Panel I: Epidemiology, natural history, and risk factors

Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (United States)

Volumn 148, Issue 4 SUPPL., 2013, Pages

  Hoffman, Howard J ^a   Daly, Kathleen A ^b   Bainbridge, Kathleen E ^a   Casselbrant, Margaretha L ^c   Home, Preben ^d   Kvestad, Ellen ^e   Kvaerner, Kari Jorunn ^f   Vernacchio, Louis ^g  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DEAFNESS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION DISORDERS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^e NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^f UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^g BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Case control study; Cohort study; Disease burden; Epidemiology; Hazard ratio; Incidence; Logistic regression; Metaanalysis; Natural history; Odds ratio; Otitis media; Population based study; Prevalence; Quality of life; Randomized clinical trial; Relative risk; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MUCIN 2; MUCIN 5AC; MUCIN 5B; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SURFACTANT PROTEIN A; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; XYLITOL; ZINC;

ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AIR POLLUTION; AMBIENT AIR; BODY SIZE; BODY WEIGHT; BRAIN ABSCESS; CHOLESTEATOMA; CHRONIC SECRETORY OTITIS MEDIA; CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA; COLONY FORMING UNIT; CROWDING; DAY CARE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEREDITY; HISTORY; HUMAN; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MASTOIDECTOMY; MASTOIDITIS; META ANALYSIS; PASSIVE SMOKING; PREMATURE LABOR; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; QUALITY OF LIFE; RACE DIFFERENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENT INFECTION; REFERENCE DATABASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SECRETORY OTITIS MEDIA; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SOCIAL STATUS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TYMPANOPLASTY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; CANADA; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; ORGANIZATION; OTITIS MEDIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA; UNITED STATES;

CANADA; CONGRESSES AS TOPIC; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; OTITIS MEDIA; OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION; OTITIS MEDIA, SUPPURATIVE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84878834259     PISSN: 01945998     EISSN: 10976817     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0194599812460984     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Ensign PR, Urbanich EM, Moran M. Prophylaxis for otitis media in an Indian population. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1960;50:195-199
2. Brody JA, Overfield T, McAlister R. Draining ears and deafness among Alaskan Eskimos. Arch Otolaryngol. 1965;81:29-33
3. Reed D, Struve S, Maynard JE. Otitis media and hearing deficiency among Eskimo children: a cohort study. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1967;57:1657-1662
4. Reed D, Dunn W. Epidemiologic studies of otitis media among Eskimo children. Public Health Rep. 1970;85:699-706
5. Kaplan GJ, Fleshman JK, Bender TR, Baum C, Clark PS. Longterm effects of otitis media: a ten-year cohort study of Alaskan Eskimo children. Pediatrics. 1973;52:577-585
6. Lewis AN, Coman WB, McCafferty GJ, Shaw E. The prevalence of ear disease in Queensland Aboriginals. J Oto-Laryngological Soc Australia. 1977;4:112-118
7. Goodwin MH Jr, Shaw JR, Feldman CM. Distribution of otitis media among four Indian populations in Arizona. Public Health Rep. 1980;95:589-594
8. McCafferty GJ, Lewis AN, Coman WB, Mills C. A nine-year study of ear disease in Australian aboriginal children. J Laryngol Otol. 1985;99:117-125
9. Pedersen CB, Zachau-Christiansen B. Otitis media in Greenland children: acute, chronic and secretory otitis media in three-to eight-year-olds. J Otolaryngol. 1986;15:332-335
10. Biles RW, Buffler PA, O'Donell AA. Epidemiology of otitis media: a community study. Am J Public Health. 1980;70:593-598
11. Teele DW, Klein JO, Rosner BA. Epidemiology of otitis media in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1980;89:5-6
12. Pukander J, Karma P, Sipila M. Occurrence and recurrence of acute otitis media among children. Acta Otolaryngol. 1982;94:479-486
13. Fiellau-Nikolajsen M. Tympanometry and secretory otitis media: observations on diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention in prospective cohort studies of three-year-old children. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1983;394:1-73
14. Okeowo PA. Observations on the incidence of secretory otitis media in Nigerian children. J Trop Pediatr. 1985;31:295-298
15. Haskins R, Kotch J. Day care and illness: evidence, cost, and public policy. Pediatrics. 1986;77:951-982
16. Whitney CG, Pickering LK. The potential of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:961-970
17. Solén MG, Hermansson A. Otitis media-from self-healing to life-threatening: new therapeutic guidelines [in Swedish]. Lakartidningen. 2011;108:1049-1052
18. Wals PD, Carbon M, Sevin E, Deceuninck G, Ouakki M. Reduced physician claims for otitis media after implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine program in the province of Quebec, Canada. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:e271-e275
19. O'Brien MA, Prosser LA, Paradise JL, et al. New vaccines against otitis media: projected benefits and cost-effectiveness. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1452-1463
20. Daly KA, Hoffman HJ, Kvaerner KJ, et al. Epidemiology, natural history, and risk factors: panel report from the Ninth International Research Conference on Otitis Media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:231-240
21. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Final Review. 2011;Focus Area 28 (Objective 12):28-13. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ hpdata2010/hp2010-final-review.pdf
22. Klein RJ, Ryskulova A, Janiszewski R, et al. Healthy People 2010, Focus Area 28 Progress Review, Round October 2008. www.cdc.gov/.../healthy-people/ hp2010/focus-areas/fa28-vision2.htm. Data Presentation
23. Schappert SM, Rechtsteiner EA. Ambulatory medical care utilization estimates for 2006. Natl Health Stat Report. 2008;(8):1-29
24. Schappert SM, Rechtsteiner EA. Ambulatory medical care utilization estimates for 2007. Vital Health Stat 13. 2011;(169):1-38
25. American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media. Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1451-1465
26. Coco A, Vernacchio L, Horst M, Anderson A. Management of acute otitis media after publication of the 2004 AAP and AAFP clinical practice guideline. Pediatrics. 2010;125:214-220
27. Thomas EM. Recent trends in upper respiratory infection, ear infection and asthma among young Canadian children. Health Reports. 2010;(21):1-6
28. Soni S. Ear infections (otitis media) in children (0-17): use and expenditures, 2006. Statistical Brief 228. 2008. http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/ mepsweb/data-files/publications/st228/stat228.shtml
29. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modifications (ICD-9-CM). 6th ed. Washington, DC: US DHHS, Public Health Service, Health Care Financing Administration; 1997. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 96-1260
30. Alpert HR, Behm I, Connolly GN, Kabir Z. Smoke-free households with children and decreasing rates of paediatric clinical encounters for otitis media in the United States. Tob Control. 2011;20:207-211
31. Robinson WS. Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38:337-341
32. Morgenstern H. Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. Am J Public Health. 1982;72:1336-1344
33. Wakefield J. Multi-level modelling, the ecologic fallacy, and hybrid study designs. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38:330-336
34. Zhou F, Shefer A, Kong Y, Nuorti JP. Trends in acute otitis mediarelated health care utilization by privately insured young children in the United States, 1997-2004. Pediatrics. 2008;121:253-260
35. MacIntyre EA, Karr CJ, Koehoorn M, et al. Otitis media incidence and risk factors in a population-based birth cohort. Paediatr Child Health. 2010;15:437-442
36. Côté SM, Petitclerc A, Raynault MF, et al. Short-and long-term risk of infections as a function of group child care attendance: an 8-year population-based study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:1132-1137
37. Wang PC, Chang YH, Chuang LJ, Su HF, Li CY. Incidence and recurrence of acute otitis media in Taiwan's pediatric population. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66:395-399
38. Miller ME, Shapiro NL, Bhattacharyya N. Annual temperature and the prevalence of frequent ear infections in childhood. Am J Otolaryngol. 2012;33:51-55
39. Martines F, Bentivegna D, Maira E, Sciacca V, Martines E. Risk factors for otitis media with effusion: case-control study in Sicilian schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:754-759
40. Umapathy D, Alles R, Scadding GK. A community based questionnaire study on the association between symptoms suggestive of otitis media with effusion, rhinitis and asthma in primary school children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:705-712
41. Gultekin E, Develioglu ON, Yener M, Ozdemir I, Kulekci M. Prevalence and risk factors for persistent otitis media with effusion in primary school children in Istanbul, Turkey. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2010;37:145-149
42. Vakharia KT, Shapiro NL, Bhattacharyya N. Demographic disparities among children with frequent ear infections in the United States. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:1667-1670
43. Bhattacharyya N, Shapiro NL, Vakharia KT. Influence of race and ethnicity on access to care among children with frequent ear infections. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;143:691-696
44. Hatakka K, Piirainen L, Pohjavuori S, Poussa T, Savilahti E, Korpela R. Factors associated with acute respiratory illness in day care children. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42:704-711
45. Arguedas A, Kvaerner K, Liese J, Schilder AG, Pelton SI. Otitis media across nine countries: disease burden and management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:1419-1424
46. Bailie R, Stevens M, McDonald E, Brewster D, Guthridge S. Exploring cross-sectional associations between common childhood illness, housing and social conditions in remote Australian Aboriginal communities. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:147
47. Bailie RS, Stevens M, McDonald EL. The impact of housing improvement and socio-environmental factors on common childhood illnesses: a cohort study in Indigenous Australian communities [published online June 21, 2011]. J Epidemiol Community Health. doi:10.1136/jech.2011.134874
48. Lasisi AO, Olaniyan FA, Muibi SA, et al. Clinical and demographic risk factors associated with chronic suppurative otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1549-1554
49. Gultekin E, Develioglu ON, Yener M, Ozdemir I, Kulekci M. Prevalence and risk factors for persistent otitis media with effusion in primary school children in Istanbul, Turkey. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2010;37:145-149
50. Perzanowski MS, Canfield SM, Chew GL, et al. Birth order, atopy, and symptoms of allergy and asthma among innercity children attending Head Start in New York City. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38:968-976
51. Ladomenou F, Kafatos A, Tselentis Y, Galanakis E. Predisposing factors for acute otitis media in infancy. J Infect. 2010;61:49-53
52. Martines F, Bentivegna D, Maira E, Sciacca V, Martines E. Risk factors for otitis media with effusion: case-control study in Sicilian schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:754-759
53. Kvaerner KJ, Kristiansen HA, Russell MB. Otitis media history, surgery and allergy in 60-year perspective: a population-based study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:1356-1360
54. Souter MA, Mills NA, Mahadevan M, et al. The prevalence of atopic symptoms in children with otitis media with effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;141:104-107
55. Karevold G, Bentdal YE, Nafstad P, Kvaerner KJ. Surgery for otitis media and infectious susceptibility in 10-year old school children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:603-606
56. Patel JA, Nguyen DT, Revai K, Chonmaitree T. Role of respiratory syncytial virus in acute otitis media: implications for vaccine development. Vaccine. 2007;25:1683-1689
57. Winther B, Alper CM, Mandel EM, Doyle WJ, Hendley JO. Temporal relationships between colds, upper respiratory viruses detected by polymerase chain reaction, and otitis media in young children followed through a typical cold season. Pediatrics. 2007;119:1069-1075
58. Chonmaitree T, Revai K, Grady JJ, et al. Viral upper respiratory tract infection and otitis media complication in young children. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:815-823
59. Elliot AJ, Fleming DM. Viral infections and acute otitis media in young children [letter]. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:146-147
60. Salomon J, Sommet A, Bernede C, Toneatti C, Carbon C, Guillemot D. Antibiotics for nasopharyngitis are associated with a lower risk of office-based physician visit for acute otitis media within 14 days for 3-to 6-year-old children. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008;14:595-599
61. Mandel EM, Doyle WJ, Winther B, Alper CM. The incidence, prevalence and burden of OM in unselected children aged 1-8 years followed by weekly otoscopy through the "common cold" season. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:491-499
62. Alper CM, Winther B, Mandel EM, Hendley JO, Doyle WJ. Rate of concurrent otitis media in upper respiratory tract infections with specific viruses. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135:17-21
63. Patel JA, Nair S, Revai K, Grady J, Chonmaitree T. Nasopharyngeal acute phase cytokines in viral upper respiratory infection: impact on acute otitis media in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:1002-1007
64. Kalu SU, Ataya RS, McCormick DP, Patel JA, Revai K, Chonmaitree T. Clinical spectrum of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract viral infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:95-99
65. Koch A, Homoøe P, Pipper C, Hjuler T, Melbye M. Chronic suppurative otitis media in a birth cohort of children in Greenland: population-based study of incidence and risk factors. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:25-29
66. Sabirov A, Casey JR, Murphy TF, Pichichero ME. Breast-feeding is associated with a reduced frequency of acute otitis media and high serum antibody levels against NTHi and outer membrane protein vaccine antigen candidate P6. Pediatr Res. 2009;66:565-570
67. Yilmaz G, Hizli S, Karacan C, Yurdakok K, Coskun T, Dilmen U. Effect of passive smoking on growth and infection rates of breast-fed and non-breast-fed infants. Pediatr Int. 2009;51:352-358
68. Freeman K, Bonuck KA, Trombley M. Breastfeeding and infant illness in low-income, minority women: a prospective cohort study of the dose-response relationship. J Hum Lact. 2008;24:14-22; quiz 23-26
69. Vogazianos E, Vogazianos P, Fiala J, Janecek D, Slapak I. The effect of breastfeeding and its duration on acute otitis media in children in Brno, Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2007;15:143-146
70. Sophia A, Isaac R, Rebekah G, Brahmadathan K, Rupa V. Risk factors for otitis media among preschool, rural Indian children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:677-683
71. Bartick M, Reinhold A. The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: a pediatric cost analysis. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e1048-e1056
72. Håberg SE, Bentdal YE, London SJ, Kvaerner KJ, Nystad W, Nafstad P. Prenatal and postnatal parental smoking and acute otitis media in early childhood. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:99-105
73. Brook I, Gober AE. Recovery of potential pathogens in the nasopharynx of healthy and otitis media-prone children and their smoking and nonsmoking parents. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008;117:727-730
74. Jacoby PA, Coates HL, Arumugaswamy A, et al. The effect of passive smoking on the risk of otitis media in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder region of Western Australia. Med J Aust. 2008;188:599-603
75. Hammaren-Malmi S, Saxen H, Tarkkanen J, Mattila PS. Passive smoking after tympanostomy and risk of recurrent acute otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1305-1310
76. MacIntyre EA, Karr CJ, Koehoorn M, et al. Residential air pollution and otitis media during the first two years of life. Epidemiology. 2011;22:81-89
77. Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Jung J, et al. Otitis media: a genome-wide linkage scan with evidence of susceptibility loci within the 17q12 and 10q22.3 regions. BMC Med Genet. 2009;10:85:1-10
78. Rye MS, Bhutta MF, Cheeseman MT, et al. Unraveling the genetics of otitis media: from mouse to human and back again. Mamm Genome. 2011;22:66-82
79. Hardisty RE, Erven A, Logan K, et al. The deaf mouse mutant Jeff (Jf) is a single gene model of otitis media. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2003;4:130-138
80. Parkinson N, Hardisty-Hughes RE, Tateossian H, et al. Mutation at the Evi1 locus in Junbo mice causes susceptibility to otitis media. PLoS Genet. 2006;2:e149
81. Rye MS, Wiertsema SP, Scaman ES, et al. FBXO11, a regulator of the TGFbeta pathway, is associated with severe otitis media in Western Australian children. Genes Immun. 2011;12:352-359
82. McCormick DP, Grady JJ, Diego A, et al. Acute otitis media severity: association with cytokine gene polymorphisms and other risk factors. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:708-712
83. Leichtle A, Lai Y, Wollenberg B, Wasserman SI, Ryan AF. Innate signaling in otitis media: pathogenesis and recovery. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2011;11:78-84
84. Ubell ML, Khampang P, Kerschner JE. Mucin gene polymorphisms in otitis media patients. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:132-138
85. Ubell ML, Kerschner JE, Wackym PA, Burrows A. MUC2 expression in human middle ear epithelium of patients with otitis media. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134:39-44
86. Preciado D, Goyal S, Rahimi M, et al. MUC5B is the predominant mucin glycoprotein in chronic otitis media fluid. Pediatr Res. 2010;68:231-236
87. Kerschner JE, Tripathi S, Khampang P, Papsin BC. MUC5AC expression in human middle ear epithelium of patients with otitis media. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136:819-824
88. Alper CM, Winther B, Hendley JO, Doyle WJ. Cytokine polymorphisms predict the frequency of otitis media as a complication of rhinovirus and RSV infections in children. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266:199-205
89. Revai K, Patel JA, Grady JJ, Nair S, Matalon R, Chonmaitree T. Association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and risk for upper respiratory tract infection and acute otitis media. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:257-261
90. Post JC. Genetics of otitis media. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;70:135-140
91. De Felice C, De Capua B, Costantini D, et al. Recurrent otitis media with effusion in preterm infants with histologic chorioamnionitis-A 3 years follow-up study. Early Hum Dev. 2008;84:667-671
92. Bentdal YE, Håberg SE, Karevold G, Stigum H, Kvaerner KJ, Nafstad P. Birth characteristics and acute otitis media in early life. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:168-172
93. Kouwen HB, DeJonckere PH. Prevalence of OME is reduced in young children using chewing gum. Ear Hear. 2007;28:451-455
94. Jerger J. Clinical experience with impedance audiometry. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;92:311-324
95. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. AAPD 2012 fast facts. http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/7/FastFacts.pdf
96. Kim JB, Park DC, Cha CI, Yeo SG. Relationship between pediatric obesity and otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133:379-382
97. Kim SH, Park DC, Byun JY, Park MS, Cha CI, Yeo SG. The relationship between overweight and otitis media with effusion in children. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011;35:279-282
98. Shin IH, Park DC, Kwon C, Yeo SG. Changes in taste function related to obesity and chronic otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;137:242-246
99. Shibli R, Rubin L, Akons H, Shaoul R. Morbidity of overweight (85th percentile) in the first 2 years of life. Pediatrics. 2008;122:267-272
100. Seaberg RM, Chadha NK, Hubbard BJ, et al. Chorda tympani nerve function in children: relationship to otitis media and body mass index. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:1393-1396
101. Nelson HM, Daly KA, Davey CS, Himes JH, Synder DJ, Bartoshuk LM. Otitis media and associations with overweight status in toddlers. Physiol Behav. 2011;102:511-517
102. Kvaerner KJ, Bentdal Y, Karevold G. Acute mastoiditis in Norway: no evidence for an increase. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1579-1583
103. Mostafa BE, El Fiky LM, El Sharnouby MM. Complications of suppurative otitis media: still a problem in the 21st century. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2009;71:87-92
104. Nadol JB, Jr., Staecker H, Gliklich RE. Outcomes assessment for chronic otitis media: the Chronic Ear Survey. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:32-35
105. Baumann I, Gerendas B, Plinkert PK, Praetorius M. General and disease-specific quality of life in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media-A prospective study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:48
106. Gliklich RE, Metson R. Effect of sinus surgery on quality of life. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117:12-17
107. Vlastos IM, Kandiloros D, Manolopoulos L, Ferekidis E, Yiotakis I. Quality of life in children with chronic suppurative otitis media with or without cholesteatoma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:363-369
108. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Pruss-Ustun A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377:139-146
109. Smith DF, Boss EF. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence and treatment of otitis media in children in the United States. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:2306-2312
110. Srikanth S, Isaac R, Rebekah G, Rupa V. Knowledge, attitudes and practices with respect to risk factors for otitis media in a rural South Indian community. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:1394-1398
111. Kurola P, Tapiainen T, Kaijalainen T, Uhari M, Saukkoriipi A. Xylitol and capsular gene expression in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Med Microbiol. 2009;58:1470-1473
112. Kurola P, Tapiainen T, Sevander J, et al. Effect of xylitol and other carbon sources on Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm formation and gene expression in vitro. APMIS. 2011;119:135-142
113. Palchaudhuri S, Rehse SJ, Hamasha K, Syed T, Kurtovic E, Stenger J. Raman spectroscopy of xylitol uptake and metabolism in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:131-137
114. Rautava S, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Specific probiotics in reducing the risk of acute infections in infancy-A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Nutr. 2009;101:1722-1726
115. Stecksén-Blicks C, Sjöström I, Twetman S. Effect of long-term consumption of milk supplemented with probiotic lactobacilli and fluoride on dental caries and general health in preschool children: a cluster-randomized study. Caries Res. 2009;43:374-381
116. Taipale T, Pienihakkinen K, Isolauri E, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in reducing the risk of infections in infancy. Br J Nutr. 2011;105:409-416
117. Marchisio P, Esposito S, Bianchini S, et al. Effectiveness of a propolis and zinc solution in preventing acute otitis media in children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010;23:567-575
118. Abba K, Gulani A, Sachdev HS. Zinc supplements for preventing otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(2):CD006639
119. Wals PD, Carbon M, Sevin E, Deceuninck G, Ouakki M. Reduced physician claims for otitis media after implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine program in the province of Quebec, Canada. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:e271-e275
120. Stamboulidis K, Chatzaki D, Poulakou G, et al. The impact of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the epidemiology of acute otitis media complicated by otorrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:551-555
121. Gisselsson-Solén MG, Melhus A, Hermansson A. Pneumococcal vaccination in children at risk of developing recurrent acute otitis media-A randomized study. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100:1354-1358
122. Simmonds MC, Higgins JP, Stewart LA, Tierney JF, Clarke MJ, Thompson SG. Meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials: a review of methods used in practice. Clin Trials. 2005;2:209-217
123. Koopman L, van der Heijden GJ, Hoes AW, Grobbee DE, Rovers MM. Empirical comparison of subgroup effects in conventional and individual patient data meta-analyses. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2008;24:358-361
124. Koopman L, van der Heijden GJ, Grobbee DE, Rovers MM. Comparison of methods of handling missing data in individual patient data meta-analyses: an empirical example on antibiotics in children with acute otitis media. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:540-545
125. Satter DE, Roby DH, Smith LM, Wallace SP. Cost of Smoking and Second Hand Smoke Exposure in California American Indian Communities. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Health Policy Research; 2010
126. Forster JL, Rhodes KL, Poupart J, Baker LO, Davey C. Patterns of tobacco use in a sample of American Indians in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9(suppl 1):S29-S37
127. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Racial/ethnic differences among youths in cigarette smoking and susceptibility to start smoking-United States, 2002-2004. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (MMWR). 2006;55:1275-1277
128. Caraballo R, Yee SL, Gfroerer J, Mirza S. Adult tobacco use among racial and ethnic groups living in the United States, 2002-2005. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5:A78
129. American Lung Association California, The Center for Tobacco Policy and Organizing. Tobacco use among California's diverse populations. Statistics based on the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. March 2010. http://www.center4tobacco policy.org/CTPO/-files/-file/ I&E%20Tobacco%20Use%20 Among%20Diverse%20Populations%202010.pdf
130. California Department of Public Health CTCP. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and California Adult Tobacco Survey, 2007. 2010. http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/Documents/CTCPAdultSmoking-10.pdf
131. Singh GK, Siahpush M, Kogan MD. Disparities in children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the United States, 2007. Pediatrics. 2010;126:4-13
132. Rhodes KL, Hellerstedt WL, Davey CS, Pirie PL, Daly KA. American Indian breastfeeding attitudes and practices in Minnesota. Matern Child Health J. 2008;12(suppl 1):46-54
133. Singleton RJ, Holman RC, Plant R, et al. Trends in otitis media and myringtomy with tube placement among American Indian/Alaska native children and the US general population of children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:102-107
134. World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention of hearing impairment from otitis media. Report of a WHO/CIBA Foundation Workshop; November 19-21, 1996; London, UK. Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/en/chronic-oti tis-media.pdf
135. O'Connor TE, Perry CF, Lannigan FJ. Complications of otitis media in indigenous and non-indigenous children. Med J Aust. 2009;191(9)(suppl):S60-S64
136. Lasisi AO, Olayemi O, Irabor AE. Early onset otitis media: risk factors and effects on the outcome of chronic suppurative otitis media. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;265:765-768
137. Olatoke F, Ologe FE, Nwawolo CC, Saka MJ. The prevalence of hearing loss among schoolchildren with chronic suppurative otitis media in Nigeria, and its effect on academic performance. Ear Nose Throat J. 2008;87:E19
138. Lubianca Neto JF, Hemb L, Silva DB. Systematic literature review of modifiable risk factors for recurrent acute otitis media in childhood. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82:87-96
139. Stenstrom R, Bernard PA, Ben-Simhon H. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as a risk factor for recurrent acute otitis media in children under the age of five years. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;27:127-136
140. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking, 4: parental smoking, middle ear disease and adenotonsillectomy in children. Thorax. 1998;53:50-56
141. Hanafin S, Griffiths P. Does pacifier use cause ear infections in young children? Br J Community Nurs. 2002;7:206, 208-211
142. Li DK, Willinger M, Petitti DB, Odouli R, Liu L, Hoffman HJ. Use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): population based case-control study. BMJ. 2006;332:18-22
143. Moon RY. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics. 2011;128:1030-1039
144. Rovers MM, Numans ME, Langenbach E, Grobbee DE, Verheij TJ, Schilder AG. Is pacifier use a risk factor for acute otitis media? A dynamic cohort study. Fam Pract. 2008;25:233-236
145. Pinelli J, Symington A. Non-nutritive sucking for promoting physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD001071
146. Sexton S, Natale R. Risks and benefits of pacifiers. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79:681-685
147. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1245-1255
148. Poyak J. Effects of pacifiers on early oral development. Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2006;1:13-16
149. Alho OP, Kilkku O, Oja H, Koivu M, Sorri M. Control of the temporal aspect when considering risk factors for acute otitis media. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:444-449