A., Caira, M., Guaricci, A.C., L'Abbate, A., et al. Isolation, proliferation, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization and in vitro differentiation potency of canine stem cells from foetal adnexa: a comparative study of amniotic fluid, am-nion, and umbilical cord matrix. Mol Reprod Dev 78, 361, 2011.
30. Lovati, A.B., Corradetti, B., Lange Consiglio, A., Recordati, C., Bonacina, E., Bizzaro, D., et al. Comparison of equine bone marrow-, umbilical cord matrix and amniotic fluid-derived progenitor cells. Vet Res Commun 35, 103, 2011.
31. Mauro, A., Turriani, M., Ioannoni, A., Russo, V., Martelli, A., Di Giacinto, O., et al. Isolation, characterization, and in vitro differentiation of ovine amniotic stem cells. Vet Res Commun 34, S25, 2010.
32. Peister, A., Deutsch, E.R., Kolambkar, Y., Hutmacher, D.W., and Guldberg, R.E. Amniotic fluid stem cells produce robust mineral deposits on biodegradable scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 15, 3129, 2009.
33. Perin, L., Giuliani, S., Jin, D., Sedrakyan, S., Carraro, G., Habibian, R., et al. Renal differentiation of amniotic fluid stem cells. Cell Prolif 40, 936, 2007.
34. Siegel, N., Rosner, M., Unbekandt, M., Fuchs, C., Slabina, N., Dolznig, H., et al. Contribution of human amniotic fluid stem cells to renal tissue formation depends on mtor. Hum Mol Genet 19, 3320, 2010.
35. Gekas, J., Walther, G., Skuk, D., Bujold, E., Harvey, I., and Bertrand, O.F. In vitro and in vivo study of human amniotic fluid-derived stem cell differentiation into myogenic lineage. Clin Exp Med 10, 1, 2010.
36. Carraro, G., Perin, L., Sedrakyan, S., Giuliani, S., Tiozzo, C., Lee, J., et al. Human amniotic fluid stem cells can integrate and differentiate into epithelial lung lineages. Stem Cells 26, 2902, 2008.
37. Siegel, N., Valli, A., Fuchs, C., Rosner, M., and Hengsts-chlager, M. Induction of mesenchymal/epithelial marker expression in human amniotic fluid stem cells. Reprod Biomed Online 19, 838, 2009.
38. Arnhold, S., Post, C., Gluer, S., Hoopmann, M., Wenisch, S., Volpers, C., et al. Neuronal characteristics of amniotic fluid derived cells after adenoviral transformation. Cell Biol Int 32, 1559, 2008.
39. Jezierski, A., Gruslin, A., Tremblay, R., Ly, D., Smith, C., Turksen, K., et al. Probing stemness and neural commitment in human amniotic fluid cells. Stem Cell Rev 6, 199, 2010.
40. Mareschi, K., Rustichelli, D., Comunanza, V., De Fazio, R., Cravero, C., Morterra, G., et al. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from amniotic fluid originate neural precursors with functional voltage-gated sodium channels. Cytother-apy 11, 534, 2009.
41. McLaughlin, D., Tsirimonaki, E., Vallianatos, G., Sakellar-idis, N., Chatzistamatiou, T., Stavropoulos-Gioka, C., et al. Stable expression of a neuronal dopaminergic progenitor phenotype in cell lines derived from human amniotic fluid cells. J Neurosci Res 83, 1190, 2006.
42. Orciani, M., Emanuelli, M., Martino, C., Pugnaloni, A., Tranquilli, A.L., and Di Primio, R. Potential role of culture mediums for successful isolation and neuronal differentiation of amniotic fluid stem cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 21, 595, 2008.
43. Pfeiffer, S., Boyle, J., Daly, S., Dowd, E., Haase, J., and McLaughlin, D. Human amniocytes regulate serotonin levels by active uptake and express genes suggestive of a wider role in facilitating neurotransmitter regulation in the fetal environment. Stem Cells Dev 20, 341, 2011.
44. Pfeiffer, S., and McLaughlin, D. In vitro differentiation of human amniotic fluid-derived cells: augmentation towards a neuronal dopaminergic phenotype. Cell Biol Int 34, 959, 2010.
45. Donaldson, A.E., Cai, J., Yang, M., and Iacovitti, L. Human amniotic fluid stem cells do not differentiate into dopamine neurons in vitro or after transplantation in vivo. Stem Cells Dev 18, 1003, 2009.
46. Bollini, S., Pozzobon, M., Nobles, M., Riegler, J., Dong, X., Piccoli, M., et al. In vitro and in vivo cardiomyogenic differentiation of amniotic fluid stem cells. Stem Cell Rev 7, 364, 2011.
47. Chiavegato, A., Bollini, S., Pozzobon, M., Callegari, A., Gasparotto, L., Taiani, J., et al. Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells are rejected after transplantation in the myocardium of normal, ischemic, immuno-suppressed or immuno-deficient rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol 42, 746, 2007.
48. Guan, X., Delo, D.M., Atala, A., and Soker, S. In vitro car-diomyogenic potential of human amniotic fluid stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 5, 220, 2011.
49. Lee, W.Y., Wei, H.J., Lin, W.W., Yeh, Y.C., Hwang, S.M., Wang, J.J., et al. Enhancement of cell retention and functional benefits in myocardial infarction using human am-niotic-fluid stem-cell bodies enriched with endogenous ECM. Biomaterials 32, 5558, 2011.
50. Yeh, Y.C., Wei, H.J., Lee, W.Y., Yu, C.L., Chang, Y., Hsu, L.W., et al. Cellular cardiomyoplasty with human amniotic fluid stem cells: In vitro and in vivo studies. Tissue Eng Part A 16, 1925, 2010.
51. Zhang, P., Baxter, J., Vinod, K., Tulenko, T.N., and Di Muzio, P.J. Endothelial differentiation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells: Synergism of biochemical and shear force stimuli. Stem Cells Dev 18, 1299, 2009.
52. Iop, L., Chiavegato, A., Callegari, A., Bollini, S., Piccoli, M., Pozzobon, M., et al. Different cardiovascular potential of adult-and fetal-type mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of heart cryoinjury. Cell Transplant 17, 679, 2008.
53. Kaviani, A., Perry, T.E., Dzakovic, A., Jennings, R.W., Ziegler, M.M., and Fauza, D.O. The amniotic fluid as a source of cells for fetal tissue engineering. J Pediatr Surg 36, 1662, 2001.
54. Yeh, Y.C., Lee, W.Y., Yu, C.L., Hwang, S.M., Chung, M.F., Hsu, L.W., et al. Cardiac repair with injectable cell sheet fragments of human amniotic fluid stem cells in an immune-suppressed rat model. Biomaterials 31, 6444, 2010.
55. Weber, B., Emmert, M.Y., and Hoerstrup, S.P. Stem cells for heart valve regeneration. Swiss Med Wkly 142, w13622, 2012.
56. Weber, B., Emmert, M.Y., Behr, L., Schoenauer, R., Bro-kopp, C., Drogemuller, C., et al. Prenatally engineered au-tologous amniotic fluid stem cell-based heart valves in the fetal circulation. Biomaterials 33, 4031, 2012.
57. Shim, W.S., Jiang, S., Wong, P., Tan, J., Chua, Y.L., Tan, Y.S., et al. Ex vivo differentiation of human adult bone marrow stem cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324, 481, 2004.
58. Chen, W.Q., Siegel, N., Li, L., Pollak, A., Hengstschlager, M., and Lubec, G. Variations of protein levels in human amniotic fluid stem cells cd117/2 over passages 5-25. J Proteome Res 8, 5285, 2009.
59. Noort, W.A., Oerlemans, M.I., Rozemuller, H., Feyen, D., Jaksani, S., Stecher, D., et al. Human versus porcine mes-enchymal stromal cells: phenotype, differentiation potential, immunomodulation and cardiac improvement after transplantation. J Cell Mol Med 16, 1827, 2012.
60. Numasawa, Y., Kimura, T., Miyoshi, S., Nishiyama, N., Hida, N., Tsuji, H., et al. Treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with angiotensin receptor blocker improved efficiency of cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation and improved cardiac function via angiogenesis. Stem Cells 29, 1405, 2011.
61. Peng, C., Yang, K., Xiang, P., Zhang, C., Zou, L., Wu, X., et al. Effect of transplantation with autologous bone marrow stem cells on acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 162, 158, 2013.
62. Trachtenberg, B., Velazquez, D.L., Williams, A.R., McNiece, I., Fishman, J., Nguyen, K., et al. Rationale and design of the transendocardial injection of autologous human cells (bone marrow or mesenchymal) in chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure secondary to myocardial infarction (tac-hft) trial: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy. Am Heart J 161, 487, 2011.
63. Bollini, S., Cheung, K.K., Riegler, J., Dong, X., Smart, N., Ghionzoli, M., et al. Amniotic fluid stem cells are cardio-protective following acute myocardial infarction. Stem Cells Dev 20, 1985, 2011.
64. Fishbein, M.C., Meerbaum, S., Rit, J., Lando, U., Kanmat-suse, K., Mercier, J.C., et al. Early phase acute myocardial infarct size quantification: validation of the triphenyl tet-razolium chloride tissue enzyme staining technique. Am Heart J 101, 593, 1981.
65. Delo, D.M., Guan, X., Wang, Z., Groban, L., Callahan, M., Smith, T., et al. Calcification after myocardial infarction is independent of amniotic fluid stem cell injection. Cardio-vasc Pathol 20, e69, 2011.
66. Filova, E., Straka, F., Mirejovsky, T., Masin, J., and Baca-kova, L. Tissue-engineered heart valves. Physiol Res 58, s141, 2009.
67. Schmidt, D., Mol, A., Breymann, C., Achermann, J., Oder-matt, B., Gossi, M., et al. Living autologous heart valves engineered from human prenatally harvested progenitors. Circulation 114, I125, 2006.
68. Weber, B., Zeisberger, S.M., and Hoerstrup, S.P. Prenatally harvested cells for cardiovascular tissue engineering: fabrication of autologous implants prior to birth. Placenta 32, S316, 2011.
69. Sacks, M.S., Schoen, F.J., and Mayer, J.E. Bioengineering challenges for heart valve tissue engineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 11, 289, 2009.
70. Cannegieter, S.C., Rosendaal, F.R., and Briet, E. Throm-boembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart-valve prostheses. Circulation 89, 635, 1994.
71. Schoen, F.J., and Levy, R.J. Pathology of substitute heart-valves-new concepts and developments. J Cardiac Surg 9, 222, 1994.
72. Schmidt, D., Achermann, J., Odermatt, B., Breymann, C., Mol, A., Genoni, M., et al. Prenatally fabricated autologous human living heart valves based on amniotic fluid-derived progenitor cells as single cell source. Circulation 116, i64, 2007.
73. Schmidt, D., Achermann, J., Odermatt, B., Genoni, M., Zund, G., and Hoerstrup, S.P. Cryopreserved amniotic fluid-derived cells: a life-long autologous fetal stem cell source for heart valve tissue engineering. J Heart Valve Dis 17, 446, 2008.
74. Weber, B., and Hoerstrup, S.P. Regenerating heart valves. In: Cohen, I.S., and Gaudette, G.R., eds. Regenerating the Heart: Stem Cells and the Cardiovascular System. New York: Humana Press, 2011, pp. 403-442.
75. Ye, Q., Zund, G., Jockenhoevel, S., Hoerstrup, S.P., Schoe-berlein, A., Grunenfelder, J., et al. Tissue engineering in cardiovascular surgery: new approach to develop completely human autologous tissue. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17, 449, 2000.
76. Sutherland, F.W.H., Perry, T.E., Yu, Y., Sherwood, M.C., Rabkin, E., Masuda, Y., et al. From stem cells to viable autologous semilunar heart valve. Circulation 111, 2783, 2005.
77. Schmidt, D., Breymann, C., Weber, A., Guenter, C.I., Neuenschwander, S., Zund, G., et al. Umbilical cord blood derived endothelial progenitor cells for tissue engineering of vascular grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 78, 2094, 2004.
78. Erices, A., Conget, P., and Minguell, J.J. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br J Hae-matol 109, 235, 2000.
79. Melero-Martin, J.M., De Obaldia, M.E., Kang, S.Y., Khan, Z.A., Yuan, L., Oettgen, P., et al. Engineering robust and functional vascular networks in vivo with human adult and cord blood-derived progenitor cells. Circ Res 103, 194, 2008.
80. Bieback, K., Kern, S., Kluter, H., and Eichler, H. Critical parameters for the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Stem Cells 22, 625, 2004.
81. Schmidt, D., Stock, U.A., and Hoerstrup, S.P. Tissue engineering of heart valves using decellularized xenogeneic or polymeric starter matrices. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 362, 1505, 2007.
82. Kim, S., and Von Recum, H. Endothelial stem cells and precursors for tissue engineering: cell source, differentiation, selection, and application. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 14, 133, 2008.
83. Perry, T.E., Kaushal, S., Sutherland, F.W.H., Guleserian, K.J., Bischoff, J., Sacks, M., et al. Bone marrow as a cell source for tissue engineering heart valves. Annals of Thorac Surg 75, 761, 2003.
84. Colazzo, F., Sarathchandra, P., Smolenski, R.T., Chester, A.H., Tseng, Y.T., Czernuszka, J.T., et al. Extracellular matrix production by adipose-derived stem cells: implications for heart valve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 32, 119, 2011.
85. Zhang, J.H., Wilson, G.F., Soerens, A.G., Koonce, C.H., Yu, J.Y., Palecek, S.P., et al. Functional cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Circ Res 104, E30, 2009.
86. Schmidt, D., Dijkman, P.E., Driessen-Mol, A., Stenger, R., Mariani, C., Puolakka, A., et al. Minimally-invasive implantation of living tissue engineered heart valves: a comprehensive approach from autologous vascular cells to stem cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 56, 510, 2010.
87. Badylak, S.F., Taylor, D., and Uygun, K. Whole-organ tissue engineering: decellularization and recellularization of three-dimensional matrix scaffolds. In: Yarmush, M.L., Duncan, J.S., and Gray, M.L., eds. Annual Review of Bio-medical Engineering. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, 2011, pp. 27-53.
88. Camci-Unal, G., Nichol, J.W., Bae, H., Tekin, H., Bischoff, J., and Khademhosseini, A. Hydrogel surfaces to promote attachment and spreading of endothelial progenitor cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012 [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1002/term.517.
89. de Mel, A., Jell, G., Stevens, M.M., and Seifalian, A.M. Bio-functionalization of biomaterials for accelerated in situ en-dothelialization: a review. Biomacromolecules 9, 2969, 2008.
90. Camci-Unal, G., Aubin, H., Ahari, A.F., Bae, H., Nichol, J.W., and Khademhosseini, A. Surface-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogels to capture endothelial progenitor cells. Soft Matter 6, 5120, 2010.
91. Avci-Adali, M., Paul, A., Ziemer, G., and Wendel, H.P. New strategies for in vivo tissue engineering by mimicry of homing factors for self-endothelialisation of blood contacting materials. Biomaterials 29, 3936, 2008.
92. Wang, H., Riha, G.M., Yan, S., Li, M., Chai, H., Yang, H., et al. Shear stress induces endothelial differentiation from a murine embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cell line. Ar-terioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 1817, 2005.
93. Liu, J.W., Dunoyer-Geindre, S., Serre-Beinier, V., Mai, G., Lambert, J.F., Fish, R.J., et al. Characterization of endothe-lial-like cells derived from human mesenchymal stem cells. J Thromb Haemost 5, 826, 2007.
94. Cao, Y., Sun, Z., Liao, L.M., Meng, Y., Han, Q., and Zhao, R.C.H. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro and improve postnatal neovascularization in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 332, 370, 2005.
95. Oswald, J., Boxberger, S., Jorgensen, B., Feldmann, S., Eh-ninger, G., Bornhauser, M., et al. Mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into endothelial cells in vitro. Stem Cells 22, 377, 2004.
96. Li, Z., Wu, J.C., Sheikh, A.Y., Kraft, D., Cao, F., Xie, X.Y., et al. Differentiation, survival, and function of embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells for ischemic heart disease. Circulation 116, I46, 2007.
97. Kunisaki, S.M., Armant, M., Kao, G.S., Stevenson, K., Kim, H., and Fauza, D.O. Tissue engineering from human mes-enchymal amniocytes: a prelude to clinical trials. J Pediatr Surg 42, 974, 2007.
98. Moorefield, E.C., Delo, D.M., De Coppi, P., and Atala, A. Amniotic Fluid and Placental Stem Cells. Pluripotent Stem Cells. New York: Nova Science, 2010, pp. 113-135.
99. Kim, J., Lee, Y., Kim, H., Hwang, K.J., Kwon, H.C., Kim, S.K., et al. Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells have characteristics of multipotent stem cells. Cell Prolif 40, 75, 2007.
100. Siegel, N., Rosner, M., Hanneder, M., Freilinger, A., and Hengstschlager, M. Human amniotic fluid stem cells: a new perspective. Amino Acids 35, 291, 2008.
101. Prusa, A.R., Marton, E., Rosner, M., Bettelheim, D., Lubec, G., Pollack, A., et al. Neurogenic cells in human amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191, 309, 2004.
102. Cipriani, S., Bonini, D., Marchina, E., Balgkouranidou, I., Caimi, L., Zucconi, G.G., et al. Mesenchymal cells from human amniotic fluid survive and migrate after transplantation into adult rat brain. Cell Biol Int 31, 845, 2007.
103. Hilfiker, A., Kasper, C., Hass, R., and Haverich, A. Me-senchymal stem cells and progenitor cells in connective tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Is there a future for transplantation? Langenbecks Arch Surg 396, 489, 2011.
104. Leri, A., Kajstura, J., and Anversa, P. Cardiac stem cells and mechanisms of myocardial regeneration. Physiol Rev 85, 1373, 2005.