Management of patients with vulvar cancer: A perspective review according to tumour stage

Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 183-192

  Woelber, Linn ^a   Trillsch, Fabian ^a   Kock, Lilli ^a   Grimm, Donata ^a   Jaenicke, Fritz ^a   Petersen, Cordula ^a   Choschzick, Matthias ^a   Mahner, Sven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

Author keywords

adjuvant therapy; chemoradiation; locally advanced tumour; radiotherapy; surgery; treatment; vulvar cancer

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CISPLATIN; ERLOTINIB; FLUOROURACIL; LOMUSTINE; METHOTREXATE; MITOMYCIN; NAVELBINE;

ADVANCED CANCER; ADVERSE OUTCOME; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER THERAPY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; PATIENT SAFETY; PLASTIC SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VULVA CANCER; VULVECTOMY;

EID: 84879285273     PISSN: 17588340     EISSN: 17588359     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1758834012471699     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Andrews S. Williams B. de Priest P. Gallion H. Hunter J. Buckley S. et al. (1994) Therapeutic implications of lymph nodal spread in lateral T 1 and T 2 squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 55: 41–46.
2. Ansink A. van der Velden J. (2000) Surgical interventions for early squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD002036.
3. Bell J. Jayanthi S. Reid G. (2000) Complete groin lymphadenectomy with preservation of the fascia lata in the treatment of vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 77: 314–318.
4. Bellati F. Angioli R. Manci N. Angelo Zullo M. Muzii L. Plotti F. et al. (2005) Single agent cisplatin chemotherapy in surgically resected vulvar cancer patients with multiple inguinal lymph node metastases. Gynecol Oncol 96: 227–231.
5. Beller U. Quinn M. Benedet J. Creasman W. Ngan H. Maisonneuve P. et al. (2006) Carcinoma of the vulva. FIGO 26th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 95(Suppl. 1): S7–27.
6. Burger M. Hollema H. Emanuels A. Krans M. Pras E. Bouma J. (1995) The importance of the groin node status for the survival of T 1 and T 2 vulval carcinoma patients. Gynecol Oncol 57: 327–334.
7. Burke T. Levenback C. Coleman R. Morris M. Silva E. Gershenson D. (1995) Surgical therapy of T 1 and T 2 vulvar carcinoma: further experience with radical wide excision and selective inguinal lymphadenectomy. Gynecol Oncol 97: 215–220.
8. Byron S. Lamb E. Yonemoto R. Kase S. (1962) Radical inguinal node dissection in the treatment of cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 114: 401–408.
9. Cormio G. Loizzi V. Gissi F. Serrati G. Panzarino M. Carriero C. et al. (2009) Cisplatin and vinorelbine chemotherapy in recurrent vulvar carcinoma. Oncology 77: 281–284.
10. Courtney-Brooks M. Sukumvanich P. Beriwal S. Zorn K. Richard S. Krivak T. (2010) Does the number of nodes removed impact survival in vulvar cancer patients with node-negative disease. Gynecol Oncol 117: 308–311.
11. Curry S. Taylor Wharton J. Felix R. (1980) Positive lymph nodes in vulvar squamous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 9: 63–67.
12. de Cicco C. Sideri M. Bartolomei M. Grana C. Cremonesi M. Fiorenza M. et al. (2000) Sentinel node biopsy in early vulvar cancer. Br J Cancer 82: 295–299.
13. de Hullu J. van der Zee A. (2006) Surgery and radiotherapy in vulvar cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 60: 38–58.
14. Di Saia P. Creasman W. Rich W. (1979) An alternate approach to early cancer of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133: 825–832.
15. Farias-Eisner R. Cirisano F. Grouse D. Leuchter R. Karlan B. Lagasse L. et al. (1994) Conservative and individualized surgery for early squamous carcinoma of the vulva: the treatment of choice for stage I and II (T1-2 N0-1 M0) disease. Gynecol Oncol 53: 55–58.
16. Fons G. Groenen S. Oonk M. Ansink A. van der Zee A. Burger M. et al. (2009) Adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with vulvar cancer and one intra capsular lymph node metastasis is not beneficial. Gynecol Oncol 114: 343–345.
17. Gaarenstroom K. Kenter G. Trimbos J. Agous I. Amant F. Peters A. et al. (2003) Postoperative complications after vulvectomy and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy using separate groin incisions. Int J Gynecol Cancer 13: 522–527.
18. Gadducci A. Cionini L. Romanini A. Fanucchi A. Genazzani A. (2006) Old and new perspectives in the management of high-risk, locally advanced or recurrent, and metastatic vulvar cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 60: 227–241.
19. Hacker N. Berek J. Lagasse L. Leuchter R. Moore J. (1983) Management of regional lymph nodes and their prognostic influence in vulvar cancer. Obstet Gynecol 61: 408–412.
20. Hampl M. Kueppers V. Bender H. (2009) Single large inguinal lymph node metastasis in human papillomavirus-induced early invasive vulvar cancer of the anterior fourchette in two young women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 67: 42–45.
21. Han S. Kim D. Higgins S. Carcangiu M. Kacinski B. (2000) Chemoradiation as primary or adjuvant treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 1235–1244.
22. Heaps J. Fu Y. Montz F. Hacker N. Berek J. (1990) Surgical-pathologic variables predictive of local recurrence in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 38: 309–314.
23. Hockel M. Dornhofer N. (2008) Vulvovaginal reconstruction for neoplastic disease. Lancet Oncol 9: 559–568.
24. Hoffman M. (2003) Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva: locally advanced disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 17: 635–647.
25. Homesley H. Bundy B. Sedlis A. Adcock L. (1986) Radiation therapy versus pelvic node resection for carcinoma of the vulva with positive groin nodes. Obstet Gynecol 68: 733–740.
26. Homesley H. Bundy B. Sedlis A. Yordan E. Berek J. Jahshan A. et al. (1993) Prognostic factors for groin node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (a Gynecologic Oncology Group study). Gynecol Oncol 49: 279–283.
27. Horowitz N. Olawaiye A. Borger D. Growdon W. Krasner C. Matulonis U. et al. (2012) Phase II trial of erlotinib in women with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 127: 141–146.
28. Hyde S. Valmadre S. Hacker N. Schilthuis M. Grant P. van der Velden J. (2007) Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva with bulky positive groin nodes-nodal debulking versus full groin dissection prior to radiation therapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 17: 154–158.
29. Judson P. Habermann E. Baxter N. Durham S. Virnig B. (2006) Trends in the incidence of invasive and in situ vulvar carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 107: 1018–1022.
30. Kelley J. III Burke T. Tornos C. Morris M. Gershenson D. Silva E. et al. (1992) Minimally invasive vulvar carcinoma: an indication for conservative surgical therapy. Gynecol Oncol 44: 240–244.
31. Kunos C. Simpkins F. Gibbons H. Tian C. Homesley H. (2009) Radiation therapy compared with pelvic node resection for node-positive vulvar cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 114: 537–546.
32. Lataifeh I. Carraro Nascimento M. Nicklin J. Perrin L. Crandon A. Obermair A. (2004) Patterns of recurrence and disease-free survival in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 95: 701–705.
33. Levenback C. Burke T. Gershenson D. Morris M. Malpica A. Ross M. (1994) Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for vulvar cancer. Obstet Gynecol 84: 163–167.
34. Levenback C. Morris M. Burke T. Gershenson D. Wolf J. Wharton J. (1996) Groin dissection practices among gynecologic oncologists treating early vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 62: 73–77.
35. Lin J. DuBeshter B. Angel C. Dvoretsky P. (1992) Morbidity and recurrence with modifications of radical vulvectomy and groin dissection. Gynecol Oncol 47: 80–86.
36. Madsen B. Jensen H. van den Brule A. Wohlfahrt J. Frisch M. (2008) Risk factors for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva and vagina - population-based case-control study in Denmark. Int J Cancer 122: 2827–2834.
37. Magrina J. Gonzalez-Bosquet J. Weaver A. Gaffey T. Webb M. Podratz K. et al. (1998) Primary squamous cell cancer of the vulva: radical versus modified radical vulvar surgery. Gynecol Oncol 71: 116–121.
38. Magrina J. Webb M. Gaffey T. Symmonds R. (1979) Stage I squamous cell cancer of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 134: 453–459.
39. Mahner S. Jueckstock J. Hilpert F. Lubbe D. Harter P. de Gregorio N. et al. (2012) Impact of adjuvant therapy in lymph-node positive vulvar cancer: The AGO CARE 1 study. J Clin Oncol 30(Suppl.): abstract 5007.
40. Messing M. Gallup D. (1995) Carcinoma of the vulva in young women. Obstet Gynecol 86: 51–54.
41. Micheletti L. Borgno G. Barbero M. Preti M. Cavanna L. Nicolaci P. et al. (1990) Deep femoral lymphadenectomy with preservation of the fascia lata. Preliminary report on 42 invasive vulvar carcinomas. J Reprod Med 35: 1130–1133.
42. Monk B. Sill M. McMeekin D. Cohn D. Ramondetta L. Boardman C. et al. (2009) Phase III trial of four cisplatin-containing doublet combinations in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 27: 4649–4655.
43. Moore D. Koh W. McGuire W. Wilkinson E. (2005) Vulva. In: Ed. Hoskins W. Perez C. Young R. Barakat R. Markman M. Randall M. (eds), Principles and Practices of Gynecologic Cancers, 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
44. Moore D. Thomas G. Montana G. Saxer A. Gallup D. Olt G. (1998) Preoperative chemoradiation for advanced vulvar cancer: a phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42: 79–85.
45. Moore D. Ali S. Koh W. Michael H. Barnes M. McCourt C. et al. (2012) A phase II trial of radiation therapy and weekly cisplatin chemotherapy for the treatment of locally-advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol 124: 529–533.
46. Olawaiye A. Lee L. Krasner C. Neil H. (2007) Treatment of squamous cell vulvar cancer with the anti-EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor Tarceva. Gynecol Oncol 106: 628–630.
47. Oonk M. de Hullu J. van der Zee A. (2010) Current controversies in the management of patients with early-stage vulvar cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 22: 481–486.
48. Oonk M. van Hemel B. Hollema H. de Hullu J. Ansink A. Vergote I. et al. (2010) Size of sentinel-node metastasis and chances of non-sentinel-node involvement and survival in early stage vulvar cancer: results from GROINSS-V, a multicentre observational study. Lancet Oncol 11: 646–652.
49. Origoni M. Sideri M. Garsia S. Carinelli S. Ferrari A. (1992) Prognostic value of pathological patterns of lymph node positivity in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva stage III and IVA FIGO. Gynecol Oncol 45: 313–316.
50. Paladini D. Cross P. Lopes A. Monaghan J. (1994) Prognostic significance of lymph node variables in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Cancer 74: 2491–2496.
51. Parthasarathy A. Cheung M. Osann K. Husain A. Teng N. Berek J. et al. (2006) The benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy in single-node-positive squamous cell vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 103: 1095–1099.
52. Pecorelli S. (2009) Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 105: 103–104.
53. Pohar S. Hoffstetter S. Peiffert D. Luporsi E. Pernot M. (1995) Effectiveness of brachytherapy in treating carcinoma of the vulva. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32: 1455–1460.
54. Rodolakis A. Diakomanolis E. Voulgaris Z. Akrivos T. Vlachos G. Michalas S. (2000) Squamous vulvar cancer: a clinically based individualization of treatment. Gynecol Oncol 78: 346–351.
55. Rouzier R. Haddad B. Plantier F. Dubois P. Pelisse M. Paniel B. (2002) Local relapse in patients treated for squamous cell vulvar carcinoma: incidence and prognostic value. Obstet Gynecol 100: 1159–1167.
56. Sharma D. Rath G. Kumar S. Bhatla N. Julka P. Sahai P. (2010) Treatment outcome of patients with carcinoma of vulva: experience from a tertiary cancer center of India. J Cancer Res Ther 6: 503–507.
57. Shylasree T. Bryant A. Howells R. (2011) Chemoradiation for advanced primary vulval cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD003752.
58. Sidor J. Diallo-Danebrock R. Eltze E. Lelle R.J. (2006) Challenging the concept of microinvasive carcinoma of the vulva: report of a case with regional lymph node recurrence and review of the literature. BMC Cancer 6: 157.
59. Siller B. Alvarez R. Conner W. McCullough C. Kilgore L. Partridge E. et al. (1995) T2/3 vulva cancer: a case-control study of triple incision versus en bloc radical vulvectomy and inguinal lymphadenectomy. Gynecol Oncol 57: 335–339.
60. Slevin N. Pointon R. (1989) Radical radiotherapy for carcinoma of the vulva. Br J Radiol 62: 145–147.
61. Sliutz G. Reinthaller A. Lantzsch T. Mende T. Sinzinger H. Kainz C. et al. (2002) Lymphatic mapping of sentinel nodes in early vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 84: 449–452.
62. Stehman F. Bundy B. Dvoretsky P. Creasman W. (1992) Early stage I carcinoma of the vulva treated with ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy and modified radical hemivulvectomy: a prospective study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Obstet Gynecol 49: 490–497.
63. Tans L. Ansink A. van Rooij P. Kleijnen C. Mens J. (2010) The role of chemo-radiotherapy in the management of locally advanced carcinoma of the vulva: single institutional experience and review of literature. Am J Clin Oncol 34: 22–26.
64. Thornton W. Jr Flanagan W. (1973) Pelvic exenteration in the treatment of advanced malignancy of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 117: 774–781.
65. van der Velden J. van Lindert A. Lammes F. ten Kate F. Sie-Go D. Oosting H. et al. (1995) Extracapsular growth of lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. The impact on recurrence and survival. Cancer 75: 2885–2890.
66. van Doorn H. Ansink A. Verhaar-Langereis M. Stalpers L. (2006) Neoadjuvant chemoradiation for advanced primary vulvar cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD003752.
67. van der Zee A. Oonk M. Hullu J. Ansink A. Vergote I. Verheijen R. et al. (2008) Sentinel node dissection is safe in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer. J Clin Oncol 26: 884–889.
68. Wagenaar H. Colombo N. Vergote I. Hoctin-Boes G. Zanetta G. Pecorelli S. et al. (2001) Bleomycin, methotrexate, and CCNU in locally advanced or recurrent, inoperable, squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva: an EORTC Gynaecological Cancer Cooperative Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 81: 348–354.
69. Weikel W. Hofmann M. Steiner E. Knapstein P. Koelbl H. (2005) Reconstructive surgery following resection of primary vulvar cancers. Gynecol Oncol 99: 92–100.
70. Wittekind C. Meyer H. (eds) (2002) TNM Klassifikation maligner Tumoren. New York: Wiley VCH.
71. Witteveen P. van der Velden J. Vergote I. Guerra C. Scarabeli C. Coens C. et al. (2009) Phase II study on paclitaxel in patients with recurrent, metastatic or locally advanced vulvar cancer not amenable to surgery or radiotherapy: a study of the EORTC-GCG (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer–Gynaecological Cancer Group). Ann Oncol 20: 1511–1516.
72. Woelber L. Mahner S. Voelker C. Eulenburg C. Gieseking F. Choschzick M. (2009) Clinicopathological prognostic factors and patterns of recurrence in vulvar cancer. Anticancer Res 29: 545–552.
73. Woelber L. Choschzick M. Eulenburg C. Hager M. Jaenicke F. Gieseking F. et al. (2011) Prognostic value of pathological resection margin distance in squamous cell cancer of the vulva. Ann Surg Oncol 18: 3811–3818.
74. Woelber L. Eulenburg C. Choschzick M. Kruell A. Petersen C. Gieseking F. et al. (2012 a) Prognostic role of lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer and implications for adjuvant treatment. Int J Gynecol Cancer 22: 503–508.
75. Woelber L. Mahner S. Voelker K. Eulenburg C. Gieseking F. Choschzick M. et al. (2009) Clinicopathological prognostic factors and patterns of recurrence in vulvar cancer. Anticancer Res 29: 545–552.
76. Woelber L. Rohsbach D. Vettorazzi E. Wisotzki C. Trillsch F. Jaenicke F. et al. (2012 b) Secondary sentinel node biopsy after previous excision of the primary tumor in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Ann Surg Oncol, Epub ahead of print.