Both thyroid autoimmunity and increased serum TSH are independent risk factors for malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 313-320

  Boi, F ^a   Minerba, L ^a   Lai, M L ^a   Marziani, B ^a   Figus, B ^a   Spanu, F ^a   Borghero, A ^a   Mariotti, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Thyroid autoantibodies; Thyroid carcinoma; Thyroid cytology; Thyroid nodules; TSH

Indexed keywords

THYROGLOBULIN; THYROID ANTIBODY; THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODY; THYROTROPIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY; AUTOIMMUNITY; CHILD; COLOR ULTRASOUND FLOWMETRY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHOOL CHILD; THYROID CANCER; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROID NODULE; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AUTOIMMUNITY; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; ITALY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; THYROID GLAND; THYROID NEOPLASMS; THYROID NODULE; THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE; THYROTROPIN; UP-REGULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84879026494     PISSN: 03914097     EISSN: 17208386     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3275/8579     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Okayasu I, Fujiwara M, Hara Y, Tanaka Y, Rose NR. Association of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and thyroid papillary carcinoma. A study of surgical cases among Japanese, and white and African Americans. Cancer 1995, 76: 2312-8.
2. Singh B, Shaha AR, Trivedi H, Carew JF, Poluri A, Shah JP. Coexistent Hashimoto's thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma: impact on presentation, management, and outcome. Surgery 1999, 126: 1070-7.
3. Kebebew E, Treseler PA, Ituarte PH, Clark OH. Coexisting chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and papillary thyroid cancer revisited. World J Surg 2001, 25: 632-7. (Pubitemid 32441438)
4. Larson SD, Jackson LN, Riall TS, et al. Increased incidence of well-differentiated thyroid cancer associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis and the role of the PI3k/Akt pathway. J Am Coll Surg 2007, 204: 764-73. (Pubitemid 46661188)
5. Repplinger D, Bargren A, Zhang YW, Adler JT, Haymart M, Chen H. Is Hashimoto's thyroiditis a risk factor for papillary thyroid cancer? J Surg Res 2008, 150: 49-52.
6. Baker JR jr, Fosso CK. Immunological aspects of cancers arising from thyroid follicular cells. Endocr Rev 1993, 14: 729-46. (Pubitemid 24016659)
7. Matsubayashi S, Kawai K, Matsumoto Y, et al. The correlation between papillary thyroid carcinoma and lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80: 3421-4. (Pubitemid 3019478)
8. Juhasz F, Farid NR. Immune response to papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81: 4175-6. (Pubitemid 26380439)
9. Nikiforova MN, Caudill CM, Biddinger P, Nikiforov YE. Prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinomas. Int J Surg Pathol 2002, 10: 15-22. (Pubitemid 34245954)
10. Unger P, Ewart M, Wang BY, Gan L, Kohtz DS, Burstein DE. Expression of p63 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a pathobiologic link? Hum Pathol 2003, 34: 764-9. (Pubitemid 37040611)
11. Borrello MG, Alberti L, Fischer A, et al. Induction of a proinflammatory program in normal human thyrocytes by the RET/PTC1 oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102: 14825-30. (Pubitemid 41457140)
12. Puxeddu E, Knauf JA, Sartor MA, et al. RET/PTC-induced gene expression in thyroid PCCL3 cells reveals early activation of genes involved in regulation of the immune response. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005, 12: 319-34. (Pubitemid 40896450)
13. Rhoden KJ, Unger K, Salvatore G, et al. RET/papillary thyroid cancer rearrangement in nonneoplastic thyrocytes: follicular cells of Hashimoto's thyroiditis share low-level recombination events with a subset of papillary carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91: 2414-23. (Pubitemid 43855035)
14. Boi F, Lai ML, Marziani B, Minerba L, Faa G, Mariotti S. High prevalence of suspicious cytology in thyroid nodules associated with positive thyroid autoantibodies. Eur J Endocrinol 2005, 153: 637-42. (Pubitemid 41672409)
15. Boelaert K, Horacek J, Holder RL, Watkinson JC, Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA. Serum thyrotropin concentration as a novel predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodules investigated by fine-needle aspiration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91: 4295-301. (Pubitemid 44833401)
16. Fiore E, Rago T, Provenzale MA, et al. Lower levels of TSH are associated with a lower risk of papillary thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodular disease: thyroid autonomy may play a protective role. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009, 16: 1251-60.
17. Fiore E, Rago T, Provenzale MA, et al. L-thyroxine-treated patients with nodular goiter have lower serum TSH and lower frequency of papillary thyroid cancer: results of a cross-sectional study on 27,914 patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010, 17: 231-9.
18. Fiore E, Rago T, Latrofa F, et al. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma: role of TSH and of treatment with L-thyroxine. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011, 8: 429-37.
19. Fiore E, Rago T, Scutari M, et al. Papillary thyroid cancer, although strongly associated with lymphocytic infiltration on histology, is only weakly predicted by serum thyroid auto-antibodies in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. J Endocrinol Invest 2009, 32: 344-51.
20. Kim ES, Lim DJ, Baek KH, et al. Thyroglobulin antibody is associated with increased cancer risk in thyroid nodules. Thyroid 2010, 20: 885-91.
21. Azizi G, Malchoff CD. Autoimmune thyroid disease: a risk factor for thyroid cancer. Endocr Pract 2011, 17: 201-9.
22. Anil C, Goksel S, Gursoy A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is not associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules: a single-center prospective study. Thyroid 2010, 20: 601-6.
23. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006, 16: 109-42.
24. Baloch ZW, Sack MJ, Yu GH, Livolsi VA, Gupta PK. Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid: an institutional experience. Thyroid 1998, 8: 565-9. (Pubitemid 28354907)
25. Wartofsky L, Dickey RA. The evidence for a narrower thyrotropin reference range is compelling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90: 5483-8. (Pubitemid 41262320)
26. Rago T, Fiore E, Scutari M, et al. Male sex, single nodularity, and young age are associated with the risk of finding a papillary thyroid cancer on fine-needle aspiration cytology in a large series of patients with nodular thyroid disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2010, 162: 763-70.
27. Bottazzo GF, Cossu E, Cirillo R, et al. Sardinia: a battlefield approach to type I diabetes epidemiology. Sardinia-IDDM Study Groups. Horm Res 1997, 48 (Suppl 4): 64-6. (Pubitemid 27464739)
28. Loviselli A, Oppo A, Velluzzi F, et al. Independent expression of serological markers of thyroid autoimmunity and hepatitis virus C infection in the general population: results of a community-based study in north-western Sardinia. J Endocrinol Invest 1999, 22: 660-5. (Pubitemid 29509353)
29. Cucca F, Dudbridge F, Loddo M, et al. The HLA-DPB1-associated component of the IDDM1 and its relationship to the major loci HLA-DQB1, -DQA1, and -DRB1. Diabetes 2001, 50: 1200-5. (Pubitemid 32374554)
30. Marrosu MG, Motzo C, Murru R, et al. The co-inheritance of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis in Sardinia cannot be explained by genotype variation in the HLA region alone. Hum Mol Genet 2004, 13: 2919-24. (Pubitemid 39585224)
31. Allavena P, Garlanda C, Borrello MG, Sica A, Mantovani A. Pathways connecting inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008, 18: 3-10. (Pubitemid 351694444)
32. Guarino V, Castellone MD, Avilla E, Melillo RM. Thyroid cancer and inflammation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010, 321: 94-102.
33. Kang DY, Kim KH, Kim JM, et al. High prevalence of RET, RAS, and ERK expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in papillary thyroid carcinoma in the Korean population. Thyroid 2007, 17: 1031-8.
34. Boelaert K. The association between serum TSH concentration and thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009, 16: 1065-72.
35. Pujol P, Daures JP, Nsakala N, Baldet L, Bringer J, Jaffiol C. Degree of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81: 4318-23. (Pubitemid 26412036)
36. Kumarasinghe MP, De Silva S. Pitfalls in cytological diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis. Pathology 1999, 31: 1-7. (Pubitemid 29116427)
37. MacDonald L, Yazdi HM. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Sources of diagnostic error. Acta Cytol 1999, 43: 400-6. (Pubitemid 29239304)
38. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid 2009, 19: 1159-65.
39. Lewis CM, Chang KP, Pitman M, Faquin WC, Randolph GW. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: variability in reporting. Thyroid 2009, 19: 717-23.
40. Rago T, Di Coscio G, Ugolini C, et al. Clinical features of thyroid autoimmunity are associated with thyroiditis on histology and are not predictive of malignancy in 570 patients with indeterminate nodules on cytology who had a thyroidectomy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007, 67: 363-9. (Pubitemid 47283831)