A review of self-testing for HIV: Research and policy priorities in a new era of HIV prevention

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 126-138

  Mavedzenge, Sue Napierala ^a   Baggaley, Rachel ^b   Corbett, Elizabeth L ^c  

^a RTI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

^b WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

HIV prevention; HIV screening; HIV self testing; literature review; policy

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; COUNSELING; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HIV TEST; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SELF EVALUATION;

HIV PREVENTION; HIV SCREENING; HIV SELF-TESTING; LITERATURE REVIEW; POLICY;

CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES; HEALTH POLICY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; SELF ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 84878881107     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit156     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. Progress report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2011.
2. When to Start Consortium, Sterne JA, May M, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies. Lancet 2009; 373: 1352-63.
3. Fox MP, Rosen S. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs up to three years on treatment in sub-Saharan Africa, 2007-2009: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15(suppl 1):1-15.
4. World Health Organization. Delivering HIV test results and messages for re-testing and counselling in adults. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2010. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/978924 1599115-eng.pdf. Accessed 14 September 2011.
5. US Food and Drug Administration. Testing for HIV. Available at: http://wwwfdagov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/SafetyAvailability/HIVHome TestKits/ucm126460htm. Accessed 16 November 2011.
6. Corbett EL. Health worker access to HIV/TB prevention, treatment and care services in Africa: situational analysis and mapping of routine and current best practices. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; WHO/HIV Department; WHO/TB Department; Global Health Workforce Alliance, 2007.
7. Campbell S, Klein R. Home testing to detect human immunodeficiency virus: boon or bane? J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3473-6. (Pubitemid 46768772)
8. Blood Products Advisory Committee (BPAC) 2005 meeting dockets. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber05.html#Blood Products. Accessed 27 July 2009.
9. Spielberg F, Levine RO, Weaver M. Home self-testing for HIV: directions for action research in developing countries. Seattle, WA: The Synergy Project, 2003.
10. Spielberg F, Levine RO, Weaver M. Self-testing for HIV: a new option for HIV prevention? Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4:640-6. (Pubitemid 39296839)
11. Wright AA, Katz IT. Home testing for HIV. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:437-40. (Pubitemid 43200292)
12. Frith L. HIV self-testing: a time to revise current policy. Lancet 2007; 369:243-5. (Pubitemid 46127522)
13. Beyrer C, Sullivan PS, Sanchez J, et al. A call to action for comprehensive HIV services for men who have sex with men. Lancet 2012; 380:424-38.
14. Pant Pai N, Balram B, Shivkumar S, et al. Head-to-head comparison of accuracy of a rapid point-of-care HIV test with oral versus whole-blood specimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12:373-80.
15. Rosen S, Fox MP, Gill CJ. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e298.
16. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS,World Health Organization. UNAIDS/WHO policy statement on HIV testing. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS, 2004. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/en/hivtestingpolicy04.pdf. Accessed 27 July 2009.
17. De Cock KM, Mbori-Ngacha D, Marum E. Shadow on the continent: public health and HIV/AIDS in Africa in the 21st century. Lancet 2002; 360:67-72. (Pubitemid 34756497)
18. Baggaley R, Hensen B, Ajose W, et al. From caution to urgency: the evolving response to HIV testing and counselling in Africa. Bull World Health Organ 2012; 90:652-8B.
19. Gilks CF, Crowley S, Ekpini R, et al. The WHO public-health approach to antiretroviral treatment against HIV in resource-limited settings. Lancet 2006; 368:505-10. (Pubitemid 44142772)
20. Hensen B, Baggaley R, Wong VJ, et al. Universal voluntary HIV testing in antenatal care settings: a review of the contribution of provider-initiated testing & counselling. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:59-70.
21. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). UNAIDS technical update. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS, 2000.
22. World Health Organization. Service delivery approaches to HIV testing and counselling (HTC): a strategic policy framework. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2012. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/htc-framework/en/index.html. Accessed 4 February 2013.
23. Branson B, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55 (RR14):1-17.
24. US Food and Drug Administration. Testing yourself for HIV-1: questions and answers. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvac cines/safetyavailability/hivhometestkits/ucm126460.htm. Accessed 30 November 2011.
25. McNeil DG. Rapid H.I.V. home test wins federal approval. New York Times, 3 July 2012. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/04/health/oraquick-at- home-hiv-test-wins-fda-approval.html. Accessed 9 July 2012.
26. MiraTes Europe BV. HIV Home testing, the key to reaching high risk groups. Available at: http://www.aidsactioneurope.org/clearinghouse/search/hiv- home-testing. Accessed 14 September 2011.
27. National AIDS and STD Control Programme. Guidelines for HIV testing and counselling in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, 2008.
28. National AIDS Trust. Home testing for HIV: a position paper by NAT on home sampling and self-testing for HIV in the UK. Available at: http://www.nat.org.uk/Information-and-Resources/NAT-publications. aspx#Prevention and Testing. Accessed 14 September 2011.
29. Torjesen I. Licensed home tests will be introduced to reduce undiagnosed HIV. BMJ 2011; 343:d7943.
30. Home HIV testing: why not in Canada? CMAJ 2000; 162:1545.
31. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society, Treatment Action Campaign, SECTION27, et al. How we can improve HIV testing and counselling. Society News 2012. Available at: http://www.sahivsoc.org/newsroom/society-news. Accessed 21 May 2012.
32. Herbst JH, Glassman M, Carey JW, et al. Operational research to improve HIV prevention in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 59:530-6.
33. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 2012 annual letter from Bill Gates. Available at: http://www.gatesfoundation.org/annual-letter/2012/Pages/home-en. aspx. Accessed 26 January 2012.
34. Van Loon S, Koevoets W. Annual report checkpoint 2007. Available at: http://hivnet.org/downloads/pdf/annual-report-checkpoint-20071.pdf. Accessed 14 September 2011.
35. Bui K, Spielberg F. Computer-assisted counseling and rapid HIV testing in chemical dependency treatment settings. J Investig Med 2007; 55: S145-6.
36. Gaydos C, Hsieh Y, Bura A, et al. Can we ever expect to have individuals perform their own HIV rapid tests?. In: 47th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Philadelphia, PA. Abstract 180. Arlington, VA: IDSA, 2009.
37. Kalibala S, Tun W, Muraah W, Cherutich P, Oweya E, Oluoch P. "Knowing myself first": feasibility of self-testing among health workers in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Population Council, 2011.
38. Lee VJ, Tan SC, Earnest A, Seong PS, Tan HH, Leo YS. User acceptability and feasibility of self-testing with HIV rapid tests. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:449-53. (Pubitemid 47057673)
39. National AIDS and STD Control Programme. Preparedness for HIV/AIDS service delivery: the 2005 Kenya health workers survey. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Ministry of Health, 2006. Available at: http://popcouncil. org/pdfs/horizons/ KenyaHealthWorkerSurvey.pdf. Accessed 14 September 2011.
40. Phillips KA, Chen JL. Willingness to use instant home HIV tests: data from the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. Am J Prev Med 2003; 24:340-8. (Pubitemid 36506692)
41. Phillips KA, Johnson FR, Maddala T. Measuring what people value: a comparison of "attitude" and "preference" surveys. Health Serv Res 2002; 37:1659-79. (Pubitemid 36070259)
42. Phillips KA, Maddala T, Johnson FR. Measuring preferences for health care interventions using conjoint analysis: an application to HIV testing. Health Serv Res 2002; 37:1681-705. (Pubitemid 36070260)
43. Pop! Tech. Project masiluleke: a breakthrough initiative to combat HIV/AIDS utilizing mobile technology & HIV self-testing in South Africa. Available at: http://poptech.org/system/uploaded-files/27/origi nal/Project-Masiluleke-Brief.pdf. Accessed 14 November 2011.
44. Skolnik HS, Phillips KA, Binson D, Dilley JW. Deciding where and how to be tested for HIV: what matters most? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 27:292-300. (Pubitemid 32661973)
45. Spielberg F, Branson BM, Goldbaum GM, et al. Overcoming barriers to HIV testing: preferences for new strategies among clients of a needle exchange, a sexually transmitted disease clinic, and sex venues for men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 32:318-27. (Pubitemid 36331705)
46. Spielberg F, Camp S, Ramachandra E. HIV home self-testing: can it work?. In: National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, GA. Abstract 1007. Atlanta, GA: CDC, 2003.
47. Spielberg F; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Acceptability of selftesting for STIs in India. Abstract. 2010.
48. Kruse GR, Chapula BT, Ikeda S, et al. Burnout and use of HIV services among health care workers in Lusaka District, Zambia: a cross-sectional study. Hum Resour Health 2009; 7:55.
49. Kalibala S, Tun W, Muraah W. Feasibility and acceptability of HIV self testing among health care workers: results of a pilot programme in two hospitals in Kenya. In: 18th International AIDS Conference, Vienna, Austria. Abstract WEPDC205. Geneva, Switzerland: International AIDS Society, 2010.
50. Chavula K, Desmond N, Choko A, et al. Convenient, voluntary, and confidential: can supervised self-testing contribute to available bestpractice models of HIV testing and counselling in Malawi? In: National AIDS Commission Research and Dissemination Conference, Lilongwe, Malawi, 2010. Abstract A9.
51. Namakhoma I, Bongololo G, Bello G, et al. Negotiating multiple barriers: health workers' access to counselling, testing and treatment in Malawi. AIDS Care 2010; 22(suppl 1):68-76.
52. Choko AT, Desmond N, Webb EL, et al. The uptake and accuracy of oral kits for HIV self-testing in high HIV prevalence setting: a crosssectional feasibility study in Blantyre, Malawi. PLoS Med 2011; 8: e1001102.
53. Carballo-Dieguez A, Frasca T, Dolezal C, Balan I. Will gay and bisexually active men at high risk of infection use over-the-counter rapid HIV tests to screen sexual partners? J Sex Res 2012; 49:379-87.
54. Estcourt C, Saunders J, Mercer C, Sutcliffe L, Hart G. Exploring the acceptability of medical, educational and sport settings for STI screening: stratified random probability survey of young men in the UK. Sex Transm Infect 2011; 87(suppl 1):A342.
55. Gaydos CA, Hsieh Y, Harvey L, et al. Will patients "opt in" to perform their own rapid HIV test in the emergency department? Ann Emerg Med 2011; 58:S74-8.
56. Greacen T, Friboulet D, Fugon L, Hefez S, Lorente N, Spire B. Access to and use of unauthorised online HIV self-tests by Internet-using French-speaking men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88:367-74.
57. Grispen JEJ, Ronda G, Dinant GJ, Vries NKd, Weijden Tvd. To test or not to test: a cross-sectional survey of the psychosocial determinants of self-testing for cholesterol, glucose, and HIV. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:112.
58. Ickenroth MH, Ronda G, Grispen JEJ, Dinant GJ, de Vries NK, van der Weijden T. How do people respond to self-test results? A crosssectional survey. BMC Fam Pract 2010; 11:77.
59. Katz DA, Golden MR, Hughes JP, Farquhar C, Steckler JD. Acceptibility and ease of use of home self-testing for HIV among MSM. In: 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, WA. Paper 1131. CROI, 2012.
60. Saunders JM, Mercer CH, Sutcliffe LJ, Hart GJ, Cassell J, Estcourt CS. Where do young men want to access STI screening? A stratified random probability sample survey of young men in Great Britain. Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88:427-32.
61. Sharma A, Sullivan PS, Khosropour CM. Willingness to take a free home HIV test and associated factors among internet-using men who have sex with men. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 2011; 10:357-64.
62. Ronda G, Portegijs P, Dinant GJ, Buntinx F, Norg R, van der Weijden T. Use of diagnostic self-tests on body materials among Internet users in the Netherlands: prevalence and correlates of use. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:100.
63. MacPherson P, Webb EL, Choko AT, et al. Stigmatising attitudes among people offered home-based HIV testing and counselling in Blantyre, Malawi: construction and analysis of a stigma scale. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26814.
64. Napierala Mavedzenge S, Baggaley R, Lo YR, Corbett E. HIV selftesting among health workers: a review of the literature and discussion of current practices, issues and options for increasing access to HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/9789241501033/en/index.html. Accessed 14 September 2011.
65. Becker S, Gray R. Source of new infections in generalised HIV epidemics. Lancet 2008; 372:1299-300.
66. Cohen MS, Gay CL, Busch MP, Hecht FM. The detection of acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 202 (Suppl 2):S270-7. Epub 2010/09/25.
67. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2010 report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS, 2010.
68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV and AIDS among gay and bisexual men. CDC fact sheet. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/ docs/2012/CDC-MSM-0612-508.pdf. Accessed 4 February 2013.
69. Brooks RA, Etzel MA, Hinojos E, Henry CL, Perez M. Preventing HIV among Latino and African American gay and bisexual men in a context of HIV-related stigma, discrimination, and homophobia: perspectives of providers. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:737-44. (Pubitemid 41705170)
70. Gold RS, Karantzas G. Thought processes associated with reluctance in gay men to be tested for HIV. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:775-9.
71. Montaner JS, Hogg R, Wood E, et al. The case for expanding access to highly active antiretroviral therapy to curb the growth of the HIV epidemic. Lancet 2006; 368:531-6. (Pubitemid 44142776)
72. Granich RM, Gilks CF, Dye C, De Cock KM, Williams BG. Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model. Lancet 2009; 373:48-57.
73. World Health Organization. Guidance on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for serodiscordant couples, men and transgender women who have sex with men at high risk of HIV. Recommendations for use in the context of demonstration projects. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2012.
74. Obermeyer CM, Osborn M. The utilization of testing and counseling for HIV: a review of the social and behavioral evidence. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:1762-74. (Pubitemid 351182283)