Biodegradation of natural and synthetic rubbers: A review

International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation

Volumn 83, Issue , 2013, Pages 145-157

  Ali Shah, Aamer ^a   Hasan, Fariha ^a   Shah, Ziaullah ^a   Kanwal, Nida ^a   Zeb, Samia ^a  

^a QUAID I AZAM UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Analysis of degradation; Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Biodegradation; Rubber degrading enzymes; Scanning electron microscopy; Sturm test

Indexed keywords

ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIES (ATR FTIR); DEGRADING ENZYMES; ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIUM; RUBBER-DEGRADING STRAIN; STURM TESTS; TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY;

BACTERIA; DEGRADATION; FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; KETONES; MICROBIOLOGY; POLYMERS; REFLECTION; RUBBER; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; STRAIN; WASTE DISPOSAL;

BIODEGRADATION;

BACTERIUM; BIODEGRADATION; BIOTECHNOLOGY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ORGANIC COMPOUND; POLYMER; PROTEIN; RUBBER; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SOIL MICROORGANISM; TESTING METHOD; WASTE DISPOSAL;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUNGI; NEGIBACTERIA; POSIBACTERIA; STREPTOMYCES; STREPTOMYCES SP.; XANTHOMONAS; XANTHOMONAS SP.;

EID: 84879305015     PISSN: 09648305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.05.004     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Abou-Zeid D., Muller R., Deckwer W.J. Degradation of natural and synthetic polyesters under anaerobic conditions. Journal of Biotechnology 2001, 86:113-126.
2. Adhikari B., De D., Maiti S. Reclamation and recycling of waste rubber. Progress in Polymer Science 2000, 25:909-948.
3. Ahmed R., Klundert A., Lardinois I. Rubber Waste, Options for Small-scale Resource Recovery. Urban Solid Waste Series 3 1996, WASTE, Nieuwehaven 201, 2801 CW Gouda, the Netherlands.
4. Alvarez H.M. Relationship between β-oxidation pathway and the hydrocarbon-degrading profile in actinomycete bacteria. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 2003, 52:35-42.
5. Aprem A.S., Joseph K., Mathew T., Altstaedt V., Thomas S. Studies on accelerated sulphur vulcanization of natural rubber using 1-phenyl-2, 4-dithiobiuret/tertiary butyl benzothiazole sulphenamide. European Polymer Journal 2003, 39:1451-1460.
6. Arenskotter M., Baumeister D., Berekaa M.M., Potter G., Kroppenstedt R.M., Linos A., Steinbuchel A. Taxonomic characterization of two rubber degrading bacteria belonging to the species Gordonia polyisoprenivorans and analysis of hyper variable regions of 16S rDNA sequences. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2001, 205:277-282.
7. Arenskotter M., Broker D., Steinbuchel A. Biology of the metabolically diverse genus Gordonia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2004, 70:3195-3204.
8. Artham T., Doble M. Biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic polycarbonates. Macromolecular Bioscience 2008, 8:14-24.
9. Barlaz M.A., Ham R.K., Schaefer D.M. Mass-balance analysis of anaerobically decomposed refuse. Journal of Environmental Engineering 1989, 115:1088-1102.
10. Berekaa M.M. Colonization and microbial degradation of polyisoprene rubber by Nocardioform actinomycete Nocardia sp. strain MBR. Biotechnology 2006, 5:234-239.
11. Berekaa M.M., Linos A., Reichelt R., Keller U., Steinbuchel A. Effect of pretreatment of rubber material on its biodegradability by various rubber degrading bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2000, 184:199-206.
12. Bode H.B., Kerkhoff K., Jendrossek D. Bacterial degradation of natural and synthetic rubber. Biomacromolecules 2001, 2:295-303.
13. Bode H.B., Zeeck A., Pluckhahn K., Jendrossek D. Physiological and chemical investigations into microbial degradation of synthetic poly (cis-1,4-isoprene). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000, 66:3680-3685.
14. Borel M., Kergomard A., Renard M.F. Degradation of natural rubber by Fungi Imperfecti. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1982, 46:877-8781.
15. Braaz R., Armbruster W., Jendrossek D. Heme-dependent rubber oxygenase RoxA of Xanthomonas sp. cleaves the carbon backbone of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) by a dioxygenase mechanism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005, 71:2473-2478.
16. Braaz R., Fischer P., Jendrossek D. Novel type of heme-dependent oxygenase catalyzes oxidative cleavage of rubber (poly-cis-1,4-isoprene). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2004, 70:7388-7395.
17. Bredberg K., Christiansson M., Stenberg B., Holst O. Biotechnological processes for recycling of rubber products. Biopolymers 2001, vol. 2:361-375. Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, (Ch 11).
18. Bredberg K., Persson J., Christiansson M., Stenberg B., Holst O. Anaerobic desulfurization of ground rubber with the thermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus - a new method for rubber recycling. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2001, 55:43-48.
19. Broker D., Arenskotter M., Legatzki A., Nies D.H., Steinbuchel A. Characterization of the 101-kilobase-pair megaplasmid pKB1, isolated from the rubber-degrading bacterium Gordonia westfalica Kb1. Journal of Bacteriology 2004, 186:212-225.
20. Brune A., Frenzel P., Cypionka H. Life at the oxic-anoxic interface: microbial activities and adaptations. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2000, 24:691-710.
21. Calmon A., Dusserre-Bresson L., Bellon-Maurel V., Feuilloley P., Silvestre F. An automated test for measuring polymer biodegradation. Chemosphere 2000, 41:645-651.
22. Christiansson M., Stenberg B., Wallenberg L.R., Holst O. Reduction of surface sulphur upon microbial devulcanization of rubber materials. Biotechnology Letters 1998, 20:637-642.
23. Christinasson M., Stenberg B., Holst O. Toxic additives - a problem for microbial waste rubber desulphurization. Research in Environmental Biotechnology 2000, 3:11-21.
24. Coran A.Y. Vulcanization. Science and Technology of Rubber 1978, 291-338. Academic Press, New York, N.Y. F.R. Eirich (Ed.).
25. Cundell A.M., Mulcock A.P. Microbiological deterioration of vulcanized rubber. International Biodeterioration Bulletin 1972, 8:119-125.
26. De Vries O. Zersetzung von Kautschuk-kohlenwaserstoff durch Pilze. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskrankh 1928, 74:22-24.
27. Debapriya D., Das A., De D., Dey B., Debnath S.C., Roy B.C. Reclaiming of ground rubber tire (GRT) by a novel reclaiming agent. European Polymer Journal 2005, 42:917-927.
28. Dunn D.J., Beswich R.H.D. Natural and Synthetic Latex Polymer 2002, 30. Market Report.
29. Enoki M., Doi Y., Iwata T. Oxidative degradation of cis- and trans-1,4-polyisoprenes and vulcanized natural rubber with enzyme-mediator systems. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4:314-320.
30. Erlandsson B., Karlsson S., Albertsson A.C. The mode of action of corn starch and a prooxidant system in LDPE: influence of thermooxidation and UV-irradiation on the molecular weight changes. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1997, 55:237-245.
31. Fiala G., Stetter K.O. Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing optimally at 100°C. Archives in Microbiology 1986, 145:56-61.
32. Gallert C. Degradation of latex and of natural rubber by Streptomyces strain La 7. Systemics and Applied Microbiology 2000, 23:433-441.
33. Gartiser S., Wallrabenstein M., Stiene G. Assessment of several test methods for the determination of the anaerobic biodegradability of polymers. Joural of Environmenatl Polymer Degradation 1998, 6:159-473.
34. Gomez J.B., Moir G.F.J. The ultracytology of latex vessels in Hevea brasiliensis. Malaysian Rubber Research and Development Board, Monograph, Kuala Lumpur 1979, 4:1-11.
35. Gu J.D., Ford T.E., Mitton D.B., Mitchell R. Microbial corrosion of metals. The Uhlig Corrosion Handbook 2000, 915-927. Wiley, New York. second ed. W. Revie (Ed.).
36. Gu J.D., Ford T.E., Mitton D.B., Mitchell R. Microbial degradation and deterioration of polymeric materials. The Uhlig Corrosion Handbook 2000, 439-460. Wiley, New York. second ed. W. Revie (Ed.).
37. Gu J.D. Degradability of N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds by anaerobic microorganisms from marine sediments and immobilization on surfaces. Contaminated Sediment and Water. August (International Issue) 2001, 8:57-59.
38. Gu J.D., Mitchell R. Biodeterioration. The Prokaryotes: an Evolving Electronic Resource for the Microbiological Community 2001, Springer-Verlag, New York. third ed. M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.H. Schleifer, E. Stackebrandt (Eds.).
39. Hambsch N., Schmitt G., Jendrossek D. Development of a homologous expression system for rubber oxygenase RoxA from Xanthomonas sp. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2010, 109:1067-1075.
40. Heisey R.M., Papadatos S. Isolation of microorganisms able to metabolize purified natural rubber. Applied Environmental Microbiology 1995, 61:3092-3097.
41. Ibrahim E.M.A., Arenskotter M., Luftmann H., Steinbuchel A. Identification of poly (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) degradation intermediates during growth of moderately thermophilic Actinomycetes on rubber and cloning of a functional Icp homologous from Nocardia farcinica strains E1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006, 71:3375-3382.
42. Imai S., Ichikawa K., Muramatsu Y., Kasai D., Masai E., Fukuda M. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces, Actinoplanes, and Methylibium strains that are involved in degradation of natural rubber and synthetic poly(cis-1,4-isoprene). Enzyme and Microbiol Technology 2011, 49:526-531.
43. Natural Rubber: What Has the Future in Store? 2010, International Rubber Study Group (IRSG), Presentation at SICOM, Singapore.
44. Jang J.W., Yoo T.S., Oh J.H., Iwasaki I. Discarded tire recycling practices in the United States, Japan and Korea. Resource Conservation and Recycling 1998, 22:1-14.
45. Jendrossek D., Reinhardt S. Sequence analysis of a gene product synthesized by Xanthomonas sp. during growth on natural rubber latex. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2003, 224:61-65.
46. Jendrossek D., Tomasi G., Kroppenstedt R.M. Bacterial degradation of natural rubber: a privilege of actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1997, 150:179-188.
47. Jenings D.H., Lysek G. Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle 1996, 63-65. BIOS Scientific Publisher, Oxford.
48. Kalinenko V.O. The role of actinomyces and bacteria in decomposing rubber. Mikrobiologiia (U.S.S.R.) 1938, 17:119-128.
49. Kanwal N. Biodegradation of Rubber Tyres by Bacillus sp. S-10 2009, Dissertation, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
50. Kim M.N., Lee B.Y., Lee I.M., Lee H.S., Yoon J.S. Toxicity and biodegradation of products from polyester hydrolysis. Journal of Environmental Sciences and Health A. Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 2001, 36:447-463.
51. Kwiatkowska D., Zyska B.J., Zankowicz L.P. Microbiological deterioration of natural rubber sheet by soil microorganisms. Biodeterioration 1980, 4:135-141.
52. Lee B., Pometto A., Fratzke A., Bailey T.B. Biodegradation of degradable plastic polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyces sp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1991, 57:678-685.
53. Leeflang K.W.H. Microbial degradation of rubber. Journal of American Water Works Association 1963, 55:1523-1535.
54. Liaskos J. Rubber tyre recycling. UNEP Industry and Environment 1994, 17:6-29.
55. Linos A., Berekaa M.M., Reichelt R., Keller U., Schmitt J., Flemming H., Kroppenstedt R.M., Steinbuchel A. Biodegradation of cis-1,4-polyisoprene rubbers by distinct actinomycetes: microbial strategies and detailed surface analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000, 66:1639-1645.
56. Linos A., Berekaa M.M., Steinbuchel A., Kim K.K., Sproer C., Kroppenstedt R.M. Gordonia westfalica sp. nov., a novel rubber-degrading actinomycete. International Journal of Systemics Evolutionary Microbiology 2002, 52:1133-1139.
57. Linos A., Reichelt R., Kelle R.U., Steinbuchel A. Gram-negative bacterium, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa AL98, is a potent degrader of natural rubber and synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2000, 182:155-161.
58. Linos A., Steinbuchel A., Sproer C., Kroppenstedt R.M. Gordonia polyisoprenivorans sp. nov., a rubber degrading actinomycete isolated from automobile tire. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1999, 49:1785-1791.
59. Linos A., Steinbuchel A. Microbial degradation of natural and synthetic rubbers by novel bacteria belonging to the genus Gordona. Kautschuk, Gummi, Kunststoffe 1998, 51:496-499.
60. Linos A., Steinbuchel A. Biodegradation of natural and synthetic rubber. Biopolymers 2001, 321-359. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. T. Koyama, A. Steinbuchel (Eds.).
61. MacLaghlan J., Heap W.M., Pacitti J. Attack of bacteria and fungi on rubbers and plastics in the tropics. Microbial Deterioration in the Tropics 1966, 185-200. Society of Chemical Industry, London, United Kingdom. N.J. Butler, O.W. Eggins (Eds.).
62. Muller R.J., Augusta J., Pantke M. An inter-laboratory investigation into biodegradation of plastics, part 1: a modified Sturm-test. Material und Organismen 1992, 27:179-189.
63. Muller E. Current rubber industries situation in Thailand. Rubber International Magazine 2000, 2:71-78.
64. Odian G. Principles of Polymerization 1991, Wiley, New York. third ed.
65. Pagga U., Schefer A., Muller R.J., Pantke M. Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in aquatic batch tests. Chemosphere 2001, 42:319-331.
66. Puchner P., Muller W.R., Bartke D. Assessing the biodegradation potential of polymers in screening-and long-term test systems. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1995, 3:133-143.
67. Reischwitz A., Stoppok E., Buchholz K. Anaerobic degradation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Biodegradation 1998, 8:313-319.
68. Romine R.A., Romine M.F., Snowdon-Swan L. Microbial processing of waste tyre rubber. Rubber Division 148th Fall Technical Meeting, Paper 56: Cleveland, Ohio 1995.
69. Rook J.J. Microbial deterioration of vulcanized rubber. Applied Microbiology 1955, 3:302-309.
70. Rose K., Steinbuchel A. Biodegradation of natural rubber and related compounds: recent insights into a hardly understood catabolic capability of microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005, 71:2803-2812.
71. Rose K., Tenberge K.B., Steinbuchel A. Identification and characterization of genes from Streptomyces sp. strain K30 responsible for clear zone formation on natural rubber latex and poly(cis-1, 4-isoprene) rubber degradation. Biomacromolecules 2004, 6:180-188.
72. Rose K., Tenberge K.B., Steinbuchel A. Identification and characterization of genes from Streptomyces sp. strain K30 responsible for clear zone formation on natural rubber latex and poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber degradation. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6:180-188.
73. Sato S., Honda Y., Kuwahara M., Watanabe T. Degradation of vulcanized and nonvulcanized polyisoprene rubbers by lipid peroxidation catalyzed by oxidative enzymes and transition metals. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4:321-329.
74. Schmitt G., Seiffert G., Kroneck M.H., Braaz R., Jendrossek D. Spectroscopic properties of rubber oxygenase RoxA from Xanthomonas sp., a new type of diheme dioxygenase. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2010, 156:2537-2548.
75. Seal K.J. The biodeterioration and biodegradation of naturally occurring and synthetic plastic polymers. Biodeterioration Abstracts 1988, 2:295-317.
76. Seal K.J., Morton L.H.G. Chemical materials. Biotechnology 1986, vol. 8:583-606. VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
77. Shah A.A., Hasan F., Shah Z., Mutiullah, Hameed A. Degradation of polyisoprene rubber by newly isolated Bacillus sp. AF-666 from soil. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 2012, 48:37-42.
78. Shah Z., Shah A.A., Hameed A., Hasan F. Effect of pretreatments on enhanced degradation of polyisoprene rubber by new isolated Bacillus sp. S-10. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan 2009, 31:638-646.
79. Sohngen N.L., Fol J.G. Decomposition of rubber by micro-organisms. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 1914, 33:430-436.
80. Spence D., van Niel C.B. Bacterial decomposition of the rubber in Hevea latex. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1936, 28:847-850.
81. Stevenson K., Stallwood B., Hart A.G. Tire rubber recycling and bioremediation: a review. Bioremediation Journal 2008, 12:1-11.
82. Sturm R.N.J. Biodegradability of nonionic surfactants: screening test for predicting rate and ultimate biodegradation. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 1973, 50:159-167.
83. Subramaniam A. The chemistry of natural rubber latex. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 1995, 15:1-20.
84. Tanaka Y., Sakdapipanich J.T. Chemical structure and occurrence of natural polyisoprenes. Polyisoprenoids 2001, vol. 2:1-25. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. T. Koyama, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.).
85. Torma A.E., Raghavan D. Biodesulfurization of rubber materials. Bioprocess Engineering Symposium 1990, vol 16:81-87. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division.
86. Tsuchii A., Suzuki T., Fukuoka S. Bacterial degradation of 1,4-type polybutadiene. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1984, 48:621-625.
87. Tsuchii A., Suzuki T., Takeda K. Microbial degradation of natural rubber vulcanizates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1985, 50:965-970.
88. Tsuchii A., Takeda K. Rubber-degrading enzyme from a bacterial culture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1990, 56:269-274.
89. Verran J., Rowe D.L., Cole D., Boyd R.D. The use of the atomic force microscope to visualise and measure wear of food contact surfaces. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 2000, 46:99-105.
90. Warneke S., Arenskotter M., Tenberge K.B., Steinbuchel A. Bacterial degradation of poly(trans-1,4-isoprene) (gutta percha). Microbiology 2007, 153:347-356.
91. Williams G.R. The breakdown of rubber polymers by microorganisms. International Biodeterioration Bulletin 1982, 18:31-36.
92. Yikmis M., Arenskotter M., Rose K., Lange N., Wernsmann H., Wiefel L., Steinbuchel A. Secretion and transcriptional regulation of the latex-clearing protein, Lcp, by the rubber-degrading bacterium Streptomyces sp. strain K30. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2008, 74:5373-5382.
93. Yikmis M., Steinbüchel A. Importance of the latex-clearing protein (Lcp) for poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber cleavage in Streptomyces sp. K30. Journal of Microbiololgy 2012, 1(1):13-24.
94. Yikmis M., Steinbüchel A. Historical and recent achievements in the field of microbial degradation of natural and synthetic rubber. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2012, 78(13):4543.
95. Zeb S. Vulcanized Rubber Degrading Paecilomyces variotii Strain SFA-25 Isolated from Hot Spring in Pakistan 2009, Dissertation, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
96. Zyska B.J. Microbial deterioration of rubber. Biodeterioration 1981, 535-552. Elsevier Applied Sciences. D.R. Houghton, R.N. Smith, O.W. Eggins (Eds.).