Contraception

Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 873-892

  Schreiber, Courtney A ^a   Barnhart, Kurt ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b Women's Health Research Institute   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879023973     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-4907-4.00034-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Frost J.J., Singh S, Finer LB Factors associated with contraceptive use and nonuse, United States, 2004. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2007, 39:90-99.
2. Mosher W.D., Martinez G.M., Chandra A., et al. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982-2002. Adv Data 2004, 350:1-36.
3. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families 1995, 50-90. National Academy Press, Washington. S. Brown, L. Eisenberg (Eds.).
4. Trussell J., Hatcher R.A., Cates W., et al. Contraceptive failure in the United States: an update. Stud Fam Plann 1990, 21:51-54.
5. Schreiber C.A., Meyn L.A., Creinin M.D., et al. Effects of long-term use of nonoxynol-9 on vaginal flora. Obstet Gynecol 2006, 107:136-143.
6. Elias C.J., Leonard A. Family planning and sexually transmitted diseases: the need to enhance contraceptive choice. Curr Issues Public Health 1995, 1:191-197.
7. Abma JC, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Dawson BS Teenagers in the United States: sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing, 2002. Vital Health Stat 2004, 23(24):1-48.
8. Farr G., Gabelnick H., Sturgen K., Dorflinger L. Contraceptive efficacy and acceptability of the female condom. Am J Public Health 1994, 84:1960-1964.
9. Trussell J., Sturgen K., Strickler J., Dominik R. Comparative contraceptive efficacy of the female condom and other barrier methods. Fam Plann Perspect 1994, 26:66-72.
10. Archer D.F., Jensen J.T., Johnson J.V., et al. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: phase 3 study results. Contraception 2006, 74:439-445.
11. [No authors listed]. Lybrel-a continuous oral contraceptive. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2007, 49:61-62.
12. Anderson F.D., Hait H. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception 2003, 68:89-96.
13. Anderson F.D. Safety and efficacy of an extended-regimen oral contraception utilizing low-dose ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2006, 74:355.
14. Willis S.A., Kuehl T.J., Spiekerman A.M., Sulak P.J. Greater inhibition of the pituitary-ovarian axis in oral contraceptive regimens with a shortened hormone-free interval. Contraception 2006, 74:100-103.
15. Birtch R.L., Olatunbosun O.A., Pierson R.A. Ovarian follicular dynamics during conventional vs. continuous oral contraceptive use. Contraception 2006, 73:235-243.
16. Schlaff W.D., Lynch A.M., Hughes H.D., et al. Manipulation of the pill-free interval in oral contraceptive pill users: the effect on follicular suppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 190:943-951.
17. Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT, et al. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev3:CD004695 2005.
18. Srinivas S.K., Stamilio D.M., Stevens E.J., et al. Predicting failure of a vaginal birth attempt after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2007, 109:800-805.
19. Legro R.S., Pauli J.G., Kunselman A.R., et al. Effects of continuous versus cyclical oral contraception: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:420-429.
20. Anderson F.D., Gibbons W., Portman D. Long-term safety of an extended-cycle oral contraceptive (Seasonale): a 2-year multicenter open-label extension trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 195:92-96.
21. Gerstman B.B., Piper J.M., Tomita D.K., et al. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am J Epidemiol 1991, 133:32-37.
22. Heinemann L.A., Dinger J.C. Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women. Contraception 2007, 75:328-336.
23. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international multicentre case-control study. Lancet 1995, 346:1575-1582.
24. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception Effect of different progestagens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease. Lancet 1995, 346:1582-1588.
25. Lidegaard O., Edstrom B., Kreiner S. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a five-year national case-control study. Contraception 2002, 65:187-196.
26. Kemmeren J.M., Algra A., Grobbee D.E. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001, 323:131-134.
27. Heinemann L.A., Dinger J. Safety of a new oral contraceptive containing drospirenone. Drug Saf 2004, 27:1001-1018.
28. Rosenberg L., Palmer J.R., Rao R.S., Shapiro S. Low-dose oral contraceptive use and the risk of myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1065-1070.
29. Sidney S., Petitti D.B., Quesenberry C.P., et al. Myocardial infarction in users of low-dose oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1996, 88:939-944.
30. [No authors listed]. Further analyses of mortality in oral contraceptive users. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1981, 1:541-546.
31. Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C., Colditz G.A., et al. A prospective study of past use of oral contraceptive agents and risk of cardiovascular diseases. N Engl J Med 1988, 319:1313-1317.
32. Notelovitz M., Levenson I., McKenzie L., et al. The effects of low-dose oral contraceptives on coagulation and fibrinolysis in two high-risk populations: young female smokers and older premenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985, 152:995-1000.
33. Sidney S., Siscovick D.S., Petitti D.B., et al. Myocardial infarction and use of low-dose oral contraceptives: a pooled analysis of 2 US studies. Circulation 1998, 98:1058-1063.
34. Helmerhorst F.M., Rosendaal F.R., Vandenbroucke J.P. Venous thromboembolism and the pill. The WHO technical report on cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception: state-of-the-art. World Health Organization. Hum Reprod 1998, 13:2981-2983.
35. Chan W.S., Ray J., Wai E.K., et al. Risk of stroke in women exposed to low-dose oral contraceptives: a critical evaluation of the evidence. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:741-747.
36. Siritho S., Thrift A.G., McNeil J.J., et al. Risk of ischemic stroke among users of the oral contraceptive pill: The Melbourne Risk Factor Study (MERFS) Group. Stroke 2003, 34:1575-1580.
37. Duke J.M., Sibbritt D.W., Young A.F. Is there an association between the use of oral contraception and depressive symptoms in young Australian women?. Contraception 2007, 75:27-31.
38. Kulkarni J. Depression as a side effect of the contraceptive pill. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007, 6:371-374.
39. Meade T.W. Oral contraceptives, clotting factors, and thrombosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982, 142:758-761.
40. Wilson E.S., Cruickshank J., McMaster M., Weir R.J. A prospective controlled study of the effect on blood pressure of contraceptive preparations containing different types and dosages of progestogen. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984, 91:1254-1260.
41. Vessey M., Painter R. Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study, 1968-2004. Br J Cancer 2006, 95:385-389.
42. Hankinson S.E., Colditz G.A., Hunter D.J., et al. A quantitative assessment of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1992, 80:708-714.
43. Westhoff C., Britton J.A., Gammon M.D., et al. Oral contraceptive and benign ovarian tumors. Am J Epidemiol 2000, 152:242-246.
44. Voigt L.F., Deng Q., Weiss N.S. Recency, duration, and progestin content of oral contraceptives in relation to the incidence of endometrial cancer (Washington, USA). Cancer Causes Control 1994, 5:227-233.
45. Smith J.S., Green J., Berrington de Gonzalez A., et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet 2003, 361:1159-1167.
46. de Villiers E.M. Relationship between steroid hormone contraceptives and HPV, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2003, 103:705-708.
47. Moreno V., Bosch F.X., Munoz N., et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet 2002, 359:1085-1092.
48. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996, 347:1713-1727.
49. Silvera S.A., Miller A.B., Rohan T.E. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16:1059-1063.
50. Milne R.L., Knight J.A., John E.M., et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of early-onset breast cancer in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14:350-356.
51. Abrams L.S., Skee D.M., Natarajan J., et al. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of a contraceptive patch in healthy women participants. Contraception 2001, 64:287-294.
52. Abrams L.S., Skee D., Natarajan J., Wong F.A. Pharmacokinetic overview of Ortho Evra/Evra. Fertil Steril 2002, 77:S3-12.
53. Zieman M., Guillebaud J., Weisberg E., et al. Contraceptive efficacy and cycle control with the Ortho Evra/Evra transdermal system: the analysis of pooled data. Fertil Steril 2002, 77:S13-18.
54. Audet M.C., Moreau M., Koltun W.D., et al. Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs. an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001, 285:2347-2354.
55. Zacur H.A., Hedon B., Mansour D., et al. Integrated summary of Ortho Evra/Evra contraceptive patch adhesion in varied climates and conditions. Fertil Steril 2002, 77:S32-S35.
56. Abrams L.S., Skee D.M., Natarajan J., et al. Pharmacokinetics of norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol delivered by a contraceptive patch (Ortho Evra/Evra) under conditions of heat, humidity, and exercise. J Clin Pharmacol 2001, 41:1301-1309.
57. Jick S.S., Kaye J.A., Russmann S., Jick H. Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using a contraceptive transdermal patch and oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2006, 73:223-238.
58. Cole J.A., Norman H., Doherty M., Walker A.M. Venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke among transdermal contraceptive system users. Obstet Gynecol 2007, 109:339-346.
59. Stewart F.H., Kaunitz A.M., Laguardia K.D., et al. Extended use of transdermal norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005, 105:1389-1396.
60. Roumen F.J. The contraceptive vaginal ring compared with the combined oral contraceptive pill: a comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception 2007, 75:420-429.
61. Gray R.H., Parker R.A., Diethelm P. Vaginal bleeding disturbances associated with the discontinuation of long-acting injectable contraceptives. From the World Health Organization Special Programme for Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction; Task Force on Long-acting Systemic Agents for the Regulation of Fertility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981, 88:317-321.
62. Mishell D.R., Kharma K.M., Thorneycroft I.H., Nakamura R.M. Estrogenic activity in women receiving an injectable progestogen for contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972, 113:372-376.
63. Siriwongse T., Snidvongs W., Tantayaporn P., Leepipatpaiboon S. Effect of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate on serum progesterone levels when administered on various cycle days. Contraception 1982, 26:487-493.
64. Ortiz A., Hirol M., Stanczyk F.Z., et al. Serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) concentrations and ovarian function following intramuscular injection of depo-MPA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977, 44:32-38.
65. Fotherby K., Koetsawang S., Mathrubutham M. Pharmacokinetic study of different doses of Depo Provera. Contraception 1980, 22:527-536.
66. Kirton K.T., Cornette J.C. Return of ovulatory cyclicity following an intramuscular injection of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera). Contraception 1974, 10:39-45.
67. Moore L.L., Valuck R., McDougall C., Fink W. A comparative study of one-year weight gain among users of medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel implants, and oral contraceptives. Contraception 1995, 52:215-219.
68. Westhoff C. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. Metabolic parameters and mood changes. J Reprod Med 1996, 41:401-406.
69. [No authors listed]. Multinational comparative clinical evaluation of two long-acting injectable contraceptive steroids: noresthisterone oenanthate and medroxyprogesterone acetate. 2. Bleeding patterns and side effects. Contraception 1978, 17:395-406.
70. Beksinska M.E., Smit J.A., Kleinschmidt I., et al. Bone mineral density in women aged 40-49 years using depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate or combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Contraception 2005, 71:170-175.
71. Clark M.K., Sowers M., Levy B., Nichols S. Bone mineral density loss and recovery during 48 months in first-time users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2006, 86:1466-1474.
72. Scholes D., Lacroix A.Z., Ott S.M., et al. Bone mineral density in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Obstet Gynecol 1999, 93:233-238.
73. Clark M.K., Sowers M.R., Nichols S., Levy B. Bone mineral density changes over two years in first-time users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2004, 82:1580-1586.
74. Rosenberg L., Zhang Y., Constant D., et al. Bone status after cessation of use of injectable progestin contraceptives. Contraception 2007, 76:425-431.
75. Kaunitz A.M., Miller P.D., Rice V.M., et al. Bone mineral density in women aged 25-35 years receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate: recovery following discontinuation. Contraception 2006, 74:90-99.
76. Kaunitz A.M., Garceau R.J., Cromie M.A. Comparative safety, efficacy, and cycle control of Lunelle monthly contraceptive injection (medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension) and Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 oral contraceptive (norethindrone/ethinyl estradiol triphasic). Lunelle Study Group. Contraception 1999, 60:179-187.
77. Hall P.E. The introduction of Cyclofem into national family planning programmes: experience from studies in Indonesia, Jamaica, Mexico, Thailand and Tunisia. Task Force on Research on Introduction and Transfer of Technologies for Fertility Regulation, Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Contraception 1994, 49. 489-507.
78. Zheng S.R., Zheng H.M., Qian S.Z., et al. A randomized multicenter study comparing the efficacy and bleeding pattern of a single-rod (Implanon) and a six-capsule (Norplant) hormonal contraceptive implant. Contraception 1999, 60:1-8.
79. Zheng S.R., Zheng H.M., Qian S.Z., et al. A long-term study of the efficacy and acceptability of a single-rod hormonal contraceptive implant (Implanon) in healthy women in China. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 1999, 4:85-93.
80. Affandi B. An integrated analysis of vaginal bleeding patterns in clinical trials of Implanon. Contraception 1998, 58:99S-107S.
81. Croxatto H.B., Makarainen L. The pharmacodynamics and efficacy of Implanon. An overview of the data. Contraception 1998, 58:91S-97S.
82. Trussell J., Ellertson C., Stewart F. The effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Fam Plann Perspect 1996, 28(58):64-87.
83. Ho P.C., Kwan M.S. A prospective randomized comparison of levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen in post-coital contraception. Hum Reprod 1993, 8:389-392.
84. von Hertzen H., Piaggio G., Van Look P.F. Emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation 1939, 1998.
85. Guillebaud J. Time for emergency contraception with levonorgestrel alone. Lancet 1998, 352:416-417.
86. Arowojolu A.O., Okewole I.A., Adekunle A.O. Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in Nigerians. Contraception 2002, 66:269-273.
87. Ngai S.W., Fan S., Li S., et al. A randomized trial to compare 24 h versus 12 h double dose regimen of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod 2005, 20:307-311.
88. Ellertson C., Evans M., Ferden S., et al. Extending the time limit for starting the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception to 120 hours. Obstet Gynecol 2003, 101:1168-1171.
89. Gold M.A., Wolford J.E., Smith K.A., Parker A.M. The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women's sexual and contraceptive behaviors. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2004, 17:87-96.
90. Young D.C., Wiehle R.D., Joshi S.G. Poindexter AN 3rd. Emergency contraception alters progesterone-associated endometrial protein in serum and uterine luminal fluid. Obstet Gynecol 1994, 84:266-271.
91. Ling W.Y., Wrixon W., Zayid I., et al. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. II. Effect of postovulatory administration on ovarian function and endometrium. Fertil Steril 1983, 39:292-297.
92. Ortiz M.E., Ortiz R.E., Fuentes M.A., et al. Post-coital administration of levonorgestrel does not interfere with post-fertilization events in the new-world monkey Cebus apella. Hum Reprod 2004, 19:1352-1356.
93. Muller A.L., Llados C.M., Croxatto H.B. Postcoital treatment with levonorgestrel does not disrupt postfertilization events in the rat. Contraception 2003, 67:415-419.
94. Zhou L., Xiao B. Emergency contraception with Multiload Cu-375 SL IUD: a multicenter clinical trial. Contraception 2001, 64:107-112.
95. D'Souza R.E., Masters T., Bounds W., Guillebaud J. Randomised controlled trial assessing the acceptability of GyneFix versus Gyne-T380S for emergency contraception. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2003, 29:23-29.
96. [No authors listed]. Long-term reversible contraception. Twelve years of experience with the TCu380A and TCu220C. Contraception 1997, 56:341-352.
97. Mishell D.R. Pharmacokinetics of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. J Reprod Med 1996, 41:381-390.
98. Luukkainen T., Allonen H., Haukkamaa M., et al. Effective contraception with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device: 12-month report of a European multicenter study. Contraception 1987, 36:169-179.
99. Andersson K., Odlind V., Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) IUDs during five years of use: a randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994, 49:56-72.
100. Milsom I., Andersson K., Jonasson K., et al. The influence of the Gyne-T 380S IUD on menstrual blood loss and iron status. Contraception 1995, 52:175-179.
101. Andersson J.K., Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of menorrhagia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990, 97:690-694.
102. Farley T.M., Rosenberg M.J., Rowe P.J., et al. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet 1992, 339:785-788.
103. Vessey M.P., Johnson B., Doll R., Peto R. Outcome of pregnancy in women using an intrauterine device. Lancet 1974, 1(7856):495-498.
104. Shalev E., Edelstein S., Engelhard J., et al. Ultrasonically controlled retrieval of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) in early pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound 1987, 15:525-529.
105. Stubblefield P.G. Fuller AF Jr, Foster SC. Ultrasound-guided intrauterine removal of intrauterine contraceptive devices in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1988, 72:961-964.
106. Persson E., Holmberg K., Dahlgren S., Nilsson L. Actinomyces israelii in the genital tract of women with and without intra-uterine contraceptive devices. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1983, 62:563-568.
107. Lassise D.L., Savitz D.A., Hamman R.F., et al. Invasive cervical cancer and intrauterine device use. Int J Epidemiol 1991, 20:865-870.
108. Castellsague X., Thompson W.D., Dubrow R. Intra-uterine contraception and the risk of endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer 1993, 54:911-916.
109. Jensen J.T., Speroff L. Health benefits of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2000, 27:705-721.
110. Schlesselman J.J. Net effect of oral contraceptive use on the risk of cancer in women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 1995, 85:793-801.
111. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Combination oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancer. JAMA 1987, 257:796-800.
112. Hannaford P.C., Kay C.R. The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. Br J Gen Pract 1998, 48:1657-1662.
113. Beral V., Hermon C., Kay C., Hannaford P., et al. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46,000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. BMJ 1999, 318:96-100.
114. Ness R.B., Grisso J.A., Klapper J., et al. Risk of ovarian cancer in relation to estrogen and progestin dose and use characteristics of oral contraceptives. SHARE Study Group. Steroid Hormones and Reproductions. Am J Epidemiol 2000, 152:233-241.
115. Mishell D.R. Noncontraceptive health benefits of oral steroidal contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982, 142:809-816.
116. Vessey M., Painter R., Yeates D. Mortality in relation to oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking. Lancet 2003, 362:185-191.
117. Brunner Huber L.R., Toth J.L. Obesity and oral contraceptive failure: findings from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Am J Epidemiol 2007, 166:1306-1311.
118. Abdollahi M., Cushman M., Rosendaal F.R. Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use. Thromb Haemost 2003, 89:493-498.
119. Seaman H.E., de Vries C.S., Farmer R.D. The risk of venous thromboembolism in women prescribed cyproterone acetate in combination with ethinyl estradiol: a nested cohort analysis and case-control study. Hum Reprod 2003, 18:522-526.
120. Baillargeon J.P., McClish D.K., Essah P.A., Nestler J.E. Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:3863-3870.
121. Khader Y.S., Rice J., John L., Abueita O. Oral contraceptives use and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Contraception 2003, 68:11-17.
122. van Vlijmen E.F., Brouwer J.L., Veeger N.J., et al. Oral contraceptives and the absolute risk of venous thromboembolism in women with single or multiple thrombophilic defects: results from a retrospective family cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:282-289.
123. Mohllajee A.P., Curtis K.M., Martins S.L., Peterson H.B. Does use of hormonal contraceptives among women with thrombogenic mutations increase their risk of venous thromboembolism? A systematic review. Contraception 2006, 73:166-178.
124. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996, 347:1713-1727.
125. Frost JJ, Singh S, Finer LB Factors associated with contraceptive use and nonuse, United States, 2004. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2007, 39:90-99.
126. Gray R.H., Parker R.A., Diethelm P. Vaginal bleeding disturbances associated with the discontinuation of long-acting injectable contraceptives. From the World Health Organization Special Programme for Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction; Task Force on Long-acting Systemic Agents for the Regulation of Fertility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981, 88:317-321.
127. Hannaford P.C., Kay C.R. The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. Br J Gen Pract 1998, 48:1657-1662.
128. Jensen J.T., Speroff L. Health benefits of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2000, 27:705-721.
129. Rosenberg L., Zhang Y., Constant D., et al. Bone status after cessation of use of injectable progestin contraceptives. Contraception 2007, 76:425-431.
130. Schlaff W.D., Lynch A.M., Hughes H.D., et al. Manipulation of the pill-free interval in oral contraceptive pill users: the effect on follicular suppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 190:943-951.
131. Schlesselman J.J. Net effect of oral contraceptive use on the risk of cancer in women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 1995, 85:793-801.
132. von Hertzen H., Piaggio G., Van Look P.F. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen. Lancet 1939, 352:1998.
133. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception Effect of different progestagens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease. Lancet 1995, 346:1582-1588.