Effects of storage on efficacy of red cell transfusion: When is it not safe?

Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 31, Issue 12 SUPPL., 2003, Pages

  Ho, Juliet ^a   Sibbald, William J ^b   Chin Yee, Ian H ^a,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c CANADIAN BLOOD SERVICES   (Canada)

^d LONDON HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Blood storage; Blood transfusion; Leukoreduction; Red blood cells

Indexed keywords

2,3 DIPHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE;

ANEMIA; BIOSAFETY; BLOOD; ERYTHROCYTE ADHESIVENESS; ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION; ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY; ERYTHROCYTE PRESERVATION; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; QUALITY CONTROL; RANDOMIZATION; REVIEW; TISSUE OXYGENATION;

EID: 0347517729     PISSN: 00903493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000099349.17094.a3     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Vincent JL, Baron JF, Reinhart K, et al: Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients. JAMA 2002; 288:1499-1507
2. Hebert PC, Wells G, Martin C, et al: A Canadian survey of transfusion practices in critically ill patients: Transfusion requirements in critical care investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:482-487
3. Corwin HL, Parsonnet KC, Gettinger A: RBC transfusion in the ICU: Is there a reason? Chest 1995; 108:767-771
4. Chohan SS, McArdle F, McClelland DBL, et al: Red cell transfusion practice following the transfusion requirements in critical care (TRICC) study: Prospective observational cohort study in a large UK intensive care unit. Vox Sang 2003; 84:211-218
5. Nelson AH, Fleisher LA, Rosenbaum SH: Relationship between postoperative anemia and cardiac morbidity in high-risk vascular patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:860-866
6. Hebert PC, Schweitzer I, Calder L, et al: Review of the clinical practice literature on allogeneic red blood cell transfusion. CMAJ 1997; 156(S9-S26):S9-S26
7. Marik PE, Sibbald WJ : Effect of stored-blood transfusion on oxygen delivery in patients with sepsis. JAMA 1993; 269:3024-3029
8. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al: A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:409-417
9. Malone DL, Dunne J, Tracy JK, et al: Blood transfusion, independent of shock severity, is associated with worse outcome in trauma. J Trauma 2003; 54:898-907
10. Viele MK, Weiskopf RB: What can we learn about the need for transfusion from patients who refuse blood? The experience with Jehovah's Witnesses. Transfusion 1994; 34:396-401
11. Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J, et al: Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA 1998; 279:217-221
12. Crosby E: Re-evaluating the transfusion trigger: How low is safe? Am J Ther 2002; 9:411-416
13. Carson JL, Duff A, Poses RM, et al: Effect of anaemia and cardiovascular disease on surgical mortality and morbidity. Lancet 1996; 348:1055-1060
14. Carson JL, Noveck H, Berlin JA, et al: Mortality and morbidity in patients with very low postoperative Hb levels who decline blood transfusion. Transfusion 2002; 42: 812-818
15. Carson JL, Duff A, Berlin JA, et al: Perioperative blood transfusion and postoperative mortality. JAMA 1998; 279:199-205
16. Wu WC, Saif S, Rathore MPH, et al: Blood transfusion in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1230-1236
17. Goodnough LT, Bach RG: Anemia, transfusion and mortality. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1272-1273
18. Hebert PC, Fergusson DA: Red blood cell transfusions in critically ill patients. JAMA 2002; 288:1525-1526
19. Vamvakas EC, Taswell HF: Long-term survival after blood transfusion. Transfusion 1994; 34:471-477
20. Whyte GS: The transfused population of Canterbury, New Zealand, and its mortality. Vox Sang 1988; 54:65-70
21. Purdy FR, Tweeddale MG, Merrick PM: Association of mortality with age of blood transfused in septic ICU patients. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44:1256-1261
22. Maetani S, Nishikawa T, Tobe T, et al: Role of blood transfusion in organ system failure following major abdominal surgery. Ann Surg 1986; 203:275-281
23. Moore FA, Moore EE, Sauaia A: Blood transfusion: An independent risk factor for postinjury multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 1997; 132:620-625
24. Vamvakas EC, Carven JH: Length of storage of transfused red cells and postoperative morbidity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Transfusion 2000; 40:101-109
25. Goldman M, Blajchman MA: Bacterial contamination. In: Transfusion Reactions. Popovsky MA (Ed). Bethesda, American Association of Blood Banks Press, 1996, pp 125-165
26. Owens W, Tokessy M, Rock G: Age of blood in inventory at a large tertiary care hospital. Vox Sang 2001; 81:21-23
27. Martin CM, Sibbald WJ, Lu X, Hebert P, et al: Age of transfused red blood cells is associated with ICU length of stay. Abstr. Clin Invest Med 1994; 17(Suppl 4):B21
28. Zallen G, Offner PJ, Moore EE, et al: Age of transfused blood is an independent risk factor for postinjury multiple organ failure. Am J Surg 1999; 178:570-572
29. Leal-Noval SR, Jara-Lopez I, Garcia-Garmendia JL, et al: Influence of erythrocyte concentrate storage time on postsurgical morbidity in cardiac surgery patients. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:815-822
30. Vamvakas EC, Carven JH: Allogeneic blood transfusion and postoperative duration of mechanical ventilation: Effects of red cell supernatant, platelet supernatant, plasma components and total transfused fluid. Vox Sang 2002; 82:141-149
31. Silliman CC, Clay KL, Thurman GW, et al: Partial characterization of lipids that develop during the routine storage of blood and prime the neutrophil NADPH oxidase. J Lab Clin Med 1994; 124:684-694
32. Fransen E, Maessen J, Dentener M, et al: Impact of blood transfusions on inflammatory mediator release in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Chest 1999; 116: 1233-1239
33. Chin-Yee I, Keeney M, Krueger L, et al: Supernatant from stored red cells activates neutrophils. Transfus Med 1998; 8:49-56
34. Opelz G, Sengar DPMMR, Terasaki PI: Effect of blood transfusions on subsequent kidney transplants. Transplant Proc 1973; 5:253-259
35. Opelz G, Vanrenterghem Y, Kirste G, et al: Prospective evaluation of pretransplant blood transfusions in cadaver kidney recipients. Transplantation 1997; 63:964-967
36. Blajchman MA: Immunomodulation and blood transfusion. Am J Ther 2002; 9:389-395
37. Carson JL, Altman DJ, Duff A, et al: Risk of bacterial infection associated with allogeneic blood transfusion among patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Transfusion 1999; 39:694-700
38. Chang H, Hall GA, Geerts WH, et al: Allogeneic red blood cell transfusion is an independent risk factor for the development of postoperative bacterial infection. Vox Sang 2000; 78:13-18
39. Vamvakas EC, Carven JH: Transfusion and postoperative pneumonia in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Effect of the length of storage of transfused red cells. Transfusion 1999; 39:701-710
40. Silliman CC, Voelkel NF, Allard JD, et al: Plasma and lipids from stored packed red blood cells cause acute lung injury in an animal model. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1458-1467
41. Offner PJ, Moore EE, Biffl WL, et al: Increased rate of infection associated with transfusion of old blood after severe injury. Arch Surg 2002; 137:711-717
42. van de Watering LM, Brand A, Houbiers JG, et al: Perioperative blood transfusions, with or without allogeneic leucocytes, relate to survival, not to cancer recurrence. Br J Surg 2001; 88:267-272
43. Bilgin YM, van de Watering LMG, Lorinser JE, et al: The effects of prestorage leukocyte-depletion of erythrocyte concentrates in cardiac surgery: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Abstr. Blood 2001; 98(Suppl 1):828a
44. Bracey AW, Radovancevik R, Nussmeier NA, et al: Leukocyte-reduced blood in open-heart surgery patients: Effects on outcome. Transfusion 2002; 42(Suppl 5S)
45. Hebert PC, Fergusson D, Blajchman MA, et al: Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions. JAMA 2003; 289:1941-1949
46. Ronco JJ, Montaner JS, Fenwick JC, et al: Pathologic dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in acute respiratory failure secondary to AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1990; 98: 1463-1466
47. Silverman HJ, Tuma P: Gastric tonometry in patients with sepsis: Effects of dobutamine infusions and packed red blood cell transfusions. Chest 1992; 102:184-188
48. Dietrich KA, Conrad SAHCA, Levy GL, et al: Cardiovascular and metabolic response to red blood cell transfusion in critically ill volume-resuscitated nonsurgical patients. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:940-944
49. Walsh TS, McArdle F, MacIver C, et al: Age of stored red cells does not influence indices of oxygenation after transfusion to critically ill patients: Randomized controlled trial. Eur Soc Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:3247
50. Tinmouth A, Chin-Yee I: The clinical consequences of the red cell storage lesion. Transfus Med Rev 2001; 15:91-107
51. Mollison PL, Young IM: In vivo survival in the human subject of transfused erythrocytes after storage of transfused erythrocytes after storage in various preservative solutions: A report to the medical research council from the South-West London Blood Supply. Q J Exp Physiol 1942; 31:359-392
52. Nakao M, Nakao T, Yamazoes S: Adenosine triphosphate and maintenance of shape of human red cells. Nature 1960; 187:945-946
53. Lacelle PL: Alteration of deformability of the erythrocyte membrane in stored blood. Transfusion 1969; 9:229-237
54. Card RT, Mohandas N, Mollison PL: Relationship of post transfusion viability to deformability of stored red cells. Br J Haematol 1983; 53:237-240
55. Card RT: Red cell membrane changes during storage. Transfus Med Rev 1988; 2:40-47
56. Wolfe LC, Byrne A, Lux SE: Molecular defect in the membrane skeleton of blood bank stored red cells: Abnormal spectrin-protein 4.1-actin complex formation. J Clin Invest 1986; 78:1681-1686
57. Wagner GM, Chiu DTY, Qju Hjeal: Spectrin oxidation correlates with membrane vesiculation in stored RBCs. Blood 1987; 69: 1777-1781
58. Wolfe L, Byrne A: A protection of red cell membrane from injury during liquid preservation of erythrocytes. Blood 1985; 66
59. Epps DE, Knechtel TJ, Bacznskyj O, et al: Tirilazad mesylate protects stored erythrocytes against osmotic fragility. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 74:163-174
60. Knight JVRP, Martin L, Anstall H: Lipid peroxidation in stored red cells. Transfusion 1992; 32:354-357
61. Racek J, Herynkova R, Holecek V, et al: Influence of antioxidants on the quality of stored blood. Vox Sang 1997; 72:16-19
62. Knight JA, Searles DA: The effects of various antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in stored whole blood. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1994; 24: 294-301
63. Wolfe LC: Oxidative injuries to the red cell membrane during conventional blood preservation. Semin Hemat 1989; 26:307-312
64. Deepa Devi KV, Manoj KV, Arun P, et al: Increased lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes in blood sotred in polyvinyl chloride blood storage bags plasticized with di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate and effect of antioxidants. Vox Sang 1998; 75:198-204
65. Knight JA, Searles DA, Clayton FC: The effect of desferrioxamine on stored erythrocytes: Lipid peroxidation, depformability and morphology. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1996; 26:283-290
66. Knight JA, Searles DA, Blaylock RC: Lipid peroxidation compared in stored whole blood with various nutrient-anticoagulant solutions. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1993; 23: 178-183
67. Valeri CR, Hirsch NM: Restoration in vivo of erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate, 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, potassium ion, and sodium ion concentrations following the transfusion of acid-citrate-dextrose-stored human red blood cells. J Lab Clin Med 1969; 73:722-733
68. Valtis DJ, Kennedy AC: Defective gas-transport function of stored red blood cells. Lancet 1954; 1:119-125
69. Hogman CFR MH: Storage parameters affecting red blood cell survival and function after transfusion. Trans Med Rev 1999; 13: 275-296
70. Greenwalt TJ, Zehner Sostok C, Dumaswala UJ: Studies in red blood cell preservation: I. Effect of the other formed elements. Vox Sang 1990; 58:85-89
71. Chin-Yee I, d'Almeida MS: A comparison of biochemical and functional alterations of rat and human erythrocytes stored in CDPA-1 for 29 days: Implications for animal models of transfusion. Transfus Med 2000; 10:291-303
72. Smith KJ, Sierra ER, Nelson EJ: Histamine, IL-1B, and IL-8 increase in packed RBCs stored for 42 days but not in RBCs leukodepleted pre-storage. Abstr. Transfusion 1993; 33[s]:53S
73. Muylle L, Joose M, Wouters E, et al: Increased tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1, and interleukin 6 (KL-6) levels in the plasma of stored platelet concentrates: Relationship between TNF α and IL-6 levels and febrile transfusion reactions. Transfusion 1993; 33:195-199
74. Ghio M, Contini P, Mazzei C, et al: In vitro immunosuppressive activity of soluble HLA class I and Fas ligand molecules: do they play a role in autologous blood transfusion? Transfusion 2001; 41:988-996
75. Heddle NM, Klama LN, Griffith L, et al: A prospective study to identify the risk factors associated with acute reactions to platelet and red cell transfusions. Transfusion 1993; 33:794-797
76. Heddle NMKL, Singer J, et al: The role of the plasma from platelet concentrates in transfusion reactions. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:625-628
77. Stack G, Baril L, Napychank P, et al: Cytokine generation in stored, white cell-reduced, and bacterially contaminated units of red cells. Transfusion 1995; 35:199-203
78. Federowicz I, Barrett BB, Andersen JW, et al: Characterization of reactions after transfusion of cellular blood components that are white cell reduced before storage. Transfusion 1996; 36:21-28
79. Shanwell A, Kristiansson M, Remberger M, et al: Generation of cytokines in red cell concentrates during storage is prevented by prestorage white cell reduction. Transfusion 1997; 37:678-684
80. Kristiansson M, Soop M, Shanwell A, et al: Prestorage versus bedside white blood cell filtration of red blood cell concentrates: Effects on the content of cytokines and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors. J Trauma 1996; 40:379-383
81. Silliman CC, Paterson AJ, Dickey WO, et al: The association of biologically active lipids with the develop transfusion-related acute lung injury: A retrospective study. Transfusion 1997; 37:719-726
82. Fitzgerald RD, Martin C, Dietz G, et al: Transfusing red blood cells stored in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 for 28 days fails to improve tissue oxygenation in rats. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:726-732
83. van Bommel J, de Korte D, Lind A, et al: The effect of the transfusion of stored RBCs on intestinal microvascular oxygenation in the rat. Transfusion 2001; 41:1515-1523
84. d'Almeida MS, Gray D, Martin C, et al: Effect of prophylactic transfusion of stored RBCs on oxygen reserve in response to acute isovolemic hemorrhage in a rodent model. Transfusion 2001; 41:950
85. Wranne B, Nordgren L, Woodson RD: Increased blood oxygen affinity and physical work capacity in man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1974; 33:347-352
86. Woodson RD, Wranne B, Detter JC: Effect of increased blood oxygen affinity on work performance of rats. J Clin Invest 1973; 52:2717-2724
87. Rand PW, Norton JM, Barker ND: Responses to graded hypoxia at high and low 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. J Appl Physiol 1973; 34:827-832
88. Arturson G, Westman M: Survival of rats subjected to acute anemia at different levels of erythrocyte 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1975; 35:745-751
89. Valeri CR, Rorth M, Zaroulis CG: Physiologic effects of transfusing red blood cells with high or low affinity for oxygen to passively hyperventilated, anemic baboons: systemic and cerebral oxygen extraction. Ann Surg 1975; 181:106-113
90. Hovav T, Yedgar S, Manny N, et al: Alteration of red cell aggregability and shape during blood storage. Transfusion 1999; 39: 277-281
91. Todd JC, Mollitt DL: Sepsis-induced alterations in the erythrocyte membrane. Am Surg 1994; 60:954-957
92. Betticher DC, Keller H, Maly FE, et al: The effect of endotoxin and tumour necrosis factor on erythrocyte and leucocyte deformability in vitro. Br J Haematol 1992; 83: 130-137
93. Powell RJ, Machiedo GW, Rush BFJ, et al: Oxygen free radicals: Effect on red cell deformability in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:732-735
94. Davidson LW, Mollitt DL: The effect of endotoxin on red blood cell deformability and whole blood viscosity. Curr Surg 1990; 47: 341-342
95. Piagnerelli M, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Brohee D, et al: Alterations of red blood cell shape and sialic acid membrane content in septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003, In Press
96. Claster S, Chiu DT, Quintanilha A, et al: Neutrophils mediate lipid peroxidation in human red cells. Blood 1984; 64:1079-1084
97. Davies KJ, Goldberg AL: Oxygen radicals stimulate intracellular proteolysis and lipid peroxidation by independent mechanisms in erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 8220-8226
98. Powell RJ, Machiedo GW, Rush BFJ, et al: Effect of alphatocopherol on red cell deformability and survival in sepsis. Curr Surg 1989; 46:380-383
99. Sollberger T, Walter R, Brand B, et al: Influence of prestorage leucocyte depletion and storage time on rheologic properties of erythrocyte concentrates. Vox Sang 2002; 82:191-197
100. Heaton WA, Holme S, Smith Kea: Effects of 3-5 log10 pre-storage leucocyte depletion on red cell storage and metabolism. Br J Haematol 1994; 87:363-368
101. Ho J, Milkovic S, Gray L, et al: Transfusion of stored red blood cells (RBC) occlude the rat microvasculature in-vivo. Abstr. Blood 2001; 98:544a
102. Schleiffenbaum B, Fehr J: Regulation and selectivity of leukocyte emigration. Lab Clin Med 1996; 127:151-158
103. Kvietys PR, Granger DN: Endothelial monolayers as a tool for studying microvascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G1189-G1199
104. Hebbel PR, Yamada O, Moldow CF, et al: Abnormal adherance of sickle erythrocytes to cultured vascular endothelium: A possible mechanism for microvascular occlusion in sickle cell disease. J Clin Invest 1980; 65:154-160
105. Wick TM, Louis V: Cytoadherence of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to human umbilical vein and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells under shear conditions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991; 45:578-586
106. Wautier JL, Galacteros F, Wautier MP, et al: Clinical manifestations and erythrocyte adhesion to endothelium in sickle cell syndrome. Am J Hematol 1985; 19:131-136
107. Tissot Van Patot MC, MacKenzie S, Tucker A, et al: Endotoxin-induced adhesion of red blood cells to pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 1996; 270:28-36
108. Eichelbronner O, Sielenkamper A, Cepinskas G, et al: Endotoxin promotes adhesion of human erythrocytes to human vascular endothelial cells under conditions of flow. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1865-1870
109. Luk C, Gray-Statchuk L, Cepinskas G, et al: WBC reduction reduces storage-associated RBC adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells under conditions of continuous flow in vitro. Transfusion 2003; 43:151-156
110. Machiedo GW, Powell RJ, Rush BF Jr, et al: The incidence of decreased red blood cell deformability in sepsis and the association with oxygen free radical damage and multiple-system organ failure. Arch Surg 1989; 124:1386-1389
111. Krishnan R, Brown KA, Pearson TC: Increased expression of Lutheran and LW glycoproteins on red blood cells from patients with sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 1999; 105(Suppl 1):64
112. Todd JC, Mollitt DL: Effect of sepsis on erythrocyte intracellular calcium homeostasis. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:459-465
113. AABB Technical Manual. Thirteenth Edition. Bethesda, American Association of Blood Banks, 1999
114. The Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets Study Group (TRAP): Leukocyte reduction and ultraviolet B irradiation of platelets to prevent alloimmunization and refractoriness to platelet transfusions. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1861-1869
115. Beutler E: Principles of Transfusion Medicine: Liquid Preservation of Red Cells. Second Edition. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1996
116. Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Pearl RG, et al: Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in critically ill patients: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288:2827-2835
117. Sloan EP, Koenigsberg M, Gens D, et al: Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) in the treatment of severe traumatic hemorrhagic shock: A randomized controlled efficacy trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 1857-1864
118. Diamond L: A history of blood transfusion. In: Blood, Pure and Eloquent. Wintrobe MM (Ed). New York, McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp 659-690