Paraglacial rock-slope stability

Geomorphology

Volumn 153-154, Issue , 2012, Pages 1-16

  McColl, Samuel T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Climate change; Deglaciation; Landslides; Paraglacial; Slope evolution; Slope stability

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; DEGLACIATION; GLACIATION; LANDSLIDE; LITERATURE REVIEW; ROCK PROPERTY; SLOPE FAILURE; SLOPE STABILITY; TEMPORAL VARIATION; TERRAIN;

EID: 84859433509     PISSN: 0169555X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.015     Document Type: Review

References (195)

1. Abele G. Influence of glacier and climatic variation on rockslide activity in the Alps. Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for Holocene 1997, 1-6. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart. J.A. Matthews, D. Brunsden, B. Frenzel, B. Gläser, M.M. Weiß (Eds.).
2. Adams J. Earthquake-dammed lakes in New Zealand. Geology 1981, 9:215-219.
3. Agliardi F., Crosta G., Zanchi A. Structural constraints on deep-seated slope deformation kinematics. Engineering Geology 2001, 59:83-102.
4. Agliardi F., Crosta G.B., Zanchi A., Ravazzi C. Onset and timing of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations in the eastern Alps, Italy. Geomorphology 2009, 103:113-129.
5. Alexandrowicz S.W. Holocene dated landslides in the Polish Carpathians. Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for Holocene 1997, 75-83. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart. J.A. Matthews, D. Brunsden, B. Frenzel, B. Gläser, M.M. Weiß (Eds.).
6. Allen, S., 2009. Geomorphic hazards associated with glacial change, Aoraki/Mount Cook region, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 161 pp.
7. Allen S., Cox S., Owens I. Rock avalanches and other landslides in the central Southern Alps of New Zealand: a regional study considering possible climate change impacts. Landslides 2011, 8:33-48.
8. Ambrosi C., Crosta G.B. Large sackung along major tectonic features in the Central Italian Alps. Engineering Geology 2006, 83:183-200.
9. André M.-F. Dating slope deposits and estimating rates of rock wall retreat in Northwest Spitsbergen by lichenometry. Geografiska Annaler Series A, Physical Geography 1986, 68:65-75.
10. André M.F. Holocene rockwall retreat in Svalbard: a triple-rate evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1997, 22:423-440.
11. Arvidsson R. Fennoscandian earthquakes: whole crustal rupturing related to postglacial rebound. Science 1996, 274:744-746.
12. Augustinus P.C. The influence of rock mass strength on glacial valley cross-profile morphometry: a case study from the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1992, 17:39-51.
13. Augustinus P.C. Rock mass strength and the stability of some glacial valley slopes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 1995, 39:55-68.
14. Augustinus P.C. Glacial valley cross-profile development: the influence of in situ rock stress and rock mass strength, with examples from the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geomorphology 1995, 14:87-97.
15. Bain G.W. Spontaneous rock expansion. Journal of Geology 1931, 39:715-735.
16. Balk R. Disintegration of glacial cliffs. Journal of Geomorphology 1939, 2:305-334.
17. Ballantyne C.K. Holocene geomorphic activity in the Scottish Highlands. Scottish Geographical Magazine 1991, 107:84-98.
18. Ballantyne C.K. Paraglacial geomorphology. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:1935-2017.
19. Ballantyne C.K. Paraglacial landform succession and sediment storage in deglaciated mountain valleys: theory and approaches to calibration. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementbände 2003, 132:1-18.
20. Ballantyne C.K. After the ice: Holocene geomorphic activity in the Scottish Highlands. Scottish Geographical Journal 2008, 124:8-52.
21. 10Be dating, interpretation and significance. The Holocene 2004, 14:448-453.
22. Ballantyne C.K., Stone J.O., Fifield L.K. Cosmogenic Cl-36 dating of postglacial landsliding at The Storr, Isle of Skye, Scotland. The Holocene 1998, 8:347-351.
23. Beck A.C. Gravity faulting as a mechanism of topographic adjustment. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1968, 11:191-199.
24. Beck C., Manalt F., Chapron E., Rensbergen P.V., Batist M.D. Enhanced seismicity in the early post-glacial period: evidence from the post-Würm sediments of Lake Annecy, northwestern Alps. Journal of Geodynamics 1996, 22:155-171.
25. Becker A., Ferry M., Monecke K., Schnellmann M., Giardini D. Multiarchive paleoseismic record of late Pleistocene and Holocene strong earthquakes in Switzerland. Tectonophysics 2005, 400:153-177.
26. Beget J.E. Tephrochronology of antislope scarps on an alpine ridge near Glacier Peak, Washington, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 1985, 17:143-152.
27. Bell D.H. Slope evolution and slope stability, Kawarau valley, Central Otago, New Zealand. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 1976, 13:5-16.
28. Berrisford M.S., Matthews J.A. Phases of enhanced rapid mass movement and climatic variation during the Holocene: a synthesis. Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for Holocene 1997, 409-440. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart. J.A. Matthews, D. Brunsden, B. Frenzel, B. Gläser, M.M. Weiß (Eds.).
29. Bertolini G., Casagli N., Ermini L., Malaguti C. Radiocarbon data on late-Glacial and Holocene landslides in the Northern Apennines. Natural Hazards 2004, 31:645-662.
30. Bigot-Cormier F., Braucher R., Bourlès D., Guglielmi Y., Dubar M., Stéphan J.F. Chronological constraints on processes leading to large active landslides. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 235:141-150.
31. Blair R.W. Moraine and valley wall collapse due to rapid deglaciation in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. Mountain Research and Development 1994, 14:347-358.
32. Borgatti L., Soldati M. Landslides as a geomorphological proxy for climate change: a record from the Dolomites (northern Italy). Geomorphology 2010, 120:56-64.
33. Bovis M.J. Uphill-facing (antislope) scarps in the Coast Mountains, southwest British Columbia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1982, 93:804-812.
34. Bovis M.J. Rock-slope deformation at Affliction Creek, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1990, 27:243-254.
35. Bovis M.J., Stewart T.W. Long-term deformation of a glacially undercut rock slope, southwest British Columbia. Eighth International Congress, International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment 1998, 1267-1276.
36. Brideau M.-A., Yan M., Stead D. The role of tectonic damage and brittle rock fracture in the development of large rock slope failures. Geomorphology 2009, 103:30-49.
37. Brook M.S. George Leslie Adkin (1988-1964): glaciation and earth movements in the Tararua Range, North Island, New Zealand. Special Publications 2008, 315-328. Geological Society, London. R.H. Grapes, D. Oldroyd, A. Grigelis (Eds.).
38. Brook M.S., Kirkbride M.P., Brock B.W. Quantified time scale for glacial valley cross-profile evolution in alpine mountains. Geology 2006, 34:637-640.
39. Brook M.S., Kirkbride M.P., Brock B.W. Temporal constraints on glacial valley cross-profile evolution: Two Thumb Range, central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geomorphology 2008, 97:24-34.
40. Brunner F.K., Scheidegger A.E. Exfoliation. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1973, 5:43-62.
41. Brunsden D., Ibsen M.L. The temporal occurrence and forecasting of landslides in the European Community: summary of relevant results of the European Community EPOCH Programme. Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for Holocene 1997, 401-407. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart. J.A. Matthews, D. Brunsden, B. Frenzel, B. Gläser, M.M. Weiß (Eds.).
42. Bryant J.M. North Young rockslide dam. Extended Abstracts, Geologically Active, 11th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, 5-10 September 2010 2010, 49-55. CRC Press, Auckland, New Zealand.
43. Bungum H., Olesen O., Pascal C., Gibbons S., Lindholm C., Vestφl O. To what extent is the present seismicity of Norway driven by post-glacial rebound?. Journal of the Geological Society 2010, 167:373-384.
44. Caine N. Toppling failures from alpine cliffs on Ben Lomond, Tasmania. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1982, 7:133-152.
45. Calais E., Freed A.M., Van Arsdale R., Stein S. Triggering of New Madrid seismicity by late-Pleistocene erosion. Nature 2010, 466:608-611.
46. Caminiti J.E. Catchment modelling - a resource manager's perspective. Environmental Modelling & Software 2004, 19:991-997.
47. Chemenda A.I., Bois T., Bouissou S., Tric E. Numerical modelling of the gravity-induced destabilization of a slope: the example of the La Clapière landslide, southern France. Geomorphology 2009, 109:86-93.
48. Corsini A., Pasuto A., Soldati M., Zannoni A. Field monitoring of the Corvara landslide (Dolomites, Italy) and its relevance for hazard assessment. Geomorphology 2005, 66:149-165.
49. 10Be cosmic ray exposure ages. Geomorphology 2008, 95:3-26.
50. Cox S.C., Ferris B.G., Allen S. Vampire rock avalanches, Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. GNS Science, GNS Science Report 2008/10 2008, 34 pp.
51. Crozier M.J. The climate-landslide couple: a Southern Hemisphere perspective. Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for Holocene 1997, 333-354. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart. J.A. Matthews, D. Brunsden, B. Frenzel, B. Gläser, M.M. Weiß (Eds.).
52. Crozier M.J. Deciphering the effect of climate change on landslide activity: a review. Geomorphology 2010, 124:260-267.
53. Cruden D. Rapid mass movement and climate: a North American perspective. Paläoklimaforschung 1997, 19:371-378.
54. Cruden D.M., Eaton T.M. Reconnaissance of rockslide hazards in Kananaskis Country, Alberta. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 1987, 24:414-429.
55. Cruden D.M., Hu X.Q. Exhaustion and steady state models for predicting landslide hazards in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geomorphology 1993, 8:279-285.
56. Cruden D.M., Varnes D.J. Landslide types and processes: Chapter 3. Special Report 247, Transportation Research Board 1996, 36-75. National Research Council, Washington D.C. A.K. Turner, R.L. Schuster (Eds.).
57. Dadson S.J., Church M. Postglacial topographic evolution of glaciated valleys: a stochastic landscape evolution model. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2005, 30:1387-1403.
58. Dapples F., Oswald D., Raetzo H. Holocene landslide activity in the Western Swiss Alps - a consequence of vegetation changes and climate oscillations. Landslides: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Landslides, Prague, Czech Republic, June 24-26, 2002 2002, 349-354. Taylor and Francis Group. J. Rybar, J. Stemberk, P. Wagner (Eds.).
59. Davies M.C.R., Hamza O., Harris C. The effect of rise in mean annual temperature on the stability of rock slopes containing ice-filled discontinuities. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2001, 12:137-144.
60. Dortch J.M., Owen L.A., Haneberg W.C., Caffee M.W., Dietsch C., Kamp U. Nature and timing of large landslides in the Himalaya and Transhimalaya of northern India. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:1037-1054.
61. Dramis F., Govi M., Guglielmin M., Mortara G. Mountain permafrost and slope instability in the Italian Alps: the Val Pola Landslide. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1995, 6:73-81.
62. Eberhardt E., Stead D., Coggan J.S. Numerical analysis of initiation and progressive failure in natural rock slopes - the 1991 Randa rockslide. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2004, 41:69-87.
63. El Bedoui S., Guglielmi Y., Lebourg T., Pérez J.-L. Deep-seated failure propagation in a fractured rock slope over 10,000 years: the La Clapière slope, the south-eastern French Alps. Geomorphology 2009, 105:232-238.
64. Engelder T., Sbar M.L. The relationship between in situ strain relaxation and outcrop fractures in the Potsdam Sandstone, Alexandria Bay, New York. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1977, 115:41-55.
65. Evans S.G., Clague J.J. Recent climatic change and catastrophic geomorphic processes in mountain environments. Geomorphology 1994, 10:107-128.
66. Evans S.G., Gardiner J.S. Geological hazards in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology of North America 1989, Vol. K-1:702-713. Geological Society of America, Boulder. R.J. Fulton (Ed.).
67. Everitt R.A. Pop-ups and related damage in granite at the Medika Pluton in southeastern Manitoba. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2009, 46:1001-1008.
68. Firth C.R., Stewart I.S. Postglacial tectonics of the Scottish glacio-isostatic uplift centre. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:1469-1493.
69. Fischer L., Kääb A., Huggel C., Noetzli J. Geology, glacier retreat and permafrost degradation as controlling factors of slope instabilities in a high-mountain rock wall: the Monte Rosa east face. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 2006, 6:761-772.
70. Fischer L., Amann F., Moore J.R., Huggel C. Assessment of periglacial slope stability for the 1988 Tschierva rock avalanche (Piz Morteratsch, Switzerland). Engineering Geology 2010, 116:32-43.
71. Fjeldskaar W., Lindholm C., Dehls J.F., Fjeldskaar I. Postglacial uplift, neotectonics and seismicity in Fennoscandia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:1413-1422.
72. Geertsema M., Clague J.J., Schwab J.W., Evans S.G. An overview of recent large catastrophic landslides in northern British Columbia, Canada. Engineering Geology 2006, 83:120-143.
73. Gilbert G.K. Domes and dome structure in the High Sierra. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 1904, 15:29-36.
74. Gischig V., Moore J.R., Evans K.F., Loew S. Seasonal changes of rock mass deformation rate due to thermal effects at the Randa rock slope instability, Switzerland. Delegate Papers, Geologically Active, 11th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, Auckland, Aotearoa, 5-10 September 2010, Auckland, New Zealand 2010, 179-186.
75. Gischig V.S., Moore J.R., Evans K.F., Amann F., Loew S. Thermo-mechanical forcing of deep rock slope deformation - Part II: the Randa rock slope instability. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 10.1029/2011JF002007.
76. Gischig V.S., Moore J.R., Evans K.F., Amann F., Loew S. Thermo-mechanical forcing of deep rock slope deformation - Part I: conceptual study of a simplified slope. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 10.1029/2011JF002006.
77. Glade T., Crozier M.J. The nature of landslide hazard impact. Landslide Hazard and Risk 2005, 43-74. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester. T. Glade, M.G. Anderson, M.J. Crozier (Eds.).
78. González Díez A., Salas L., Díaz Ramon, de Terán J., Cendrero A. Late Quaternary climate changes and mass movement frequency and magnitude in the Cantabrian region, Spain. Geomorphology 1996, 15:291-309.
79. Gregersen S., Voss P. Stress change over short geological time: the case of Scandinavia over 9000 years since the Ice Age. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2009, 316:173-178.
80. Grove J.M. The incidence of landslides, avalanches, and floods in western Norway during the Little Ice Age. Arctic and Alpine Research 1972, 4:131-138.
81. Gruber S., Haeberli W. Permafrost in steep bedrock slopes and its temperature-related destabilization following climate change. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:F02S18. 10.1029/2006JF000547.
82. Gruber S., Hoelzle M., Haeberli W. Permafrost thaw and destabilization of Alpine rock walls in the hot summer of 2003. Geophysical Research Letters 2004, 31:L13504. 10.1029/2004GL020051.
83. Gudmundsson G.H. An order-of-magnitude estimate of the current uplift-rates in Switzerland caused by the Würm Alpine deglaciation. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 1994, 87:545-557.
84. Hall K., Thorn C.E., Matsuoka N., Prick A. Weathering in cold regions: some thoughts and perspectives. Progress in Physical Geography 2002, 26:577-603.
85. Hampel A., Hetzel R., Maniatis G. Response of faults to climate-driven changes in ice and water volumes on Earth's surface. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 2010, 368:2501-2517.
86. Hancox G.T., Perrin N.D. Green Lake Landslide and other giant and very large postglacial landslides in Fiordland, New Zealand. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:1020-1036.
87. Hancox G.T., McSaveney M.J., Manville V.R., Davies T.R. The October 1999 Mt Adams rock avalanche and subsequent landslide dam-break flood and effects in Poerua River, Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2005, 48:683-705.
88. Hansmann J., Loew S., Evans K. A mathematical model of observed, recharge controlled, reversible rockslope deformations in the central Swiss Alps. Delegate Papers, Geologically Active, 11th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, Auckland, Aotearoa, 5-10 September 2010, Auckland, New Zealand 2010, 2961-2972.
89. Harland W.B. Exfoliation joints and ice action. Journal of Glaciology 1957, 3:8-10.
90. Harper T.R., Nichols T.C. Discussion on 'Rebound, its nature and effect on engineering works', by T.C. Nichols, Jr. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 1982, 15:63-65.
91. Hauser A. Rock avalanche and resulting debris flow in Estero Parraguirre and Rio Colorado, Region Metropolitana, Chile. Catastrophic Landslides: Effects, Occurence and Mechanisms 2002, 135-148. Geological Society of America, Boulder. S.G. Evans, J.V. DeGraff (Eds.).
92. Hencher S., Lee S., Carter T., Richards L. Sheeting joints: characterisation, shear strength and engineering. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2011, 44:1-22.
93. Hétu B., Gray J.T. Effects of environmental change on scree slope development throughout the postglacial period in the Chic-Choc Mountains in the northern Gaspé Peninsula, Québec. Geomorphology 2000, 32:335-355.
94. 10Be dating approach. Tectonophysics 2006, 418:255-276.
95. 10Be dating of a sackung and its faulted rock glaciers, in the Alps of Savoy (France). Geomorphology 2009, 108:312-320.
96. Holm K., Bovis M., Jakob J. The landslide response of alpine basins to post-Little Ice Age glacial thinning and retreat. Geomorphology 2004, 57:201-216.
97. 10Be exposure ages of a rock avalanche and a late glacial moraine in Alta Valtellina, Italian Alps. Quaternary International 2008, 190:136-145.
98. Hovius N., Stark C.P., Allen P.A. Sediment flux from a mountain belt derived by landslide mapping. Geology 1997, 25:231-234.
99. Huggel C. Recent extreme slope failures in glacial environments: effects of thermal perturbation. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 28:1119-1130.
100. Huggel C., Gruber S., Caplan-Auerbach J., Wessels R.L., Molnia B.F. The 2005 Mt. Steller, Alaska, rock-ice avalanche: A large slope failure in cold permafrost. Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, 29 June-3 July, 2008, Fairbanks, U.S.A. 2008, 747-752.
101. International Union of Geological Science Working Group on Landslides A suggested method for describing the rate of movement of a landslide. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 1995, 52:75-78.
102. Ivy-Ochs S., Poschinger A.v., Synal H.-A., Maisch M. Surface exposure dating of the Flims landslide, Graubünden, Switzerland. Geomorphology 2009, 103:104-112.
103. Jacobi R.D., Lewis C.F.M., Armstrong D.K., Blasco S.M. Popup field in Lake Ontario south of Toronto, Canada: indicators of late glacial and postglacial strain. Geological Society of America Special Papers 2007, 425:129-147.
104. Jahns R.H. Sheet structure in granites: its origin and use as a measure of glacial erosion in New England. Journal of Geology 1943, 51:71-98.
105. Jarman D. Large rock slope failures in the Highlands of Scotland: characterisation, causes and spatial distribution. Engineering Geology 2006, 83:161-182.
106. Jonsson, O., 1976. Berghlaup. Raektunar Felag Norourlands, Akurekri, Iceland, 623 pp.
107. Karrow P.F., White O.L. A history of neotectonic studies in Ontario. Tectonophysics 2002, 353:3-15.
108. Keefer D.K. Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1984, 95:406-421.
109. Kellerer-Pirklbauer A., Proske H., Strasser V. Paraglacial slope adjustment since the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and its long-lasting effects on secondary mass wasting processes: Hauser Kaibling, Austria. Geomorphology 2010, 120:65-76.
110. Kirkbride M., Matthews D. The role of fluvial and glacial erosion in landscape evolution: the Ben Ohau Range, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1997, 22:317-327.
111. Kjartansson G. The Steinsholtshlaup, central-south Iceland on January 15th, 1967. Jökull 1967, 17:249-262.
112. Korup O., Clague J.J. Natural hazards, extreme events, and mountain topography. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:977-990.
113. 26Al production rates deduced from an instantaneous event within the dendro-calibration curve, the landslide of Köfels, Ötz Valley, Austria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1998, 161:231-241.
114. Lagerbäck R., Sundh M. Early Holocene faulting and paleoseismicity in northern Sweden. Geological Survey of Sweden, Research Paper C 836 2008, 84 pp.
115. Le Roux O., Schwartz S., Gamond J.F., Jongmans D., Bourles D., Braucher R., Mahaney W., Carcaillet J., Leanni L. CRE dating on the head scarp of a major landslide (Séchilienne, French Alps), age constraints on Holocene kinematics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 280:236-245.
116. Leith K., Amann F., Moore J.R., Kos A., Loew S. Conceptual modelling of near-surface extensional fracture in the Matter and Saas Valleys, Switzerland. Delegate Papers, Geologically Active, 11th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, Auckland, Aotearoa, 5-10 September 2010, Auckland, New Zealand 2010, 363-371.
117. Leith K., Moore J., Amann F., Loew S. Slope failure induced by post-glacial extensional fracturing in the Matter and Saas Valleys, Switzerland. Geophysical Research Abstracts 2010, 12. (EGU2010-4599).
118. Lewis W.V. Pressure release and glacial erosion. Journal of Glaciology 1954, 2:417-422.
119. Lipovsky P., Evans S., Clague J., Hopkinson C., Couture R., Bobrowsky P., Ekström G., Demuth M., Delaney K., Roberts N., Clarke G., Schaeffer A. The July 2007 rock and ice avalanches at Mount Steele, St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada. Landslides 2008, 5:445-455.
120. Luckman B.H. Debris accumulation patterns on talus slopes in Surprise Valley, Alberta. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 1988, 42:247-278.
121. MacGregor K.R., Anderson R.S., Anderson S.P., Waddington E.D. Numerical simulations of glacial-valley longitudinal profile evolution. Geology 2000, 28:1031-1034.
122. Malamud B.D., Turcotte D.L., Guzzetti F., Reichenbach P. Landslides, earthquakes, and erosion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 229:45-59.
123. Mathews W.H., McTaggart K.C. Hope rockslides, British Columbia, Canada. Rockslides and Avalanches 1. Natural Phenomena 1978, 259-275. Elsevier, Amsterdam. B. Voight (Ed.).
124. Matsuoka N. Direct observation of frost wedging in alpine bedrock. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2001, 26:601-614.
125. Matsuoka N. Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern Swiss Alps: long-term (1994-2006) observations. Geomorphology 2008, 99:353-368.
126. Matsuoka N., Murton J. Frost weathering: recent advances and future directions. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 2008, 19:195-210.
127. Matsuoka N., Sakai H. Rockfall activity from an alpine cliff during thawing periods. Geomorphology 1999, 28:309-328.
128. Matthes F.E. Exfoliation of massive granite in the Sierra Nevada of California. Abstracts of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America 1936, 42-43.
129. Mattheson D.S., Thomson S. Geological implications of valley rebound. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 1973, 10:961-978.
130. Matthews J.A., Dahl S., Berrisford M.S., Nesje A., Dresser P.Q., Dumayne-Peaty L. A preliminary history of Holocene colluvial (debris-flow) activity, Leirdalen, Jotunheimen, Norway. Journal of Quaternary Science 1997, 12:117-129.
131. McColl S.T., Davies T.R.H., McSaveney M.J. Glacier retreat and rock-slope stability: debunking debuttressing. Delegate Papers, Geologically Active, 11th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, Auckland, Aotearoa, 5-10 September 2010. Auckland, New Zealand 2010, 467-474.
132. McLean, J.D., 1976. Mount Cook National Park Ball Hut ground stability report on observations, May 1975-March 1976. Unpublished D.S.I.R. Report, EG 254, 10 pp.
133. McSaveney M.J. Recent rockfalls and rock avalanches in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. Reviews in Engineering Geology 2002, 15:35-70.
134. Mitchell W., McSaveney M., Zondervan A., Kim K., Dunning S., Taylor P. The Keylong Serai rock avalanche, NW Indian Himalaya: geomorphology and palaeoseismic implications. Landslides 2007, 4:245-254.
135. Molnar P. Interactions among topographically induced elastic stress, static fatigue, and valley incision. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:F02010. 10.1029/2003JF000097.
136. Montgomery D.R. Valley formation by fluvial and glacial erosion. Geology 2002, 30:1047-1050.
137. Mörner N.-A. Faulting, fracturing, and seismicity as functions of glacio-isostasy in Fennoscandia. Geology 1978, 6:41-45.
138. Mörner N.-A. Paleoseismicity - the Swedish case. Quaternary International 1995, 25:75-79.
139. Muir-Wood R. Deglaciation seismotectonics: a principal influence on intraplate seismogenesis at high latitudes. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:1399-1411.
140. Nichols T.C. Rebound, its nature and effect on engineering works. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology 1980, 13:133-152.
141. Nicholson D.T. Holocene microweathering rates and processes on ice-eroded bedrock, Røldal area, Hardangervidda, southern Norway. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2009, 320:29-49.
142. Noetzli J., Hoelzle M., Haeberli W. Mountain permafrost and recent Alpine rock-fall events: a GIS-based approach to determine critical factors. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Permafrost 2003, 827-832. International Permafrost Association, Zurich, Switzerland.
143. O'Conner J.E., Costa J.E. Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming. Natural Hazards 1993, 8:121-140.
144. Orwin J.F., Clague J.J., Gerath R.F. The Cheam rock avalanche, Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada. Landslides 2004, 1:289-298.
145. Orwin J.F., Guggenmos M.R., Holland P.G. Changes in suspended sediment to solute yield ratios from an alpine basin during the transition to winter, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 2010, 92:247-261.
146. Owens I.F. A note on the Mount Cook Rock Avalanche of 14 December 1991. New Zealand Geographer 1992, 48:74-78.
147. Pánek T., Hradecký J., Minár J., Hungr O., Dusek R. Late Holocene catastrophic slope collapse affected by deep-seated gravitational deformation in flysch: Ropice Mountain, Czech Republic. Geomorphology 2009, 103:414-429.
148. Pánek T., Táborík P., Klimes J., Komárková V., Hradecký J., Stastný M. Deep-seated gravitational slope deformations in the highest parts of the Czech Flysch Carpathians: evolutionary model based on kinematic analysis, electrical imaging and trenching. Geomorphology 2011, 129:92-112.
149. Panizza M. Glacio pressure implications in the production of landslides in the Dolomitic area. Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia 1973, 8:289-297.
150. Pascal C., Roberts D., Gabrielse R.H. Tectonic significance of present-day stress relief phenomena in formerly glaciated regions. Journal of the Geological Society 2010, 167:363-371.
151. Pere, V.H., 2009. Antiscarp initiation and evolution. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 203 pp.
152. Persaud M., Pfiffner O.A. Active deformation in the eastern Swiss Alps: post-glacial faults, seismicity and surface uplift. Tectonophysics 2004, 385:59-84.
153. Porter S.C., Orombelli G. Alpine rockfall hazards. American Scientist 1981, 69:67-75.
154. Prager C., Zangerl C., Brandner R., Patzelt G. Increased rockslide activity in the middle Holocene? New evidence from the Tyrolean Alps (Austria). Landslides and Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions: Proceedings of the International Conference on Landslides and Climate Change, Ventnor, Isle Of Wight, UK, 21-24 May 2007 2007, 25-34. Taylor & Francis Group, London. R. McInnes, J. Jakeways, H. Fairbank, E. Mathie (Eds.).
155. Prager C., Zangerl C., Patzelt G., Brandner R. Age distribution of fossil landslides in the Tyrol (Austria) and its surrounding areas. Natural Hazards Earth System Science 2008, 8:377-407.
156. Prager C., Ivy-Ochs S., Ostermann M., Synal H.A., Patzelt G. Geology and radiometric 14C-, 36Cl- and Th-/U-dating of the Fernpass rockslide (Tyrol, Austria). Geomorphology 2009, 103:93-103.
157. Rapp A. Recent development of mountain slopes in Kärkevagge and surroundings, Northern Scandinavia. Geografiska Annaler 1960, 42:65-200.
158. Ravanel L., Deline P. Climate influence on rockfalls in high-Alpine steep rockwalls: the north side of the Aiguilles de Chamonix (Mont Blanc massif) since the end of the 'Little Ice Age'. The Holocene 2011, 21:357-365.
159. Ravanel L., Allignol F., Deline P., Gruber S., Ravello M. Rock falls in the Mont Blanc Massif in 2007 and 2008. Landslides 2010, 7:493-501.
160. Reid E., Thomas M.F. A chronostratigraphy of mid- and late-Holocene slope evolution: Creagan a' Chaorainn, Northern Highlands, Scotland. The Holocene 2006, 16:429-444.
161. Reitner J., Lang M., van Husen D. Deformation of high slopes in different rocks after Würmian deglaciation in the Gailtal (Austria). Quaternary International 1993, 18:43-51.
162. Reneau S.L., Dietrich W.E., Dorn R.I., Berger C.R., Rubin M. Geomorphic and paleoclimatic implications of latest Pleistocene radiocarbon dates from colluvium-mantled hollows, California. Geology 1986, 14:655-658.
163. Ryder J.M. The stratigraphy and morphology of paraglacial alluvial fans in south-central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1971, 8:279-298.
164. Sanchez G., Rolland Y., Corsini M., Braucher R., Bourlès D., Arnold M., Aumaître G. Relationships between tectonics, slope instability and climate change: Cosmic ray exposure dating of active faults, landslides and glacial surfaces in the SW Alps. Geomorphology 2009, 117:1-13.
165. Selby M.J. Hillslope Materials and Processes 1993, Oxford University Press, New York, 480 pp.
166. Shroder J.F., Owen L.A., Seong Y.B., Bishop M.P., Bush A., Caffee M.W., Copland L., Finkel R.C., Kamp U. The role of mass movements on landscape evolution in the Central Karakoram: discussion and speculation. Quaternary International 2010, 236:34-47.
167. Sigurdsson O., Williams R.S. Rockslides on the terminus of 'Jokulargilsjokull', Southern Iceland. Geografiska Annaler. Series A. Physical Geography 1991, 73:129-140.
168. Sissons J.B., Cornish R. Differential glacio-isostatic uplift of crustal blocks at Glen Roy, Scotland. Quaternary Research 1982, 18:268-288.
169. Slaymaker O. Proglacial, periglacial or paraglacial?. Geological Society Special Publication 2009, 320:71-84. J. Knight, S. Harrison (Eds.).
170. Smith L.N. Columbia Mountain landslide: late-glacial emplacement and indications of future failure, Northwestern Montana, USA. Geomorphology 2001, 41:309-322.
171. Soldati M., Corsini A., Pasuto A. Landslides and climate change in the Italian Dolomites since the Late glacial. Catena 2004, 55:141-161.
172. Starkel L. Mass movements during the Holocene: the Carpathian example and the European perspective. Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for Holocene 1997, 385-400. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart. J.A. Matthews, D. Brunsden, B. Frenzel, B. Gläser, M.M. Weiß (Eds.).
173. Stewart I.S., Sauber J., Rose J. Glacio-seismotectonics: ice sheets, crustal deformation and seismicity. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:1367-1389.
174. Terzaghi K. Stability of steep slopes on hard unweathered rock. Geotechnique 1962, 12:251-270.
175. Thomas M.F. Extreme events in the context of late Quaternary environmental change. Geographia Polonica 2003, 76:139-155.
176. Thorarinsson S., Einarsson T., Kjartansson G. On the geology and geomorphology of Iceland. Geografiska Annaler 1959, 41:135-169.
177. Tibaldi A., Rovida A., Corazzato C. A giant deep-seated slope deformation in the Italian Alps studied by paleoseismological and morphometric techniques. Geomorphology 2004, 58:27-47.
178. Tinner W., Kaltenrieder P., Soom M., Zwahlen P., Schmidhalter M., Boschetti A., Schluchter C. Der nacheiszeitliche Bergsturz im Kandertal (Schweiz): Alter und Auswirkungen auf die damalige Umwelt (Abstract only in English). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 2005, 98:83-95.
179. Turpeinen H., Hampel A., Karow T., Maniatis G. Effect of ice sheet growth and melting on the slip evolution of thrust faults. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 269:230-241.
180. Twidale C.R. On the origin of sheet jointing. Rock Mechanics 1973, 5:163-187.
181. van Asch T.W.J. The temporal activity of landslides and its climatological signals. Rapid Mass Movement as a Source of Climatic Evidence for Holocene 1997, 7-16. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart. J.A. Matthews, D. Brunsden, B. Frenzel, B. Gläser, M.M. Weiß (Eds.).
182. van Husen D., Ivy-Ochs S., Alfimov V. Mechanism and age of Late Glacial landslides in the Calcareous Alps; the Almtal, Upper Austria. Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 2007, 100:114-126.
183. Varnes D.J. Slope movement types and processes. Special Report 176, Transportation Research Board 1978, 11-33. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. R.L. Schuster, R.J. Krizek (Eds.).
184. Watanabe T., Dali L., Shiraiwa T. Slope denudation and the supply of debris to cones in Langtang Himal, Central Nepal Himalaya. Geomorphology 1998, 26:185-197.
185. Wegmann M., Gudmundsson G. Thermally induced temporal strain variations in rock walls observed at subzero temperatures. Lecture Notes in Physics 533 1999, 511-518. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.
186. Wegmann M., Gudmundsson G.H., Haeberli W. Permafrost changes in rock walls and the retreat of alpine glaciers: a thermal modelling approach. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 1998, 9:23-33.
187. Whalley W.B., Douglas G.R., Jonsson A. The magnitude and frequency of large rockslides in Iceland in the postglacial. Geografiska Annaler 1983, 65:99-110.
188. Wieczorek G.F., Jäger S. Triggering mechanisms and depositional rates of postglacial slope-movement processes in the Yosemite Valley, California. Geomorphology 1996, 15:17-31.
189. Wilson P., Smith A. Geomorphological characteristics and significance of late quaternary paraglacial rock-slope failures on Skiddaw Group terrain, Lake District, northwest England. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 2006, 88:237-252.
190. Wu P., Johnston P. Can deglaciation trigger earthquakes in N. America?. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:1323-1326.
191. Wu P., Mazzotti S. Effects of a lithospheric weak zone on postglacial seismotectonics in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Geological Society of America Special Papers 2007, 425:113-128.
192. Wu X., Heflin M.B., Schotman H., Vermeersen B.L.A., Dong D., Gross R.S., Ivins E.R., Moore A.W., Owen S.E. Simultaneous estimation of global present-day water transport and glacial isostatic adjustment. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3:642-646.
193. Wyrwoll K. Causes of rock-slope failure in a cold area: Labrador-Ungava. Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology 1977, 3:59-67.
194. Young A. Slopes 1972, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 288 pp.
195. Zoback M.D., Grollimund B. Impact of deglaciation on present-day intraplate seismicity in eastern North America and western Europe. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science 2001, 333:23-33.