The rheology of frozen soils

Applied Rheology

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2007, Pages

  Arenson, Lukas U ^a   Springman, Sarah M ^b   Sego, Dave C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Creep; Frozen soil; Permafrost; Shear strength; Soil testing

Indexed keywords

CREEP; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PERMAFROST; PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES; RHEOLOGY; SHEAR STRENGTH; SOIL MECHANICS; SOIL TESTING;

EID: 34147175718     PISSN: 14306395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/arh-2007-0003     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Bingham EC: The History of the Society of Rheology from 1924-1944 (1944).
2. Scott Blair GW: Survey of general and applied rheology. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London (1949).
3. Reiner M: The Deborah Number. Physics Today 17 (1964) 62-62.
4. Doraiswamy D: The origins of rheology: A short historical excursion. Rheological Bulletin 71 (2002) 1-9.
5. French H: The development of periglacial geomorphology: 1-up to 1965. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 14 (2003) 29-60.
6. Yershov ED: General geocryology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998).
7. von Baer KE: The ground ice or frozen soil of Siberia. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society London 8 (1838) 210-213.
8. Sumgin MI: Permafrost of Soil in the limit of USSR. Moscow (1927).
9. Hoffmann D: Acht Jahrzehnte Gefrierverfahren nach Pötsch - Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Schachtabteufens in schwierigen Fällen. Verlag Glückauf, Essen (1962).
10. Pötsch FH: Das Gefrierverfahren - Methode für Abteufen von Schächten im wasserreichen Gebirge. Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg i.S. (1885).
11. Harris JS: Ground freezing in practice. Thomas Telford; Distributed by American Society of Civil Engineers, New York (1995).
12. Huder J, Herzog P and Ramholt T: Gefrierverfahren, Institut für Grundbau und Bodenmechanik der ETH Zurich (1979).
13. Volger CHO: Über die Volumenänderungen, welchedurch Krystallisation hervorgerufen werden. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Vierte Reihe Band XCIII (1854) 232-237.
14. Taber S: Frost heaving. Journal of Geology 37 (1929) 428-461.
15. Taber S: The mechanics of frost heaving. Journal of Geology 38 (1930) 303-317.
16. Beskow G: Soil freezing and frost heaving with special applications to roads and railroads. Swedish Geological Society, C, No. 375, Year Book No. 3 (translated by J.O. Osterberg) in Historical Perspectives in Frost Heave Research, USA Cold Region Research and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 91-23 (1935) 41-157.
17. Black PB and Hardenberg MJ: Historical perspectives in frost heave research, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (1991).
18. Haeberli W, Wegmann M and Vonder Mühll DS: Slope stability problems related to glacier shrinkage and permafrost degradation in the Alps. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae go (1997) 407-414.
19. Haeberli W and Beniston M: Climate change and its impacts on glaciers and permafrost in the Alps. Ambio 27 (1998) 258-265.
20. Gruber S, Hoelzle M and Haeberli W: Permafrost thaw and destabilization of Alpine rock walls in the hot summer of 2003. Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004) Art. No. L13504 12004.
21. Harris C, Davies MCR and Etzelmüller B: The assessment of potential geotechnical hazards associated with mountain permafrost in a warming global climate. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 12 (2001) 145-156.
22. Instanes A: Climate change and possible impact on Arctic infrastructure. in Eighth International Conference on Permafrost, M Phillips, SM Springman and LU Arenson, A.A. Balkema, Zurich, Switzerland (2003) 461-466.
23. Nelson FE, Anisimov OA and Shiklomanov NI: Climate change and hazard zonation inthe circumarctic permafrost region. Natural Hazards 26 (2002) 203-225.
24. Anisimov OA, Shiklomanov NI and Nelson FE: Global warming and active-layer thickness; results from transient general circulation models. Global and Planetary Change 15 (1997) 61-77.
25. Williams PJ: Permafrost and Climate Change: Geotechnical Implications. Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and Engineering 352 (1995) 347-358.
26. Forbes DL: Climate-change impacts in the coastal zone: Implications for engineering practice. in Géo Québec 2004: 57th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, D Demers, D Leahy et al., Québec City, QC, Canada (2004) 7A 10-17.
27. Nelson FE: (Un)frozen in time. Science 299 (2003) 1673-1675.
28. Lunardini VJ: Climatic warming and permafrost. in NATO advanced research workshop on Permafrost response on economic development, environmental security and natural resources, R Paepe, VP Melnikov et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (2001) 341-366.
29. Cua EC and Shaw MT: Creeping Sphere-plane squeeze flow to determine the zero-shear-rate viscosity of HDPE melts. Applied Rheology 14 (2004) 33-39.
30. Anderson DM and Morgenstern NR: Physics, chemistry, and mechanics of frozen ground: A review. in Second International Conference on Permafrost, National Academy of Science, Washington D.C., Yakutsk, USSR (1973) 257-288.
31. Ladanyi B: Mechanical behaviour of frozen soils. in Mechanics of Structured Media, International Symposium on the Mechanical Behaviour of Structured Media, APS Selvadurai, Elsevier, Ottawa, Canada (1981) 205-245.
32. Ladanyi B: Stress Transfer Mechanism in Frozen Soils. in Proceedings of the tenth Canadian Congress of Applied Mechanics, (1985) 11-23.
33. Ladanyi B: An engineering theory of creep of frozen soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 9 (1972) 63-80.
34. Murayama S and Shibata T: Rheological properties of clays. in 5th International Congress on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, France (1961) 269-273.
35. Andersland OB and Douglas AG: Soil deformation rates and activation energies. Géotechnique 20 (1970) 1-16.
36. Mitchell JK: Shearing Resistance of Soils as a Rate Process. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division 90 (1964) 29-62.
37. Sayles FH: State of the art: Mechanical properties of frozen soil. in 5th International Symposium on Ground Freezing 88, RH Jones and JT Holden, Balkema, Rotterdam, (1988) 143-165.
38. Ladanyi B: Creep behavior of frozen and unfrozen soils - A comparison. in 10th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering - Putting Research into Practice, JE Zufelt, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Lincoln, N. H., USA (1999) 173-186.
39. Akai K, Adachi T and Ando N: Existence of a unique stress-strain-time relation in clays. Soils and Foundations 15 (1975) 1-16.
40. Prevost J-H: Undrained stress-strain-time behaviour of clays. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division - ASCE 102 (1976) 1245-1259.
41. Sheahan TC: Interpretation of Undrained Creep Tests in Terms of Effective Stresses. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32 (1995) 373-379.
42. Muller SW: Permafrost or permanently frozen ground and related engineering problems. J.W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, MI. (1947).
43. van Everdingen RO: Multi-language glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms, National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder, CO (1998 revised May 2005)
44. Linell KA and Kaplar CW: Description and classification of frozen soils, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (1966).
45. Johnston GH: Permafrost: engineering design and construction. Wiley, New York (1981).
46. Sayles FH et al.: Classification and laboratory testing of artificially frozen ground. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 1 (1987) 22-48.
47. Weaver JS: Thesis. University of Alberta (1979).
48. Penner E: The mechanism of frost heaving in soils, U.S. Highway Research Board (1959).
49. Xia D et al.: Freezing process in Devon silt - using time-lapse photography. in 58th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (2005) CD-ROM.
50. Penner E: Influence of freezing rate on frost heaving, U.S. Highway Research Board (1972).
51. Kaplar CW: Phenomenon and mechanism of frost heaving, U.S. Highway Research Board (1970).
52. Horiguchi K: Effects of the rate of heat removal on the rate of frost heaving. in International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany (1978) 25-30.
53. Hermansson A: Laboratory and field testing on rate of frost heave versus heat extraction. Cold Regions Science and Technology 38 (2004) 137-151.
54. Hermansson A and Guthrie WS: Frost heave and water uptake rates in silty soil subject to variable watertable height during freezing. Cold Regions Science and Technology 43 (2005) 128-139.
55. Guthrie WS and Hermansson A: Frost heave and water uptake relations in variably saturated aggregate base materials. Geology and Properties of Earth Materials (2003) 13-19.
56. Konrad JM and Morgenstern NR: A mechanistic theory of ice lens formation in fine-grained soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 17 (1980) 473-486.
57. Konrad JM and Morgenstern NR: The segregation potential of a freezing soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 18 (1981) 482-491.
58. Miller RD: Freezing and heaving of saturated and unsaturated soils, U.S. Highway Research Board (1972).
59. Konrad JM: Frost susceptibility related to soil index properties. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36 (1999) 403-417.
60. Konrad JM: Estimation of the segregation potential of fine-grained soils using the frost heave response of two reference soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42 (2005) 38-50.
61. Konrad JM and Morgenstern NR: Effects of applied pressure on freezing soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 19 (1982) 494-505.
62. Konrad JM: Segregation potential - pressure - salinity relationships near thermal steady-state for a clayey silt. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27 (1990) 203-215.
63. Vyalov SS: Rheological properties and bearing capacity of frozen ground. CRREL Translation (1965).
64. 2 suspensions. Applied Rheology 7 (1997) 219-226.
65. Vyalov SS: Rheology of frozen soil. in Proceedings of the International Conference on Permafrost, National Academy of Sciences: National Research Council, Publication 1287, Lafayette, Indiana, USA (1963) 332-339.
66. Gold LW: Process of failure in ice. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 7 (1970) 405-413.
67. Arenson LU and Springman SM: Triaxial constant stress and constant strain rate tests on ice-rich permafrost samples. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42 (2005) 412-430.
68. Arenson LU, Johansen MM and Springman SM: Effects of volumetric ice content and strain rate on shear strength under triaxial conditions for frozen soil samples. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 15 (2004) 261-271.
69. Arenson LU, Almasi N and Springman SM: Shearing response of ice-rich rock glacier material. in Eight International Conference on Permafrost, LU Arenson, A.A. Balkema, Zurich, Switzerland (2003) 39-44.
70. Taylor DW: Fundamentals of soil mechanics. Wiley, New York (1948).
71. Bolton MD: The strength and dilatancy of sands. Géotechnique 36 (1986) 65-78.
72. Da Re G, Germaine JT and Ladd CC: Triaxial testing of frozen sand: Equipment and example results. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, ASCE 17 (2003) 90-l18.
73. Sayles FH: Triaxial constant strain rate tests and triaxial creep tests on frozen Ottawa sand, United States Army Corps of Engineers CRREL (1974).
74. Mellor M and Cole DM: Deformation and failure of ice under constant stress or constant strain-rate. Cold Regions Science and Technology 5 (1982) 201-219.
75. Jones SJ and Parameswaran VR: Deformation behaviour of frozen sand-ice materials under triaxial compression. in Fourth International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska (1983) 560-565.
76. Andersen GR et al.: Small-strain behavior of frozen sand in triaxial compression. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32 (1995) 428-451.
77. Hooke RL, Dahlin BB and Kauper MT: Creep of ice containing dispersed fine sand. Journal of Glaciology 11 (1972) 327-336.
78. Ting JM, Martin RT and Ladd CC: Mechanisms of strength for frozen sand. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE 109 (1983) 1286-1302.
79. Arenson LU and Sego DC: Modelling the strength of composite materials using discrete elements. in 58th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (2005) CD-ROM.
80. Gagnon RE and Gammon PH: Triaxial experiments on iceberg and glacier ice. Journal of Glaciology 41 (1995) 528-540.
81. Jones SJ: The confined compressive strength of polycrystalline ice. Journal of Glaciology 28 (1982) 171-177.
82. Hivon EG and Sego DC: Strength of frozen soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32 (1995) 336-354.
83. Sego DC, Schultz T and Banasch R: Strength and deformation behaviour of frozen saline sand. in Third International Symposium on Ground Freezing, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA (1982) 11-17.
84. Nixon JF and Lem G: Creep and strength of frozen saline fine-grained soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 21 (1984) 518-529.
85. Arenson LU and Sego DC: The effect of salinity on the freezing of coarse grained sands. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43 (2006) 325-337.
86. Zhao SP, Zhu YL and He P: Recent progress in research on the dynamic response of frozen soil. in Eighth International Conference on Permafrost, M Phillips, SM Springman and LU Arenson, A.A. Balkema, Zurich, Switzerland (2003) 1301-1306.
87. Yasufuku N et al.: Stress-dilatancy behaviour of frozen sand in direct shear. in Eighth International Conference on Permafrost, M Phillips, SM Springman and LU Arenson, A.A. Balkema, Zurich, Switzerland (2003) 1253-1258.
88. Take WA and Bolton MD: The use of centrifuge modelling to investigate progressive failure of overconsolidated clay embankments. in Constitutive and Centrifuge Modelling: Two Extremes, SM Springman, Lisse, A.A. Balkema, (2002) 191-197.
89. Anderson DM and Tice AR: Predicting unfrozen water content in frozen soils from surface area measurements, Highway Research Record (1972).
90. Williams PJ: Unfrozen water content of frozen soils and soil moisture suction. Publications of the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute 72 (1967) 11-26.
91. Williams PJ: Suction and its effects in unfrozen water of frozen soils. Publications ofthe Norwegian Geotechnical Institute 72 (1967) 27-35.
92. Williams PJ: Unfrozen water in frozen soils. Publications of the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute 72 (1967) 37-48.
93. Fish AM and Zaretsky YK: Temperature effect on strength of ice under triaxial compression. in Seventh International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA (1997) 415-422.
94. Fish AM and Zaretsky YK: Ice Strength as a Function of Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature. CRREL Report (1997).
95. Andersland OB and AlNouri I: Time-dependent strength behavior of frozen soils. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE 96 (1970) 1249-1265.
96. Arenson LU and Springman SM: Mathematical description for the behaviour of ice-rich frozen soils at temperatures close to zero centigrade. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42 (2005) 431-442.
97. Goughnour RR and Andersland OB: Mechanical properties of a sand-ice system. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 94 (1968) 923-950.
98. Sayles FH: Creep of frozen sands, United States Army Corps of Engineers CRREL (1968).
99. Nickling G and Bennett L: The shear strength characteristics of frozen coarse granular debris. Journal of Glaciology 30 (1984) 348-357.
100. Weaver JS and Morgenstern NR: Simple shear creep tests on frozen soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 18 (1981) 217-229.
101. Glen JW: The creep of polycrystalline ice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 228 (1955) 519-538.
102. Hooke RL et al.: Mechanical-properties of polycrystalline ice - an assessment of current knowledge and priorities for research - report prepared for the International-Commission-on-Snow-and-Ice, with support from the United-States-National-Science-Foundation. Cold Regions Science and Technology 3 (1980) 263-275.
103. Sinha NK: Constant strain-rate and stress-rate compressive strength of columnar-grained ice. Journal of Materials Science 17 (1982) 785-802.
104. Cole DM: Strain-rate and grain-size effects in ice. Journal of Glaciology 33 (1987) 274-280.
105. Voytkovskiy KF: Mekjanicheskiye svoystva Ida (The mechanical properties of ice), Izvestiya Akademii Nauk (1960).
106. Sego DC and Morgenstern NR: Deformation of ice under low stresses. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 20 (1983) 587-602.
107. Singh A and Mitchell JK: Creep potential and creep rupture of soil. in Seventh International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, (1969) 379-384.
108. Vaid YP and Campanella RG: Time-dependent behavior of undisturbed clay. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE 103 (1977) 693-709.
109. Ladanyi B and Johnston GH: Evaluation of in situ creep properties of frozen soils with the pressuremeter. Proceedings of the second International Conference on Permafrost (1973) 310-318.
110. Ladanyi B and Johnston GH: Behavior of Circular Footings and Plate Anchors Embedded in Permafrost. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 11 (1974) 531.
111. Johnston GH and Ladanyi B: Field Tests of Grouted Rod Anchors in Permafrost. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 9 (1972) 176-194.
112. Watanabe K and Mizoguchi M: Amount of unfrozen water in frozen porous media saturated with solution. Cold Regions Science and Technology 34 (2002) 103-110.
113. Arenson LU and Sego DC: The effect of salinity on the freezing ofcoarse grained sands. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43 (2006) 325-337.
114. Stähli M and Stadler D: Measurement of water and solute dynamics in freezing soil columns with time domain reflectometry. Journal of Hydrology 195 (1997) 352-369.
115. Panday S and Corapcioglu MY: Solute rejection in freezing soils. Water Resources Research 27 (1991) 99-108.
116. Konrad JM and McCammon AW: Solute partitioning in freezing soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27 (1990) 726-736.
117. Arenson LU et al.: Brine and unfrozen water migration during the freezing of Devon silt. in ARCSACC, K Biggar, G Cotta etal., Edmonton,AB, Canada (2005) 35-44.