Hepatitis B viral factors and treatment responses in chronic hepatitis B

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association

Volumn 112, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 302-311

  Lin, Chih Lin ^a,b   Kao, Jia Horng ^c,d  

^a TAIPEI CITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^d NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Antiviral therapy; Chronic hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus DNA; Nucleos(t)ide analogs; Pegylated interferon; Quantitative HBsAg

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ADEFOVIR DIPIVOXIL; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALPHA INTERFERON; CREATININE; ENTECAVIR; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; LAMIVUDINE; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B; TELBIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; VIRUS DNA;

ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MONOTHERAPY; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEROCONVERSION; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIREMIA; VIRUS STRAIN;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; DNA, VIRAL; HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HUMANS; INTERFERON-ALPHA; LAMIVUDINE; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS;

EID: 84879158955     PISSN: None     EISSN: 09296646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Fattovich G., Stroffolini T., Zagni I., Donato F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 2004, 127:S35-S50.
2. Kao J.H. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Intervirology 2003, 46:400-407.
3. Lok A.S. Chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1682-1683.
4. Lok A.S., McMahon B.J. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology 2009, 50:661-662.
5. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012, 57:167-185. European Association for the Study of the Liver.
6. Liaw Y.F., Kao J.H., Piratvisuth T., Chan H.L., Chien R.N., Liu C.J., et al. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update. Hepatol Int 2012, 6:531-561.
7. Dianzani F. Biological basis for the clinical use of interferon. Gut 1993, 34:S74-S76.
8. Asselah T., Lada O., Moucari R., Martinot M., Boyer N., Marcellin P. Interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis 2007, 11:839-849.
9. Hadziyannis S.J., Vassilopoulos D. Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2001, 34:617-624.
10. Wong D.K., Cheung A.M., O'Rourke K., Naylor C.D., Detsky A.S., Heathcote J. Effect of α-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:312-323.
11. Cooksley W.G. Treatment with interferons (including pegylated interferons) in patients with hepatitis B. Semin Liver Dis 2004, 24:45-53.
12. Brunetto M.R., Oliveri F., Colombatto P., Coco B., Ciccorossi P., Bonino F. Treatment of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B with interferon or pegylated interferon. J Hepatol 2003, 39:S164-S167.
13. Hadziyannis S.J. Treatment paradigms on hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B patients. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007, 16:777-786.
14. Baker D.E. Pegylated interferons. Rev Gastroenterolo Disord 2001, 1:87-99.
15. Lau G.K., Piratvisuth T., Luo K.X., Marcellin P., Thongsawat S., Cooksley G., et al. Peginterferon α-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:2682-2695.
16. Janssen H.L., van Zonneveld M., Senturk H., Zeuzem S., Akarca U.S., Cakaloglu Y., et al. Pegylated interferon α-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005, 365:123-129.
17. Marcellin P., Lau G.K., Bonino F., Farci P., Hadziyannis S., Jin R., et al. Peginterferon α-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:1206-1217.
18. Marcellin P., Piratvisuth T., Brunetto M., Bonino F., Lau G.K., Farci P., et al. Virological and biochemical response in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B treated with peginterferon α-2a (40KD) with or without lamivudine: Results of 4-year follow-up. J Hepatol 2008, 48:S46.
19. Lai C.L., Chien R.N., Leung N.W., Chang T.T., Guan R., Tai D.I., et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:61-68.
20. Liaw Y.F., Leung N.W., Chang T.T., Guan R., Tai D.I., Ng K.Y., et al. Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. Gastroenterology 2000, 119:172-180.
21. Leung N.W., Lai C.L., Chang T.T., Guan R., Lee C.M., Ng K.Y., et al. Extended lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B enhances hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates: results after 3 years of therapy. Hepatology 2001, 33:1527-1532.
22. Chang T.T., Lai C.L., Chien R.N., Guan R., Lim S.G., Lee C.M., et al. Four years of lamivudine treatment in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 19:1276-1282.
23. Guan R., Lai C.L., Liaw Y.F., Lim S.G., Lee C.M. Efficacy and safety of 5 years lamivudine treatment of Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B (abstr). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001, 16:A60.
24. Dienstag J.L., Goldin R.D., Heathcote E.J., Hann H.W., Woessner M., Stephenson S.L., et al. Histological outcome during longterm lamivudine therapy. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:105-117.
25. Hadziyannis S.J., Papatheodoridis G.V., Dimou E., Laras A., Papaioannou C. Efficacy of long-term lamivudine monotherapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2000, 32:847-851.
26. Lai C.L., Shouval D., Lok A.S., Chang T.T., Cheinquer H., Goodman Z., et al. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1011-1020.
27. Lai C.L., Gane E., Liaw Y.F., Hsu C.W., Thongsawat S., Wang Y., et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:2576-2588.
28. Yao G.B., Zhu M., Cui Z.Y., Wang B.E., Yao J.L., Zeng M.D. A 7-year study of lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B virus e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients in China. J Dig Dis 2009, 10:131-137.
29. Liaw Y.F. Impact of YMDD mutations during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Antivir Chem Chemother 2001, 12:67-71.
30. Zhang Q.Q., An X., Liu Y.H., Li S.Y., Zhong Q., Wang J., et al. Long-term nucleos(t)ide analogues therapy for adults with chronic hepatitis B reduces the risk of long-term complications: A meta-analysis. Virol J 2011, 8:72.
31. Fasano M., Lampertico P., Marzano A., Di Marco V., Niro G.A., Brancaccio G., et al. HBV DNA suppression and HBsAg clearance in HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B patients on lamivudine therapy for over 5 years. J Hepatol 2012, 56:1254-1258.
32. Papatheodoridis G.V., Dimou E., Dimakopoulos K., Manolakopoulos S., Rapti I., Kitis G., et al. Outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B on long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy starting with lamivudine. Hepatology 2005, 42:121-129.
33. Marcellin P., Chang T.T., Lim S.G., Tong M.J., Sievert W., Shiffman M.L., et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:808-816.
34. Marcellin P., Chang T.T., Lim S.G., Sievert W., Tong M., Arterburn S., et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2008, 48:750-758.
35. Hadziyannis S.J., Tassopoulos N., Heathcote E.J., Chang T.-T., Kitis G., Rizzetto M., et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:800-807.
36. Hadziyannis S.J., Tassopoulos N.C., Heathcote E.J., Chang T.T., Kitis G., Rizzetto M., et al. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years. Gastroenterology 2006, 131:1743-1751.
37. Bridges E.G. Telbivudine preclinical safety studies suggest minimal risk of chronic toxicity, reproductive toxicity or carcinogenicity. J Hepatol 2006, 44:S147.
38. Liaw Y.F., Gane E., Leung N., Zeuzem S., Wang Y., Lai C.L., et al. 2-Year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:486-495.
39. Wursthorn K., Jung M., Riva A., Goodman Z.D., Lopez P., Bao W., et al. Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen decline during 3years of telbivudine treatment in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients. Hepatology 2010, 52:1611-1620.
40. Locarnini S. Primary resistance, multidrug resistance, and cross-resistance pathways in HBV as a consequence of treatment failure. Hepatol Int 2008, 2:147-151.
41. Lai C.L., Rosmawati M., Lao J., Van Vlierberghe H., Anderson F.H., Thomas N., et al. Entecavir is superior to lamivudine in reducing hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:1831-1838.
42. Baldick C.J., Tenney D.J., Mazzucco C.E., Eggers B.J., Rose R.E., Pokornowski K.A., et al. Comprehensive evaluation of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase substitutions associated with entecavir resistance. Hepatology 2008, 47:1473-1482.
43. Chang T.T., Gish R.G., de Man R., Gadano A., Sollano J., Chao Y.C., et al. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1001-1010.
44. Chang T.T., Lai C.L., Kew Yoon S., Lee S.S., Coelho H.S., Carrilho F.J., et al. Entecavir treatment for up to 5 years in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2010, 51:422-430.
45. Gish R.G., Lok A.S., Chang T.T., de Man R.A., Gadano A., Sollano J., et al. Entecavir therapy for up to 96 weeks in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:1437-1444.
46. Gish R.G., Chang T.T., Lai C.L., de Man R., Gadano A., Poordad F., et al. Loss of HBsAg antigen during treatment with entecavir or lamivudine in nucleoside-naïve HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2010, 17:16-22.
47. Chang T.T., Liaw Y.F., Wu S.S., Schiff E., Han K.H., Lai C.L., et al. Long-term entecavir therapy results in the reversal of fibrosis/cirrhosis and continued histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2010, 52:886-893.
48. Tenney D.J., Rose R.E., Baldick C.J., Pokornowski K.A., Eggers B.J., Fang J., et al. Long-term monitoring shows hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir in nucleoside-naïve patients is rare through 5 years of therapy. Hepatology 2009, 49:1503-1514.
49. Marcellin P., Buti M., Gane E., Krastev Z., Flisiak R., Germanidis G., et al. Five years of treatment with tenofovir for chronic hepatitis B infection is associated with sustained viral suppression and significant regression of histological fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011, 52:1011A.
50. Snow-Lampart A., Chappell B., Curtis M., Zhu Y., Myrick F., Schawalder J., et al. No resistance to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate detected after up to 144 weeks of therapy in patients monoinfected with chronic hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2011, 53:763-773.
51. Woo G., Tomlinson G., Nishikawa Y., Kowgier M., Sherman M., Wong D.K., et al. Tenofovir and entecavir are the most effective antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analyses. Gastroenterology 2010, 139:1218-1229.
52. Chen E.Q., Wang L.C., Lei J., Xu L., Tang H. Meta-analysis: adefovir dipivoxil in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Virol J 2009, 6:163-171.
53. Liu C.J., Kao J.H., Chen P.J., Chen T.C., Lin F.Y., Lai M.Y., et al. Overlap lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving adefovir for lamivudine-resistant viral mutants. J Viral Hepat 2006, 13:387-395.
54. Rapti I., Dimou E., Mitsoula P., Hadziyannis S.J. Adding-on versus switching-to adefovir therapy in lamivudine-resistant HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2007, 45:307-313.
55. Yatsuji H., Suzuki F., Sezaki H., Akuta N., Suzuki Y., Kawamura Y., et al. Low risk of adefovir resistance in lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B patients treated with adefovir plus lamivudine combination therapy: two-year follow-up. J Hepatol 2008, 48:923-931.
56. Ryu H.J., Lee J.M., Ahn S.H., Kim do Y., Lee M.H., Han K.H., et al. Efficacy of adefovir add-on lamivudine rescue therapy compared with switching to entecavir monotherapy in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 2010, 82:1835-1842.
57. Kau A., Vermehren J., Sarrazin C. Treatment predictors of a sustained virological response in hepatitis B and C. J Hepatol 2008, 49:634-651.
58. Iloeje U.H., Yang H.I., Su J., Jen C.L., You S.L., Chen C.J. Predicting liver cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:678-686.
59. Chen C.J., Yang H.I., Su J., Jen C.L., You S.L., Lu S.N., et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006, 295:65-73.
60. Lin C.L., Kao J.H. Hepatitis B viral factors and clinical outcomes of chronic hepatitis B. J Biomed Sci 2008, 15:137-145.
61. Mommeja-Marin H., Mondou E., Blum M.R., Rousseau F. Serum HBV DNA as a marker of efficacy during therapy for chronic HBV infection: analysis and review of the literature. Hepatology 2003, 37:1309-1319.
62. Perrillo R.P., Lai C.L., Liaw Y.F., Dienstag J.L., Schiff E.R., Schalm S.W., et al. Predictors of HBeAg loss after lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2002, 36:186-194.
63. Zeuzem S., Gane E., Liaw Y.F., Lim S.G., DiBisceglie A., Buti M., et al. Baseline characteristics and early on-treatment response predict the outcomes of 2 years of telbivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2009, 51:11-20.
64. Bonino F., Marcellin P., Lau G.K., Hadziyannis S., Jin R., Piratvisuth T., et al. Predicting response to peginterferon α-2a, lamivudine and the two combined for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Gut 2007, 56:699-705.
65. Lim S.G., Marcellin P., Tassopoulos N., Hadziyannis S., Chang T.T., Tong M., et al. Clinical trial: effects of adefovir dipivoxil therapy in Asian and Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, 26:1419-1428.
66. Tseng T.C., Yu M.L., Liu C.J., Lin C.L., Huang Y.W., Hsu C.S., et al. Effect of host and viral factors on hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients receiving pegylated interferon α-2a therapy. Antivir Ther 2011, 16:629-637.
67. Nguyen T., Desmond P., Locarnini S. The role of quantitative hepatitis B serology in the natural history and management of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int 2009, 3:S5-15.
68. Thompson A.J.V., Nguyen T., Iser D., Ayres A., Jackson K., Littlejohn M., et al. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen titers: disease phase influences correlation with viral load and intrahepatic hepatitis B virus markers. Hepatology 2010, 51:1933-1944.
69. Jaroszewicz J., Serrano B.C., Wursthorn K., Deterding K., Schlue J., Raupach R., et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infection: a European perspective. J Hepatol 2010, 52:514-522.
70. Su T.H., Hsu C.S., Chen C.L., Liu C.H., Huang Y.W., Tseng T.C., et al. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen concentration correlates with HBV DNA level in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Antivir Ther 2010, 15:1133-1139.
71. Tseng T.C., Liu C.J., Yang H.C., Su T.H., Wang C.C., Chen C.L., et al. Determinants of spontaneous surface antigen loss in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients with a low viral load. Hepatology 2012, 55:68-76.
72. Tseng T.C., Liu C.J., Yang H.C., Su T.H., Wang C.C., Chen C.L., et al. High levels of hepatitis B surface antigen increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with low HBV load. Gastroenterology 2012, 142:1140-1149.
73. Tseng T.C., Liu C.J., Yang H.C., Su T.H., Wang C.C., Chen C.L., et al. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels help predict disease progression in patients with low HBV loads. Hepatology 2013, 57:441-450.
74. Sonneveld M.J., Rijckborst V., Boucher C.A., Hansen B.E., Janssen H.L. Prediction of sustained response to peginterferon α-2b for hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B using on-treatment hepatitis B surface antigen decline. Hepatology 2010, 52:1251-1257.
75. Rijckborst V., Hansen B.E., Cakaloglu Y., Ferenci P., Tabak F., Akdogan M., et al. Early on-treatment prediction of response to peginterferon α-2a for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B using HBsAg and HBV DNA levels. Hepatology 2010, 52:454-461.
76. Fung J., Lai C.L., Young J., Wong D.K., Yuen J., Seto W.K., et al. Quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B after 2 years of entecavir treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2011, 106:1766-1773.
77. Lee J.M., Ahn S.H., Kim H.S., Park H., Chang H.Y., Kim do Y., et al. Quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen titers in prediction of treatment response to entecavir. Hepatology 2011, 53:1486-1493.
78. Lin C.L., Kao J.H. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotype: recent advances. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 26:123-130.
79. Hou J., Schilling R., Janssen H.L.A. Molecular characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotype A confer a higher response to interferon treatment. J Hepatol 2001, 34:15.
80. Wai C.T., Chu C.J., Hussain M., Lok A.S. HBV genotype B is associated with better response to interferon therapy in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis than genotype C. Hepatology 2002, 36:1425-1430.
81. Erhardt A., Blondin D., Hauck K., Sagir A., Kohnle T., Heintges T., et al. Response to interferon α is hepatitis B virus genotype dependent: genotype A is more sensitive to interferon than genotype D. Gut 2005, 54:1009-1013.
82. Buster E.H., Flink H.J., Cakaloglu Y., Simon K., Trojan J., Tabak F., et al. Sustained HBeAg and HBsAg loss after long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with peginterferon α-2b. Gastroenterology 2008, 135:459-467.
83. Sonneveld M.J., Rijckborst V., Cakaloglu Y., Simon K., Heathcote E.J., Tabak F., et al. Durable hepatitis B surface antigen decline in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients treated with pegylated interferon-α2b: relation to response and HBV genotype. Antivir Ther 2012, 17:9-17.
84. Marcellin P., Bonino F., Lau G.K., Farci P., Yurdaydin C., Piratvisuth T., et al. Sustained response of hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients 3 years after treatment with peginterferon α-2a. Gastroenterology 2009, 136:2169-2179.
85. Wiegand J., Hasenclever D., Tillmann H.L. Should treatment of hepatitis B depend on hepatitis B virus genotypes? A hypothesis generated from an explorative analysis of published evidence. Antivir Ther 2008, 13:211-220.
86. Buster E.H., Hansen B.E., Lau G.K., Piratvisuth T., Zeuzem S., Steyerberg E.W., et al. Factors that predict response of patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B to peginterferon-α. Gastroenterology 2009, 137:2002-2009.
87. Chien R.N., Yeh C.T., Tsai S.L., Chu C.M., Liaw Y.F. Determinants for sustained HBeAg response to lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 2003, 38:1267-1273.
88. Yuen M.F., Wong D.K., Sablon E., Yuan H.J., Sum S.M., Hui C.K., et al. Hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C do not affect the antiviral response to lamivudine. Antivir Ther 2003, 8:531-534.
89. Chan H.L., Wong M.L., Hui A.Y., Chim A.M., Tse A.M., Hung L.C., et al. Hepatitis B virus genotype has no impact on hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion after lamivudine treatment. World JGastroenterol 2003, 9:2695-2697.
90. Buti M., Cotrina M., Valdes A., Jardi R., Rodriguez-Frias F., Esteban R. Is hepatitis B virus subtype testing useful in predicting virological response and resistance to lamivudine?. JHepatol 2002, 36:445-446.
91. Westland C., Delaney W., Yang H., Chen S.S., Marcellin P., Hadziyannis S., et al. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and virologic response in 694 patients in phase III studies of adefovir dipivoxil. Gastroenterology 2003, 125:107-116.
92. Hou J., Yin Y.K., Xu D., Tan D., Niu J., Zhou X., et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B: results at 1 year of a randomized, double-blind trial. Hepatology 2008, 47:447-454.
93. Hsieh T.H., Tseng T.C., Liu C.J., Lai M.Y., Chen P.J., Hsieh H.L., et al. Hepatitis B virus genotype B has an earlier emergence of lamivudine resistance than genotype C. Antivir Ther 2009, 14:1157-1163.
94. Tseng T.C., Liu C.J., Kao J.H. Implications of hepatitis B virus genomic variations on treatment outcomes. Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med 2010, 8:280-288.
95. Tseng T.C., Liu C.J., Wang C.C., Chen P.J., Lai M.Y., Chen D.S., et al. Association of baseline viral factors with response to lamivudine therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients with high serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Antivir Ther 2009, 14:203-210.
96. Sonneveld M.J., Rijckborst V., Zeuzem S., Heathcote E.J., Simon K., Senturk H., et al. Presence of precore and core promoter mutants limits the probability of response to peginterferon in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2012, 56:67-75.
97. Yang H.C., Chen C.L., Shen Y.C., Peng C.Y., Liu C.J., Tseng T.C., et al. Distinct evolution and predictive value of hepatitis B virus precore and basal core promoter mutations in interferon-induced HBeAg seroconversion. Hepatology 2013, 57:934-943.
98. Yuen M.F., Fong D.Y., Wong D.K., Yuen J.C., Fung J., Lai C.L. Hepatitis B virus DNA levels at week 4 of lamivudine treatment predict the 5-year ideal response. Hepatology 2007, 46:1695-1703.
99. Shin J.W., Park N.H., Jung S.W., Park B.R., Kim C.J., Jeong I.D., et al. Clinical usefulness of sequential hepatitis B virus DNA measurement (the roadmap concept) during adefovir treatment in lamivudine-resistant patients. Antivir Ther 2009, 14:181-186.
100. Lu H., Geng da Y., Shen F., Zhang J.Y., Lu B., Ma L.X. Optimization of adefovir therapy in chronic hepatitis B according to baseline predictors and on-treatment HBV DNA: A 5-year prospective study. Virol J 2011, 8:444.
101. Lee J.M., Park J.Y., Kim do Y., Nguyen T., Hong S.P., Kim S.O., et al. Long-term adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy for up to 5 years in lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Antivir Ther 2010, 15:235-241.
102. Leung N., Peng C.Y., Hann H.W., Sollano J., Lao-Tan J., Hsu C.W., et al. Early hepatitis B virus DNA reduction in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized international study of entecavir versus adefovir. Hepatology 2009, 49:72-79.
103. Nguyen M.H., Keeffe E.B. Chronic hepatitis B: early viral suppression and long-term outcomes of therapy with oral nucleos(t)ides. J Viral Hepat 2009, 16:149-155.
104. Liaw Y.F., Jia J.D., Chan H.L., Han K.H., Tanwandee T., Chuang W.L., et al. Shorter durations and lower doses of peginterferon α-2a are associated with inferior hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates in hepatitis B virus genotypes B or C. Hepatology 2011, 54:1591-1599.
105. Brunetto M.R., Moriconi F., Bonino F., Lau G.K., Farci P., Yurdaydin C., et al. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen levels: a guide to sustained response to peginterferon α-2a in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009, 49:1141-1150.
106. Moucari R., Mackiewicz V., Lada O., Ripault M.P., Castelnau C., Martinot-Peignoux M., et al. Early serum HBsAg drop: a strong predictor of sustained virological response to pegylated interferon α-2a in HBeAg-negative patients. Hepatology 2009, 49:1151-1157.
107. Peng C.Y., Lai H.C., Li Y.F., Su W.P., Chuang P.H., Kao J.T. Early serum HBsAg level as a strong predictor of sustained response to peginterferon α-2a in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012, 35:458-468.
108. Marcellin P., Piratvisuth T., Brunetto M., Bonino F., Farci P., Yurdaydin C., et al. On-treatment decline in serum HBsAg levels predicts sustained immune control 1 year post-treatment and subsequent HBsAg clearance in HBeAg-negative hepatitis B virus-infected patients treated with peginterferon α-2a. Hepatol Int 2010, 4:151.
109. Moucari R., Lada O., Marcellin P. Chronic hepatitis B: back to the future with HBsAg. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009, 7:633-636.
110. Moucari R., Marcellin P. Quantification of hepatitis B surface antigen: a new concept for the management of chronic hepatitis B. Liver Int 2011, 31:122-128.
111. Reijnders J.G., Rijckborst V., Sonneveld M.J., Scherbeijn S.M., Boucher C.A., Hansen B.E., et al. Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen differ between treatment with peginterferon and entecavir. J Hepatol 2011, 54:449-454.
112. Sung J.J., Tsoi K.K., Wong V.W., Li K.C., Chan H.L. Meta-analysis: treatment of hepatitis B infection reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008, 28:1067-1077.