Transfusion-related necrotizing enterocolitis: A conceptual framework

Advances in Neonatal Care

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 166-174

  Marin, Terri ^a   Strickland, Ora L ^b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood transfusions; Near infrared spectroscopy; Perfusion; Premature infants; Transfusionrelated necrotizing enterocolitis

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MALFORMATION; ENTERIC FEEDING; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MORTALITY; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEWBORN; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; PATIENT SAFETY; PREMATURITY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL; VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT;

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ABNORMALITIES; ENTERAL NUTRITION; ENTEROCOLITIS, NECROTIZING; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL; MALE; PATIENT SAFETY; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84879213897     PISSN: 15360903     EISSN: 15360911     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ANC.0b013e318285f901     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Petrosyan M, Guner YS, Williams M, Grishin A, Ford HR. Current concepts regarding the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009;25(4):309-318.
2. Holman RC, Stoll BJ, Curns AT, Yorita KL, Steiner CA, Schonberger LB. Necrotising enterocolitis hospitalisations among neonates in the United States. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2006;20(6):498-506.
3. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, et al. Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD neonatal research network. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):443-456.
4. Hintz SR, Kendrick DE, Stoll BJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):696-703.
5. Martin CR, Dammann O, Allred EN, et al. Neurodevelopment of extremely preterm infants who had necrotizing enterocolitis with or without late bacteremia. J Pediatr. 2010;157(5):751-756. e751.
6. Pike K, Brocklehurst P, Jones D, et al. Outcomes at 7 years for babies who developed neonatal necrotising enterocolitis: the ORACLE Children Study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012;97(5):F318-F322.
7. Sharma R, Hudak ML, Tepas JJ III, et al. Impact of gestational age on the clinical presentation and surgical outcome of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Perinatol. 2006;26(6):342-347.
8. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Adams-Chapman I, et al. Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA. 2004;292(19):2357-2365.
9. Vohr BR, Wright LL, Dusick AM, et al. Neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993-1994. Pediatrics. 2000;105(6):1216-1226.
10. Neu J, Walker WA. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):255-264.
11. Fitzgibbons SC, Ching Y, Yu D, et al. Mortality of necrotizing enterocolitis expressed by birth weight categories. J Ped Surg. 2009;44(6):1072-1076.
12. Abdullah F. Necrotizing enterocolitis: finding infants at highest risk. J Perinatol. 2008;28(10):655-656.
13. Mohamed A, Shah PS. Transfusion associated necrotizing enterocolitis: a meta-analysis of observational data. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):529-540.
14. Stritzke AI, Smyth J, Synnes A, Lee SK, Shah PS. Transfusionassociated necrotising enterocolitis in neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98(1):F10-F14.
15. Dos Santos AM, Guinsburg R, de Almeida MF, et al. Red blood cell transfusions are independently associated with intra-hospital mortality in very low birth weight preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2011;159(3):371-376.
16. Krimmel GA, Baker R, Yanowitz TD. Blood transfusion alters the superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocity response to feeding in premature infants. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26(2):99-105.
17. McGrady GA, Rettig PJ, Istre GR, Jason JM, Holman RC, Evatt BL. An outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis. Association with transfusions of packed red blood cells. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126(6):1165-1172.
18. Mally P, Golombek SG, Mishra R, et al. Association of necrotizing enterocolitis with elective packed red blood cell transfusions in stable, growing, premature neonates. Am J Perinatol. 2006;23(8):451-458.
19. Christensen RD, Lambert DK, Henry E, et al. Is " transfusionassociated necrotizing enterocolitis" an authentic pathogenic entity? Transfusion. 2010;50(5):1106-1112.
20. El-Dib M, Narang S, Lee E, Massaro AN, Aly H. Red blood cell transfusion, feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2011;31(3):183-187.
21. Singh R, Visintainer PF, Frantz ID III, et al. Association of necrotizing enterocolitis with anemia and packed red blood cell transfusions in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2011;31(3):176-182.
22. Josephson CD, Wesolowski A, Bao G, et al. Do red cell transfusions increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants? J Pediatr. 2010;156(6):972-978.
23. Lin PW, Nasr TR, Stoll BJ. Necrotizing enterocolitis: recent scientific advances in pathophysiology and prevention. Semin Perinatol. 2008;32(2):70-82.
24. Siggers RH, Siggers J, Thymann T, Boye M, Sangild PT. Nutritional modulation of the gut microbiota and immune system in preterm neonates susceptible to necrotizing enterocolitis. J Nutr Biochem. 2011;22(6):511-521.
25. Grave GD, Nelson SA, Walker WA, et al. New therapies and preventive approaches for necrotizing enterocolitis: report of a research planning workshop. Pediatr Res. 2007;62(4):510-514.
26. Oste M, Van Haver E, Thymann T, Sangild P, Weyns A, Van Ginneken CJ. Formula induces intestinal apoptosis in preterm pigs within a few hours of feeding. JPEN: J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010;34(3):271-279.
27. Hunter CJ, Singamsetty VK, Chokshi NK, et al. Enterobacter sakazakii enhances epithelial cell injury by inducing apoptosis in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Infect Dis. 2008;198(4):586-593.
28. Sisk PM, Lovelady CA, Dillard RG, Gruber KJ, O'Shea TM. Early human milk feeding is associated with a lower risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2007;27(7):428-433.
29. Sullivan S, Schanler RJ, Kim JH, et al. An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. J Pediatr. 2010;156(4):562-567.e561.
30. Schurr P, Perkins EM. The relationship between feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Neonatal Netw. 2008;27(6):397-407.
31. Sanderson IR. The physicochemical environment of the neonatal intestine. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):1028S-1034S.
32. Berseth CL, Bisquera JA, Paje VU. Prolonging small feeding volumes early in life decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):529-534.
33. Bjornvad CR, Thymann T, Deutz NE, et al. Enteral feeding induces diet-dependent mucosal dysfunction, bacterial proliferation, and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs on parenteral nutrition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;295(5):G1092-G1103.
34. Robel-Tillig E, Knupfer M, Pulzer F, Vogtmann C. Blood flow parameters of the superior mesenteric artery as an early predictor of intestinal dysmotility in preterm infants. Pediatr Radiol. 2004;34(12):958-962.
35. Lin J. Too much short chain fatty acids cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(2):291-293.
36. Kenton AB, Fernandes CJ, Berseth CL. Gastric residuals in prediction of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2004;113(6):1848-1849.
37. Koivusalo A, Kauppinen H, Anttila A, et al. Intraluminal casein model of necrotizing enterocolitis for assessment of mucosal destruction, bacterial translocation, and the effects of allopurinol and N-acetylcysteine. Pediatr Surg Int. 2002;18(8):712-717.
38. Nanthakumar N, Meng D, Goldstein AM, et al. The mechanism of excessive intestinal inflammation in necrotizing enterocolitis: an immature innate immune response. PLoS ONE. 2011; 6(3):e17776.
39. Jilling T, Lu J, Jackson M, Caplan MS. Intestinal epithelial apoptosis initiates gross bowel necrosis in an experimental rat model of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res. 2004;55(4): 622-629.
40. Zeng H, Wu H, Sloane V, et al. Flagellin/TLR5 responses in epithelia reveal intertwined activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006;290(1):G96-G108.
41. Markel TA, Crisostomo PR, Wairiuko GM, Pitcher J, Tsa iBM, Meldrum DR. Cytokines in necrotizing enterocolitis. Shock. 2006;25(4):329-337.
42. Hsueh W, Caplan MS, Qu XW, Tan XD, De Plaen IG, Gonzalez-Crussi F. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical considerations and pathogenetic concepts. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003;6(1):6-23.
43. Harris MC, D'Angio CT, Gallagher PR, Kaufman D, Evans J, Kilpatrick L. Cytokine elaboration in critically ill infants with bacterial sepsis, necrotizing entercolitis, or sepsis syndrome: correlation with clinical parameters of inflammation and mortality. J Pediatr. 2005;147(4):462-468.
44. McElroy SJ, Prince LS, Weitkamp J-H, Reese J, Slaughter JC, Polk DB. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-dependent depletion of mucus in immature small intestine: a potential role in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011;301(4):G656-G666.
45. Soliman A, Michelsen KS, Karahashi H, et al. Platelet-activating factor induces TLR4 expression in intestinal epithelial cells: implication for the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(10):e15044.
46. Chan KL, Wong KF, Luk JM. Role of LPS/CD14/TLR4-mediated inflammation in necrotizing enterocolitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(38): 4745-4752.
47. Edelson MB, Bagwell CE, Rozycki HJ. Circulating pro- and counterinflammatory cytokine levels and severity in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics. 1999;103(4):766.
48. Frost BL, Jilling T, Caplan M. The importance of pro-inflammatory signaling in neonatal NEC. Semin Perinatol. 2008;32(2):100-106.
49. Reber KM, Nankervis CA, Nowicki PT. Newborn intestinal circulation. Physiology and pathophysiology. Clin Perinatol. 2002;29(1):23-39.
50. Nankervis CA, Dunaway DJ, Nowicki PT. Determinants of terminal mesenteric artery resistance during the first postnatal month. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001;280(4):G678-G686.
51. Young CM, Kingma SDK, Neu J. Ischemia-reperfusion and neonatal intestinal injury. J Pediatr. 2011;158(2):e25-e28.
52. Zhou W, Zheng XH, Rong X, Huang LG. Establishment and evaluation of three necrotizing enterocolitis models in premature rats. Mol Med Rep. 2011;4(6):1333-1338.
53. Nankervis CA, Giannone PJ, Reber KM. The neonatal intestinal vasculature: contributing factors to necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol. 2008;32(2):83-91.
54. Gladwin MT, Crawford JH, Patel RP. The biochemistry of nitric oxide, nitrite, and hemoglobin: role in blood flow regulation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36(6):707-717.
55. Cintra AE, Martins JL, Patricio FR, Higa EM, Montero EF. Nitric oxide levels in the intestines of mice submitted to ischemia and reperfusion: L-arginine effects. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(3): 830-835.
56. Whitehouse JS, Xu H, Shi Y, et al. Mesenteric nitric oxide and superoxide production in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. J Surg Res. 2010;161(1):1-8.
57. Downard CD, Grant SN, Matheson PJ, et al. Altered intestinal microcirculation is the critical event in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(6):1023-1028.
58. Paul DA, Mackley A, Novitsky A, Zhao Y, Brooks A, Locke RG. Increased odds of necrotizing enterocolitis after transfusion of red blood cells in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2011;127(4):635-641.
59. Blau J, Calo JM, Dozor D, Sutton M, Alpan G, La Gamma EF. Transfusion-related acute gut injury: necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates after packed red blood cell transfusion. J Pediatr. 2011;158(3):403-409.
60. Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB. Storage lesion in banked blood due to hemolysis-dependent disruption of nitric oxide homeostasis. Curr Opin Hematol. 2009;16(6):515-523.
61. Tinmouth A, Chin-Yee I. The clinical consequences of the red cell storage lesion. Transfus Med Rev. 2001;15(2):91-107.
62. Ho J, Sibbald WJ, Chin-Yee IH. Effects of storage on efficacy of red cell transfusion: when is it not safe? Crit Care Med. 2003;31(12) (suppl):S687-S697.
63. Kriebardis AG, Antonelou MH, Stamoulis KE, Economou- Petersen E, Margaritis LH, Papassideri IS. RBC-derived vesicles during storage: ultrastructure, protein composition, oxidation, and signaling components. Transfusion. 2008;48(9):1943-1953.
64. Antonelou MH, Kriebardis AG, Papassideri IS. Aging and death signalling in mature red cells: from basic science to transfusion practice. Blood Transfus. 2010;8(suppl 3):s39-s47.
65. Luban NL. Management of anemia in the newborn. Early Hum Dev. 2008;84(8):493-498.
66. Kim-Shapiro DB, Lee J, Gladwin MT. Storage lesion: role of red blood cell breakdown. Transfusion. 2011;51(4):844-851.
67. Strauss RG. Red blood cell storage and avoiding hyperkalemia from transfusions to neonates and infants. Transfusion. 2010;50(9):1862-1865.
68. Pereira A. Will clinical studies elucidate the connection between the length of storage of transfused red blood cells and clinical outcomes? An analysis based on the simulation of randomized controlled trials. Transfusion. 2013;53:34-40.
69. Yoshida T, AuBuchon JP, Tryzelaar L, Foster KY, Bitensky MW. Extended storage of red blood cells under anaerobic conditions. Vox Sang. 2007;92(1):22-31.
70. d'Almeida MS, Jagger J, Duggan M, White M, Ellis C, Chin-Yee IH. A comparison of biochemical and functional alterations of rat and human erythrocytes stored in CPDA-1 for 29 days: implications for animal models of transfusion. Transfus Med. 2000;10(4):291-303.
71. Stack G, Baril L, Napychank P, Snyder EL. Cytokine generation in stored, white cell-reduced, and bacterially contaminated units of red cells. Transfusion. 1995;35(3):199-203.
72. Muszynski J, Nateri J, Nicol K, Greathouse K, Hanson L, Hall M. Immunosuppressive effects of red blood cells on monocytes are related to both storage time and storage solution. Transfusion. 2012;52(4):794-802.
73. Aher S, Malwatkar K, Kadam S. Neonatal anemia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2008;13(4):239-247.
74. Dave V, Brion LP, Campbell DE, Scheiner M, Raab C, Nafday SM. Splanchnic tissue oxygenation, but not brain tissue oxygenation, increases after feeds in stable preterm neonates tolerating full bolus orogastric feeding. J Perinatol. 2009;29(3):213-218.
75. Moutquin J. Classification and heterogeneity of preterm birth. BJOG. 2003;110(suppl 20):30-33.
76. Marin T, Moore J. Understanding near-infrared spectroscopy. Adv Neonatal Care. 2011;11(6):382-388.
77. Jobsis FF. Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science. 1977;198(4323):1264- 1267.
78. Stapleton GE, Eble BK, Dickerson HA, Andropoulos DB, Chang AC. Mesenteric oxygen desaturation in an infant with congenital heart disease and necrotizing enterocolitis. Tex Heart Inst J. 2007;34(4):442-444.
79. Kirshbom PM, Forbess JM, Kogon BE, et al. Cerebral near infrared spectroscopy is a reliable marker of systemic perfusion in awake single ventricle children. Pediatr Cardiol. 2007;28(1):42-45.
80. McNeill S, Gatenby JC, McElroy S, Engelhardt B. Normal cerebral, renal and abdominal regional oxygen saturations using nearinfrared spectroscopy in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2011;31(1):51-57.
81. Cortez J, Gupta M, Amaram A, Pizzino J, Sawhney M, Sood BG. Noninvasive evaluation of splanchnic tissue oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy in preterm neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(4):574-582.
82. Bailey SM, Hendricks-Munoz KD, Wells JT, Mally P. Packed red blood cell transfusion increases regional cerebral and splanchnic tissue oxygen saturation in anemic symptomatic preterm infants. Am J Perinatol. 2010;27(6):455-453.