메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 876-887

Why permafrost rocks become unstable: A rock-ice-mechanical model in time and space

Author keywords

Mountain geomorphology; Para glacial geomorphology; Permafrost, rock ice mechanics; Rock slope stability

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS; COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE STRENGTHS; DESTABILIZATION PROCESS; FRACTURE PROPAGATION; MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION; PERMAFROST DEGRADATION; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCIES; WATER-SATURATED ROCKS;

EID: 84879224063     PISSN: 01979337     EISSN: 10969837     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/esp.3374     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (297)

References (101)
  • 1
    • 70849127730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring steep bedrock permafrost and its relationship with recent slope failures in the southern alps of New Zealand
    • Allen SK, Gruber S, Owens IF. 2009. Exploring steep bedrock permafrost and its relationship with recent slope failures in the southern alps of New Zealand. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 20: 345-356.
    • (2009) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.20 , pp. 345-356
    • Allen, S.K.1    Gruber, S.2    Owens, I.F.3
  • 2
    • 24044481624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triaxial constant stress and constant strain rate test on ice-rich permafrost samples
    • Arenson L, Springman S. 2005. Triaxial constant stress and constant strain rate test on ice-rich permafrost samples. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42: 412-430.
    • (2005) Canadian Geotechnical Journal , vol.42 , pp. 412-430
    • Arenson, L.1    Springman, S.2
  • 4
    • 0019998936 scopus 로고
    • Subcritical crack propagation in rocks: theory, experimental results and applications
    • Atkinson BK. 1982. Subcritical crack propagation in rocks: theory, experimental results and applications. Journal of Structural Geology 4: 41-56.
    • (1982) Journal of Structural Geology , vol.4 , pp. 41-56
    • Atkinson, B.K.1
  • 6
    • 0017582564 scopus 로고
    • The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice
    • Barton N, Choubey V. 1977. The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock Mechanics 10: 1-54.
    • (1977) Rock Mechanics , vol.10 , pp. 1-54
    • Barton, N.1    Choubey, V.2
  • 7
    • 0036825425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling rock avalanches and their relation to permafrost degradation in glacial environments
    • Bottino G, Chiarle M, Joly A, Mortara G. 2002. Modelling rock avalanches and their relation to permafrost degradation in glacial environments. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 13: 283-288.
    • (2002) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.13 , pp. 283-288
    • Bottino, G.1    Chiarle, M.2    Joly, A.3    Mortara, G.4
  • 10
    • 0036786189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of rock fracture toughness under modes I and II and mixed-mode conditions by using disc-type specimens
    • Chang S-H, Lee C-I, Jeon S. 2002. Measurement of rock fracture toughness under modes I and II and mixed-mode conditions by using disc-type specimens. Engineering Geology 66: 79-97.
    • (2002) Engineering Geology , vol.66 , pp. 79-97
    • Chang, S.-H.1    Lee, C.-I.2    Jeon, S.3
  • 11
    • 84879244137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centrifuge modelling of frost heave of arctic gas pipelines
    • In, Phillips M, Springman S, Arenson L (eds). AA Balkema: Zurich.
    • Clark JI, Phillips R. 2003. Centrifuge modelling of frost heave of arctic gas pipelines. In Permafrost - 8th International Conference, Phillips M, Springman S, Arenson L (eds). AA Balkema: Zurich.
    • (2003) Permafrost - 8th International Conference
    • Clark, J.I.1    Phillips, R.2
  • 14
    • 0035057236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of rise in mean annual temperature on the stability of rock slopes containing ice-filled discontinuities
    • Davies MCR, Hamza O, Harris C. 2001. The effect of rise in mean annual temperature on the stability of rock slopes containing ice-filled discontinuities. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 12: 137-144.
    • (2001) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.12 , pp. 137-144
    • Davies, M.C.R.1    Hamza, O.2    Harris, C.3
  • 15
    • 33751207516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical modelling of permafrost warming in rock slopes
    • In, Phillips M, Springman S, Arenson L (eds). AA Balkema: Zurich;
    • Davies MCR, Hamza O, Harris C. 2003. Physical modelling of permafrost warming in rock slopes. In Permafrost - 8th International Conference, Phillips M, Springman S, Arenson L (eds). AA Balkema: Zurich; 169-174.
    • (2003) Permafrost - 8th International Conference , pp. 169-174
    • Davies, M.C.R.1    Hamza, O.2    Harris, C.3
  • 16
    • 0034496052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory measurements of the shear strength of ice-filled rock joints
    • Davies MCR, Hamza O, Lumsden BW, Harris C. 2000. Laboratory measurements of the shear strength of ice-filled rock joints. Annals of Glaciology 31: 463-467.
    • (2000) Annals of Glaciology , vol.31 , pp. 463-467
    • Davies, M.C.R.1    Hamza, O.2    Lumsden, B.W.3    Harris, C.4
  • 17
    • 0027528184 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory testing and parameters controlling the shear strength of filled rock joints
    • de Toledo PEC, Freitas MH. 1993. Laboratory testing and parameters controlling the shear strength of filled rock joints. Geotechnique 42: 1-19.
    • (1993) Geotechnique , vol.42 , pp. 1-19
    • de Toledo, P.E.C.1    Freitas, M.H.2
  • 18
    • 84867963924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P-wave velocity changes in freezing hard low-porosity rocks: a laboratory-based time-average model
    • Draebing D, Krautblatter M. 2012. P-wave velocity changes in freezing hard low-porosity rocks: a laboratory-based time-average model. The Cryosphere 6: 1163-1174.
    • (2012) The Cryosphere , vol.6 , pp. 1163-1174
    • Draebing, D.1    Krautblatter, M.2
  • 23
    • 32644479416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Randa Rockslide Laboratory: establishing brittle and ductile instability mechanisms using numerical modelling and microseismicity
    • In . A.A. Balkema: Rio de Janeiro;
    • Eberhardt E, Spillmann T, Maurer H, Willenberg H, Loew S, Stead D. 2004. The Randa Rockslide Laboratory: establishing brittle and ductile instability mechanisms using numerical modelling and microseismicity In 9th International Symposium of Landslides. A.A. Balkema: Rio de Janeiro; 481-487.
    • (2004) 9th International Symposium of Landslides , pp. 481-487
    • Eberhardt, E.1    Spillmann, T.2    Maurer, H.3    Willenberg, H.4    Loew, S.5    Stead, D.6
  • 26
    • 77957810933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of periglacial slope stability for the 1988 Tschierva rock avalanche (Piz Morteratsch, Switzerland)
    • Fischer L, Amann F, Moore JR, Huggel C. 2010. Assessment of periglacial slope stability for the 1988 Tschierva rock avalanche (Piz Morteratsch, Switzerland). Engineering Geology 116: 32-43.
    • (2010) Engineering Geology , vol.116 , pp. 32-43
    • Fischer, L.1    Amann, F.2    Moore, J.R.3    Huggel, C.4
  • 27
    • 77952975619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodical design for stability assessments of permafrost-affected high-mountain rock walls
    • In, Kane DL, Hinkel KM (eds). INE-UAF: Fairbanks, AL;
    • Fischer L, Huggel C. 2008. Methodical design for stability assessments of permafrost-affected high-mountain rock walls. In 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Kane DL, Hinkel KM (eds). INE-UAF: Fairbanks, AL; 439-444.
    • (2008) 9th International Conference on Permafrost , pp. 439-444
    • Fischer, L.1    Huggel, C.2
  • 28
    • 77951041664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation and modeling of periglacial rock fall events in the European Alps
    • Fischer L, Huggel C, Lemy F. 2007. Investigation and modeling of periglacial rock fall events in the European Alps. Geophysical Research Abstracts 9: 08160.
    • (2007) Geophysical Research Abstracts , vol.9 , pp. 08160
    • Fischer, L.1    Huggel, C.2    Lemy, F.3
  • 29
    • 33749011162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geology, glacier retreat and permafrost degradation as controlling factors of slope instabilities in a high-mountain rock wall: the Monte Rosa east face
    • Fischer L, Kääb A, Huggel C, Noetzli J. 2006. Geology, glacier retreat and permafrost degradation as controlling factors of slope instabilities in a high-mountain rock wall: the Monte Rosa east face. Natuaral Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6: 761-772.
    • (2006) Natuaral Hazards and Earth System Sciences , vol.6 , pp. 761-772
    • Fischer, L.1    Kääb, A.2    Huggel, C.3    Noetzli, J.4
  • 30
    • 32644470840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of recent large catastrophic landslides in northern British Columbia, Canada
    • Geertsema M, Clague JJ, Schwab JW, Evans SG. 2006. An overview of recent large catastrophic landslides in northern British Columbia, Canada. Engineering Geology 83: 120-143.
    • (2006) Engineering Geology , vol.83 , pp. 120-143
    • Geertsema, M.1    Clague, J.J.2    Schwab, J.W.3    Evans, S.G.4
  • 32
    • 0014795510 scopus 로고
    • The deformability of joints
    • In, Special Technical Publications. American Society for Testing Materials: West Conshohocken, PA;
    • Goodman RE. 1970. The deformability of joints. In Determination of the in situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock, Special Technical Publications. American Society for Testing Materials: West Conshohocken, PA; 174-196.
    • (1970) Determination of the in situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock , pp. 174-196
    • Goodman, R.E.1
  • 33
    • 34548305016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost in steep bedrock slopes and its temperature-related destabilization following climate change
    • Gruber S, Haeberli W. 2007. Permafrost in steep bedrock slopes and its temperature-related destabilization following climate change. Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface 112: F02S13.
    • (2007) Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface , vol.112
    • Gruber, S.1    Haeberli, W.2
  • 34
    • 4544343029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost thaw and destabilization of Alpine rock walls in the hot summer of 2003
    • Gruber S, Hoelzle M, Haeberli W. 2004. Permafrost thaw and destabilization of Alpine rock walls in the hot summer of 2003. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L15054.
    • (2004) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.31
    • Gruber, S.1    Hoelzle, M.2    Haeberli, W.3
  • 35
    • 84857725521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shear strength of ice-filled rock joints
    • In, Kane DL, Hinkel KM (eds). International Permafrost Association: Postdam;
    • Günzel F. 2008. Shear strength of ice-filled rock joints. In 9th InternationalConference on Permafrost, INE-UAF, Fairbanks, AL, Kane DL, Hinkel KM (eds). International Permafrost Association: Postdam; 581-586.
    • (2008) 9th InternationalConference on Permafrost, INE-UAF, Fairbanks, AL , pp. 581-586
    • Günzel, F.1
  • 36
    • 84879202155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shear strength of rock joints filled with frozen sand
    • In, Hinkel KM (ed.). International Permafrost Association: Postdam;
    • Günzel F. 2012. Shear strength of rock joints filled with frozen sand. In 10th International Conference on Permafrost, Salekhard, Hinkel KM (ed.). International Permafrost Association: Postdam; 143-148.
    • (2012) 10th International Conference on Permafrost, Salekhard , pp. 143-148
    • Günzel, F.1
  • 37
    • 0027069749 scopus 로고
    • Construction, environmental problems and natural hazards in periglacial mountain belts
    • Haeberli W. 1992. Construction, environmental problems and natural hazards in periglacial mountain belts. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 3: 111-124.
    • (1992) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.3 , pp. 111-124
    • Haeberli, W.1
  • 38
    • 19344367170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating glacier-permafrost relationships in high-mountain area: historical background, selected examples and research needs
    • In, Harris C, Murton JB (eds), Geological Society Special Publication. The Geological Society: London;
    • Haeberli W. 2005. Investigating glacier-permafrost relationships in high-mountain area: historical background, selected examples and research needs. In Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers and Permafrost, Harris C, Murton JB (eds), Geological Society Special Publication. The Geological Society: London; 29-37.
    • (2005) Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers and Permafrost , pp. 29-37
    • Haeberli, W.1
  • 39
    • 3142725106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost conditions in the starting zone of the Kolka-Karmadon rock/ice slide of 20 September 2002 in North Ossetia (Russian Caucasus)
    • In . International Permafrost Association: Postdam;
    • Haeberli W, Huggel C, Kääb A, Polkvoj A, Zotikov I, Osokin N. 2003. Permafrost conditions in the starting zone of the Kolka-Karmadon rock/ice slide of 20 September 2002 in North Ossetia (Russian Caucasus). In 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich. International Permafrost Association: Postdam; 49-50.
    • (2003) 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich , pp. 49-50
    • Haeberli, W.1    Huggel, C.2    Kääb, A.3    Polkvoj, A.4    Zotikov, I.5    Osokin, N.6
  • 40
  • 41
    • 16944362729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slope stability problems related to glacier shrinkage and permafrost degradation in the Alps
    • Haeberli W, Wegmann M, Vonder Mühll D. 1997. Slope stability problems related to glacier shrinkage and permafrost degradation in the Alps. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 90: 407-414.
    • (1997) Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae , vol.90 , pp. 407-414
    • Haeberli, W.1    Wegmann, M.2    Vonder Mühll, D.3
  • 43
    • 33751235278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geology - why do freezing rocks break?
    • Hallet B. 2006. Geology - why do freezing rocks break? Science 314: 1092-1093.
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 1092-1093
    • Hallet, B.1
  • 44
    • 0026311579 scopus 로고
    • Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained sub-zero temperatures: verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions
    • Hallet B, Walder JS, Stubbs CW. 1991. Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained sub-zero temperatures: verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2: 283-300.
    • (1991) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.2 , pp. 283-300
    • Hallet, B.1    Walder, J.S.2    Stubbs, C.W.3
  • 45
    • 71049148099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wireless sensor networks in permafrost research: concept, requirements, implementation, and challenges
    • In, Kane DL, Hinkel KM (eds). International Permafrost Association: Postdam;
    • Hasler A, Talzi I, Beutel J, Tschudin C, Gruber S. 2008. Wireless sensor networks in permafrost research: concept, requirements, implementation, and challenges. In 9th International Conference on Permafrost, INE-UAF, Fairbanks, AL, Kane DL, Hinkel KM (eds). International Permafrost Association: Postdam; 669-674.
    • (2008) 9th International Conference on Permafrost, INE-UAF, Fairbanks, AL , pp. 669-674
    • Hasler, A.1    Talzi, I.2    Beutel, J.3    Tschudin, C.4    Gruber, S.5
  • 47
    • 1142281975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The landslide response of alpine basins to post-Little Ice Age glaical thinning and retreat
    • Holm K, Bovis M, Jakob J. 2004. The landslide response of alpine basins to post-Little Ice Age glaical thinning and retreat. Geomorphology 57: 201-216.
    • (2004) Geomorphology , vol.57 , pp. 201-216
    • Holm, K.1    Bovis, M.2    Jakob, J.3
  • 48
    • 67349155933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent extreme slope failures in glacial environments: effects of thermal perturbation
    • Huggel C. 2009. Recent extreme slope failures in glacial environments: effects of thermal perturbation. Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 1119-1130.
    • (2009) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.28 , pp. 1119-1130
    • Huggel, C.1
  • 49
    • 35748977397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring and modelling ice-rock avalanches from ice-capped volcanoes: a case study of frequent large avalanches on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska
    • Huggel C, Caplan-Auerbach J, Waythomas CF, Wessels RL. 2007. Monitoring and modelling ice-rock avalanches from ice-capped volcanoes: a case study of frequent large avalanches on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 168: 114-136.
    • (2007) Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , vol.168 , pp. 114-136
    • Huggel, C.1    Caplan-Auerbach, J.2    Waythomas, C.F.3    Wessels, R.L.4
  • 50
  • 52
    • 17044382608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A shear strength model for idealised infilled joints under constant normal stiffness
    • Indraratna B, Welideniya HS, Brown ET. 2005. A shear strength model for idealised infilled joints under constant normal stiffness. Geotechnique 55: 215-226.
    • (2005) Geotechnique , vol.55 , pp. 215-226
    • Indraratna, B.1    Welideniya, H.S.2    Brown, E.T.3
  • 53
    • 0000602614 scopus 로고
    • Fracture
    • In, Flügge S (ed.). Springer: Berlin;
    • Irwin GR. 1958. Fracture. In Handbuch der Physik 6, Flügge S (ed.). Springer: Berlin; 551-590.
    • (1958) Handbuch der Physik 6 , pp. 551-590
    • Irwin, G.R.1
  • 54
    • 0037261481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The time-dependent reduction of sliding cohesion due to rock bridges along discontinuities: a fracture mechanics approach
    • Kemeny J. 2003. The time-dependent reduction of sliding cohesion due to rock bridges along discontinuities: a fracture mechanics approach. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 36: 27-38.
    • (2003) Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering , vol.36 , pp. 27-38
    • Kemeny, J.1
  • 55
    • 0020336206 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of frost heave in the laboratory during transient freezing
    • Konrad JM, Morgenstern NR. 1982. Prediction of frost heave in the laboratory during transient freezing. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31: 250-259.
    • (1982) Canadian Geotechnical Journal , vol.31 , pp. 250-259
    • Konrad, J.M.1    Morgenstern, N.R.2
  • 56
    • 14844292517 scopus 로고
    • Geologische und felsmechanische Untersuchungen für die Gipfelstation der Seilbahn Eibsee - Zugspitze
    • Körner H, Ulrich R. 1965. Geologische und felsmechanische Untersuchungen für die Gipfelstation der Seilbahn Eibsee - Zugspitze. Geologica Bavarica 55: 404-421.
    • (1965) Geologica Bavarica , vol.55 , pp. 404-421
    • Körner, H.1    Ulrich, R.2
  • 57
    • 67349162935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural hazards, extreme events, and moutain topography
    • Korup O, Clague JJ. 2009. Natural hazards, extreme events, and moutain topography. Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 977-990.
    • (2009) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.28 , pp. 977-990
    • Korup, O.1    Clague, J.J.2
  • 58
    • 77953232050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of landslides in mountain range evolution
    • Korup O, Densmore AL, Schlunegger F. 2010. The role of landslides in mountain range evolution. Geomorphology 120: 77-90.
    • (2010) Geomorphology , vol.120 , pp. 77-90
    • Korup, O.1    Densmore, A.L.2    Schlunegger, F.3
  • 59
    • 33847759050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a uniform concept for the comparison and extrapolation of rockwall retreat and rockfall supply
    • 89A:
    • Krautblatter M, Dikau R. 2007. Towards a uniform concept for the comparison and extrapolation of rockwall retreat and rockfall supply. Geografiska Annaler 89A: 21-40.
    • (2007) Geografiska Annaler , pp. 21-40
    • Krautblatter, M.1    Dikau, R.2
  • 61
    • 84858287719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research perspectives for instable high-alpine bedrock permafrost: measurement, modelling and process understanding
    • Krautblatter M, Huggel C, Deline P, Hasler A. 2012. Research perspectives for instable high-alpine bedrock permafrost: measurement, modelling and process understanding. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 23: 80-88.
    • (2012) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.23 , pp. 80-88
    • Krautblatter, M.1    Huggel, C.2    Deline, P.3    Hasler, A.4
  • 62
    • 77951080076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature-calibrated imaging of seasonal changes in permafrost rock walls by quantitative electrical resistivity tomography (Zugspitze, German/Austrian Alps)
    • Krautblatter M, Verleysdonk S, Flores-Orozco A, Kemna A. 2010. Temperature-calibrated imaging of seasonal changes in permafrost rock walls by quantitative electrical resistivity tomography (Zugspitze, German/Austrian Alps). Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface 115: F02003.
    • (2010) Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface , vol.115
    • Krautblatter, M.1    Verleysdonk, S.2    Flores-Orozco, A.3    Kemna, A.4
  • 63
    • 84879223987 scopus 로고
    • Feuchtetransport und Speicherkoeffizienten poröser mineralischer Baustoffe - theoretische Grundlagen und neue Meßtechniken. PhD Thesis, University of Stuttgart.
    • Krus M. 1995. Feuchtetransport und Speicherkoeffizienten poröser mineralischer Baustoffe - theoretische Grundlagen und neue Meßtechniken. PhD Thesis, University of Stuttgart.
    • (1995)
    • Krus, M.1
  • 66
    • 0025197630 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of rock breakdown by frost action - an experimental approach
    • Matsuoka N. 1990. Mechanisms of rock breakdown by frost action - an experimental approach. Cold Regions Science and Technology 17: 253-270.
    • (1990) Cold Regions Science and Technology , vol.17 , pp. 253-270
    • Matsuoka, N.1
  • 67
    • 0035365971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct observation of frost wedging in alpine bedrock
    • Matsuoka N. 2001. Direct observation of frost wedging in alpine bedrock. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26: 601-614.
    • (2001) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.26 , pp. 601-614
    • Matsuoka, N.1
  • 68
  • 69
    • 84859433509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paraglacial rock-slope stability
    • McColl ST. 2012. Paraglacial rock-slope stability. Geomorphology 153-154: 1-16.
    • (2012) Geomorphology , vol.153-154 , pp. 1-16
    • McColl, S.T.1
  • 70
    • 77957800362 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical properties of rocks at low temperatures
    • In . International Permafrost Association: Postdam;
    • Mellor M. 1973. Mechanical properties of rocks at low temperatures. In 2nd International Conference on Permafrost, Yakutsk. International Permafrost Association: Postdam; 334-344.
    • (1973) 2nd International Conference on Permafrost, Yakutsk , pp. 334-344
    • Mellor, M.1
  • 71
    • 84860825256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From nature-dominated to human-dominated global environmental change in the mountains of the world
    • In, Price MF (ed.). Sapiens Publishing: Duncow;
    • Messerli B. 2006. From nature-dominated to human-dominated global environmental change in the mountains of the world. In Global Chnage in Mountain Regions, Price MF (ed.). Sapiens Publishing: Duncow; 3-5.
    • (2006) Global Chnage in Mountain Regions , pp. 3-5
    • Messerli, B.1
  • 74
    • 33751254381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bedrock fracture by ice segregation in cold regions
    • Murton JB, Peterson R, Ozouf JC. 2006. Bedrock fracture by ice segregation in cold regions. Science 314: 1127-1129.
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 1127-1129
    • Murton, J.B.1    Peterson, R.2    Ozouf, J.C.3
  • 75
    • 0020331016 scopus 로고
    • Frost heave predictions using the segregation potential concept
    • Nixon JF. 1982. Frost heave predictions using the segregation potential concept. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 19: 526-529.
    • (1982) Canadian Geotechnical Journal , vol.19 , pp. 526-529
    • Nixon, J.F.1
  • 76
    • 70849133124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient thermal effects in Alpine permafrost
    • Noetzli J, Gruber S. 2009. Transient thermal effects in Alpine permafrost. The Cryosphere 3: 85-99.
    • (2009) The Cryosphere , vol.3 , pp. 85-99
    • Noetzli, J.1    Gruber, S.2
  • 77
    • 1842813716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mountain permafrost and recent Alpine rock-fall events: a GIS-based approach to determine critical factors
    • In, Phillips M, Springman S, Arenson L (eds). A.A. Balkema: Lisse.
    • Noetzli J, Hoelzle M, Haeberli W. 2003. Mountain permafrost and recent Alpine rock-fall events: a GIS-based approach to determine critical factors. In 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich, Phillips M, Springman S, Arenson L (eds). A.A. Balkema: Lisse.
    • (2003) 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich
    • Noetzli, J.1    Hoelzle, M.2    Haeberli, W.3
  • 79
    • 85057528899 scopus 로고
    • Multiple modes of shear failure in rock. Proceedings, 1st Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon;
    • Patton FD. 1966. Multiple modes of shear failure in rock. Proceedings, 1st Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon; 509-513.
    • (1966) , pp. 509-513
    • Patton, F.D.1
  • 80
    • 84858281993 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the permeability of the frozen fissured rock massif in the vicinity of the Kolyma hydroelectric power station
    • Pogrebiskiy MI, Chernyshev SN. 1977. Determination of the permeability of the frozen fissured rock massif in the vicinity of the Kolyma hydroelectric power station. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory - Draft Translation 634: 1-13.
    • (1977) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory - Draft Translation , vol.634 , pp. 1-13
    • Pogrebiskiy, M.I.1    Chernyshev, S.N.2
  • 82
    • 0002366701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical degree of saturation as a threshold moisture level in frost weathering of limestones
    • Prick A. 1997. Critical degree of saturation as a threshold moisture level in frost weathering of limestones. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 8: 91-99.
    • (1997) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.8 , pp. 91-99
    • Prick, A.1
  • 83
    • 58049121924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rock falls in high-alpine rock walls quantified by terrestrial lidar measurements: a case study in the Mont Blanc area
    • Rabatel A, Deline P, Jaillet S, Ravanel L. 2008. Rock falls in high-alpine rock walls quantified by terrestrial lidar measurements: a case study in the Mont Blanc area. Geophysical Research Letters 35: L10502.
    • (2008) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.35
    • Rabatel, A.1    Deline, P.2    Jaillet, S.3    Ravanel, L.4
  • 84
    • 60449097949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La face ouest des Drus (massif du Mont-Blanc). Évolution de l'instabilité d'une paroi rocheuse dans la haute montagne alpine depuis la fin du petit age glaciaire
    • Ravanel L, Deline P. 2008. La face ouest des Drus (massif du Mont-Blanc). Évolution de l'instabilité d'une paroi rocheuse dans la haute montagne alpine depuis la fin du petit age glaciaire. Geomorphologie 4: 261-272.
    • (2008) Geomorphologie , vol.4 , pp. 261-272
    • Ravanel, L.1    Deline, P.2
  • 85
    • 0035974855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Universal behaviour in compressive failure of brittle materials
    • Renshaw CE, Schulson EM. 2001. Universal behaviour in compressive failure of brittle materials. Nature 412: 897-900.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 897-900
    • Renshaw, C.E.1    Schulson, E.M.2
  • 87
    • 15844397587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rock moisture measurements: techniques, results, and implications for weathering
    • Sass O. 2005. Rock moisture measurements: techniques, results, and implications for weathering. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30: 359-374.
    • (2005) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , vol.30 , pp. 359-374
    • Sass, O.1
  • 88
    • 36348961854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid lake infill following major rockfall (bergsturz) events revealed by ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements, Reintal, German Alps
    • Sass O, Krautblatter M, Morche D. 2007. Rapid lake infill following major rockfall (bergsturz) events revealed by ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements, Reintal, German Alps. The Holocene 17: 965-976.
    • (2007) The Holocene , vol.17 , pp. 965-976
    • Sass, O.1    Krautblatter, M.2    Morche, D.3
  • 90
    • 84879216897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proglaical, periglacial or paraglacial?
    • In, Knight J, Harrison S (eds), Geological Society Special Publications. The Geological Society: London;
    • Slaymaker O. 2009. Proglaical, periglacial or paraglacial? In Periglacial and Paraglacial Processes and Environments, Knight J, Harrison S (eds), Geological Society Special Publications. The Geological Society: London; 268-288.
    • (2009) Periglacial and Paraglacial Processes and Environments , pp. 268-288
    • Slaymaker, O.1
  • 91
    • 44649128515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete dynamic modeling calibration for the Thurwieser rock avalanche (Italian Central Alps)
    • Sosio R, Crosta GB, Hungr O. 2008. Complete dynamic modeling calibration for the Thurwieser rock avalanche (Italian Central Alps). Engineering Geology 100: 11-26.
    • (2008) Engineering Geology , vol.100 , pp. 11-26
    • Sosio, R.1    Crosta, G.B.2    Hungr, O.3
  • 92
    • 33745143599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the thaw boundary in broken rock zones in permafrost in the presence of surface water flows
    • Tang GZ, Wang XH. 2006. Modeling the thaw boundary in broken rock zones in permafrost in the presence of surface water flows. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 21: 684-689.
    • (2006) Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology , vol.21 , pp. 684-689
    • Tang, G.Z.1    Wang, X.H.2
  • 93
    • 85016517287 scopus 로고
    • Stability of steep slopes in hard unweathered rock
    • Terzaghi K. 1962. Stability of steep slopes in hard unweathered rock. Geotechnique 12: 251-270.
    • (1962) Geotechnique , vol.12 , pp. 251-270
    • Terzaghi, K.1
  • 94
    • 0023500470 scopus 로고
    • Conditions for crack propagation by frost wedging
    • Tharp TM. 1987. Conditions for crack propagation by frost wedging. Geological Society of America Bulletin 99: 94-102.
    • (1987) Geological Society of America Bulletin , vol.99 , pp. 94-102
    • Tharp, T.M.1
  • 95
    • 3643076939 scopus 로고
    • Influence of mountain permafrost on construction in the Zugspitze mountains, Bavarian Alps, Germany
    • In . International Permafrost Association: Postdam;
    • Ulrich R, King L. 1993. Influence of mountain permafrost on construction in the Zugspitze mountains, Bavarian Alps, Germany. In 6th International Conference on Permafrost, Bejing. International Permafrost Association: Postdam; 625-630.
    • (1993) 6th International Conference on Permafrost, Bejing , pp. 625-630
    • Ulrich, R.1    King, L.2
  • 96
    • 0022267334 scopus 로고
    • A theoretical-model of the fracture of rock during freezing
    • Walder J, Hallet B. 1985. A theoretical-model of the fracture of rock during freezing. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96: 336-346.
    • (1985) Geological Society of America Bulletin , vol.96 , pp. 336-346
    • Walder, J.1    Hallet, B.2
  • 97
    • 0002861582 scopus 로고
    • Creep of ice
    • In, Whalley E, Jones SJ, Gold LW (eds). Royal Society of Canada: Ottawa;
    • Weertman J. 1973. Creep of ice. In Physics and Chemistry of Ice, Whalley E, Jones SJ, Gold LW (eds). Royal Society of Canada: Ottawa; 320-337.
    • (1973) Physics and Chemistry of Ice , pp. 320-337
    • Weertman, J.1
  • 98
    • 0002818028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost changes in rock walls and the retreat of Alpine glaciers: a thermal modelling approach
    • Wegmann M, Gudmundsson GH, Haeberli W. 1998. Permafrost changes in rock walls and the retreat of Alpine glaciers: a thermal modelling approach. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 9: 23-33.
    • (1998) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.9 , pp. 23-33
    • Wegmann, M.1    Gudmundsson, G.H.2    Haeberli, W.3
  • 99
    • 0020061737 scopus 로고
    • Crack propagation and associated weathering in igneous rocks
    • Whalley WB. 1982. Crack propagation and associated weathering in igneous rocks. Zeitschrift fuer Geomorphologie 26: 33-54.
    • (1982) Zeitschrift fuer Geomorphologie , vol.26 , pp. 33-54
    • Whalley, W.B.1
  • 100
    • 0002714485 scopus 로고
    • Rockfalls
    • In, Brunsden D, Prior DB (eds). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester;
    • Whalley WB. 1984. Rockfalls. In Slope Instability, Brunsden D, Prior DB (eds). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester; 217-256.
    • (1984) Slope Instability , pp. 217-256
    • Whalley, W.B.1
  • 101
    • 14344254050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weathering, blockfields, and fracture systems and the implications of long-term landscape formation: some evidence from Lingen and Oksforddjokelen areas in north Norway
    • Whalley WB, Bruce BR, Rainey MM. 2004. Weathering, blockfields, and fracture systems and the implications of long-term landscape formation: some evidence from Lingen and Oksforddjokelen areas in north Norway. Polar Geography 28: 93-119.
    • (2004) Polar Geography , vol.28 , pp. 93-119
    • Whalley, W.B.1    Bruce, B.R.2    Rainey, M.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.