Inflammatory biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: A review

Recent Patents on Biomarkers

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 131-138

  Quiroga, Borja ^a   Marín, Carmela ^b   Goicoechea, Marian ^a   Reque, Javier ^a   Luño, José ^a  

^a HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO GREGORIO MARAÑÓN   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO FUNDACIÓN ALCORCÓN   (Spain)

Author keywords

C reactive protein; Cardiovascular events; Chronic kidney disease; Hemodialysis; Inflammatory biomarkers; Interleukins; TWEAK

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ANGIOPOIETIN 2; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CD14 ANTIGEN; CD40 ANTIGEN; CD40 LIGAND; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; CYTOKINE; FETUIN A; GELSOLIN; GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 15; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; PENTRAXIN 3; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE MARKER; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 84878814888     PISSN: 22103090     EISSN: 22103104     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/2210309011202020131     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41(1): 1-12.
2. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32(5 Suppl 3): S112-9.
3. Culleton BF, Larson MG, Wilson PW, Evans JC, Parfrey PS, Levy D. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 1999; 56(6): 2214-9.
4. Stenvinkel P, Pecoits-Filho R, Lindholm B. Coronary artery disease in end-stage renal diseaseno longer a simple plumbing problem. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14(7): 1927-39.
5. Sies H. Oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol 1997; 82(2): 291-5.
6. Dounousi E, Papavasiliou E, Makedou A, Ioannou K, Katopodis KP, Tselepis A, et al. Oxidative stress is progressively enhanced with advancing stages of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48(5): 752-60.
7. Moh A, Sakata N, Takebayashi S, Tateishi K, Nagai R, Horiuchi S, et al. Increased production of urea hydrogen peroxide from Maillard reaction and a UHP-Fenton pathway related to glycoxidation damage in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(4): 1077-85.
8. Nguyen AT, Lethias C, Zingraff J, Herbelin A, Naret C, Descamps-Latscha B. Hemodialysis membrane-induced activation of phagocyte oxidative metabolism detected in vivo and in vitro within microamounts of whole blood. Kidney Int 1985; 28(2): 158-67.
9. Del Vecchio L, Locatelli F, Carini M. What we know about oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis-clinical effects, potential treatment, and prevention. Semin Dial 2011; 24(1): 56-64.
10. Stenvinkel P, Diczfalusy U, Lindholm B, Heimbuürger O. Phospholipid plasmalogen, a surrogate marker of oxidative stress, is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in patients on renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(4): 972-6.
11. Chen LP, Chiang CK, Chan CP, Hung KY, Huang CS. Does periodontitis reflect inflammation and malnutrition status in hemodialysis patients? Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47(5): 815-22.
12. Stenvinkel P, Ketteler M, Johnson RJ, Lindholm B, Pecoits-Filho R, Riella M, et al. IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: Central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia the good, the bad, and the ugly. Kidney Int 2005; 67(4): 1216-33.
13. Memoli B, Minutolo R, Bisesti V, Postiglione L, Conti A, Marzano L, et al. Changes of serum albumin and C-reactive protein are related to changes of interleukin-6 release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hemodialysis patients treated with different membranes. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39(2): 266-73.
14. Panichi V, Rizza GM, Taccola D, Paoletti S, Mantuano E, Migliori M, et al. C-Reactive protein in patients on chronic hemodialysis with different techniques and different membranes. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60(1): 14-7.
15. Tian N, Penman AD, Manning RD Jr, Flessner MF, Mawson AR. Association between circulating specific leukocyte types and incident chronic kidney disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2012; 6(2): 100-8.
16. Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P. Inflammation in end-stage renal diseasewhat have we learned in 10 years? Semin Dial 2010; 23(5): 498-509.
17. Henderson IS, Koch KM, Dinarello CA, Shaldon S. Hemodialysis hypotension: The interleukin hypothesis. Blood Purif 1983; 1: 3-8.
18. Iliou MC, Fumeron C, Benoit MO, Tuppin P, Calonge VM, Moatti N, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac markers in ESRD: Chronic Hemodialysis and New Cardiac Markers Evaluation (CHANCE) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42(3): 513-23.
19. Cohen SD, Phillips TM, Khetpal P, Kimmel PL. Cytokine patterns and survival in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25(4): 1239-43.
20. Guarnieri G, Biolo G, Zanetti M, Barazzoni R. Chronic systemic inflammation in uremia: Potential therapeutic approaches. Semin Nephrol 2004; 24(5): 441-5.
21. Koj A. Initiation of acute phase response and synthesis of cytokines. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1317(2): 84-94.
22. Miyamoto T, Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P. Inflammation as a risk factor and target for therapy in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011; 20(6): 662-8.
23. Iseki K, Tozawa M, Yoshi S, Fukiyama, K. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and risk of death in chronic dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14(8): 1956-60.
24. Menon V, Greene T, Wang X, Pereira AA, Marcovina SM, Beck GJ, et al. C-Reactive protein and albumin as predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005; 68(2): 766-72.
25. Ortega O, Rodriguez I, Gallar P, Carreño A, Ortiz M, Espejo B, et al. Significance of high C-reactive protein levels in pre-dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17(6): 1105-9.
26. Dekker FW, de Mutsert R, van Dijk P, Zoccali, C, Jager KJ. Survival analysis: Time-dependent effects and time-varying risk factors. Kidney Int 2008; 74(8): 994-7.
27. Zacho J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Grande P, Sillesen H, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease. N Engl J Med 2008, 359: 1897-908.
28. Hung AM, Ikizler TA, Griffin MR, Glenn K, Greevy RA, Grijalva CG, et al. CRP polymorphisms and chronic kidney disease in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. BMC Med Genet 2011; 12: 65.
29. Shankar A, Sun L, Klein BE, Lee KE, Muntner P, Nieto FJ, et al. Markers of inflammation predict the long-term risk of developing chronic kidney disease: A population-based cohort study. Kidney Int 2011; 80(11): 1231-8.
30. Panichi V, Migliori M, De Pietro S, Taccola D, Bianchi AM, Giovannini L, et al. C-Reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels are related to renal function in predialytic chronic renal failure. Nephron 2002; 91(4): 594-600.
31. den Elzen WP, van Manen JG, Boeschoten EW, Krediet R T. & Dekker, F. W. The effect of single and repeatedly high concentrations of C-reactive protein on cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in patients starting with dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21(6): 1588-95.
32. Nascimento MM, Pecoits-Filho R, Qureshi AR, Hayashi SY, Manfro RC, Pachaly MA, et al. The prognostic impact of fluctuating levels of C-reactive protein in Brazilian hemodialysis patients: A prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(11): 2803-9.
33. Meuwese CL, Snaedal S, Halbesma N, Stenvinkel P, Dekker FW, Qureshi AR, et al. Trimestral variation patterns of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factorare similarly associated with survival in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26(4): 1313-8.
34. Pereira BJ, Shapiro L, King AJ, Falagas ME, Strom JA, Dinarello CA. Plasma levels of IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and their specific inhibitors in undialyzed chronic renal failure, CAPD and hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1994; 45(3): 890-6.
35. Bemelmans MH, Gouma DJ, Buurman WA. Influence of nephrectomy on tumor necrosis factor clearance in a murine model. J Immunol 1993; 150(5): 2007-17.
36. Ortiz A, Egido J. Is there a role for specific anti-TNF strategies in glomerular diseases? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10(3): 309-11.
37. Sanchez-Niño MD, Benito-Martin A, Gonçalves S, Sanz AB, Ucero AC, Izquierdo MC, et al. TNF superfamily: A growing saga of kidney injury modulators. Mediators Inflamm 2010 (2010); doi: 10.1155/2010/182958.
38. Ernandez T, Mayadas TN. Immunoregulatory role of TNFalpha in inflammatory kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2009; 76(3): 262-76.
39. Kimmel PL, Phillips TM, Simmens SJ, Peterson RA, Weihs KL, Alleyne S. et al. Immunologic function and survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998, 54(1): 236-44.
40. Wilson AG, Symons JA, McDowell TL, McDevitt HO, Duff GW. Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94(7): 3195-9.
41. Wilson AG, de Vries N, Pociot F, di Giovine FS, van der Putte LB, Duff GW. An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles. J Exp Med 1993; 177(2): 557-60.
42. Balakrishnan VS, Guo D, Rao M, Jaber BL, Tighiouart H, Freeman RL, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in hemodialysis patients: Association with comorbidity, functionality, and serum albumin. Kidney Int 2004; 65(4): 1449-60.
43. Buraczynska M, Mierzicki P, Buraczynska K, Dragan M, Ksiazek A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphism correlates with cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2007; 11(4): 257-63.
44. Nordfors L, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P. End-stage renal disease-not an equal opportunity disease: The role of genetic polymorphisms. J Intern Med 2005; 258(1): 1-12.
45. Poole S, Bird TA, Selkirk S, Gaines-Das RE, Choudry Y, Stephenson SL, et al. Fate of injected interleukin 1 in rats: Sequestration and degradation in the kidney. Cytokine 1990; 2(6): 416-22.
46. Johansen KL, Kaysen GA, Young BS, Hung AM, da Silva M, Chertow GM. Longitudinal study of nutritional status, body composition, and physical function in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77(4): 842-6.
47. Maruyama Y, Nordfors L, Stenvinkel P, Heimburger O, Bárány P, Pecoits-Filho R, et al. Interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms are associated with nutritional status and inflammation in patients with end-stage renal disease. Blood Purif 2005; 23(5): 384-93.
48. Hung AM, Ellis CD, Shintani A, Booker C, Ikizler TA. IL-1 receptor antagonist reduces inflammation in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22(3): 437-42.
49. Panichi V, Maggiore U, Taccola D, Migliori M, Rizza GM, Consani C, et al. Interleukin-6 is a stronger predictor of total and cardiovascular mortality than C-reactive protein in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(5): 1154-60.
50. Zoccali C, Tripepi G, Mallamaci F. Dissecting inflammation in ESRD: Do cytokines and C-reactive protein have a complementary prognostic value for mortality in dialysis patients? J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(12 Suppl 3): S169-73.
51. Barreto DV, Barreto FC, Liabeuf S, Temmar M, Lemke HD, Tribouilloy C, et al. Plasma interleukin-6 is independently associated with mortality in both hemodialysis and pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2010; 77(6): 550-6.
52. Interleukin-6 Receptor Mendelian Randomisation Analysis (IL6R MR) Consortium, Hingorani AD, Casas JP. The interleukin-6 receptor as a target for prevention of coronary heart disease: A mendelian randomisation analysis. Lancet 2012; 379(9822): 1214-24.
53. Honda H, Qureshi AR, Heimbürger O, Barany P, Wang K, Pecoits-Filho R, et al. Serum albumin, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and fetuin a as predictors of malnutrition, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in patients with ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47(1): 139-48.
54. Liu Y, Berthier-Schaad Y, Fallin MD, Fink NE, Tracy RP, Klag MJ, et al. IL-6 haplotypes, inflammation, and risk for cardiovascular disease in a multiethnic dialysis cohort. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(3): 863-70.
55. Morita Y, Yamamura M, Kashihara N, Makino H. Increased production of interleukin-10 and inflammatory cytokines in blood monocytes of hemodialysis patients. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997; 98(1): 19-33.
56. Girndt M, Kohler H. Interleukin-10 (IL-10): An update on its relevance for cardiovascular risk. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18(10): 1976-9.
57. Brunet P, Capo C, Dellacasagrande J, Thirion X, Mege JL, Berland Y. IL-10 synthesis and secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13(7): 1745-51.
58. Girndt M, Sester U, Sester M, Deman E, Ulrich C, Kaul H, et al. The interleukin-10 promotor genotype determines clinical immune function in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001; 60(6): 2385-91.
59. Wang W, Koka V, Lan HY. Transforming growth factor-beta and Smad signalling in kidney diseases. Nephrology (Carlton) 2005; 10(1): 48-56.
60. Böttinger EP. TGF-beta in renal injury and disease. Semin Nephrol 2007; 27(3): 309-20.
61. López-Hernández FJ, López-Novoa JM. Role of TGF- in chronic kidney disease: An integration of tubular, glomerular and vascular effects. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347(1): 141-54.
62. Goldfarb S, Ziyadeh FN. TGF-beta: A crucial component of the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2001; 112: 27-32.; discussion 33.
63. Selgas R, Bajo A, Jiménez-Heffernan JA, Sánchez-Tomero JA, Del Peso G, Aguilera A, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the mesothelial cell--its role in the response of the peritoneum to dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21 (Suppl 2): 2-7.
64. Trachtman H, Fervenza FC, Gipson DS, Heering P, Jayne DR, Peters H, et al. A phase 1, single-dose study of fresolimumab, an anti-TGF- antibody, in treatment-resistant primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2011; 79(11): 1236-43.
65. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Relative contributions of nutrition and inflammation to clinical outcome in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38(6): 1343-50.
66. Beddhu S, Kaysen GA, Yan G, Sarnak M, Agodoa L, Ornt D, et al. Association of serum albumin and atherosclerosis in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40(4): 721-7.
67. Owen WF Jr, Lew NL, Liu Y, Lowrie EG, Lazarus JM. The reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14): 1001-6.
68. Chan M, Kelly J, Batterham M, Tapsell L. Malnutrition (Subjective Global Assessment) scores and serum albumin levels, but not body mass index values, at initiation of dialysis are independent predictors of mortality: A 10-Year Clinical Cohort Study. J Ren Nutr 2012; [In press].
69. Nascimento MM, Pecoits-Filho R, Qureshi AR, Hayashi SY, Manfro RC, Pachaly MA, et al. The prognostic impact of fluctuating levels of C-reactive protein in Brazilian haemodialysis patients: A prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(11): 2803-9.
70. Shah NR, Dumler F. Hypoalbuminaemia - a marker of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease stages II - IV. Int Int J Med Sci 2008; 5(6): 366-70.
71. Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Heimbürger M, Heimbürger O. Elevated serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules predict death in pre-dialysis patients: Association with malnutrition, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15(10): 1624-30.
72. Papagianni A, Dovas S, Bantis C, Belechri AM, Kalovoulos M, Dimitriadis C, et al. Carotid atherosclerosis and endothelial cell adhesion molecules as predictors of long-term outcome in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2008; 28(2): 265-74.
73. Bossola M, Rosa F, Tazza L, de Curtis A, Costanzo S, Vulpio C, et al. P-selectin, E-selectin, and CD40L over time in chronic hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int 2012; 16(1): 38-46.
74. Malatino LS, Stancanelli B, Cataliotti A, Bellanuova I, Fatuzzo P, Rapisarda F, et al. Circulating E-selectin as a risk marker in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Intern Med 2007; 262(4): 479-87.
75. Egido J. Chemokines, chemokine receptors and renal disease. Kidney Int 1999; 56(1): 347-8.
76. Anders HJ, Ninichuk V, Schlöndorff D. Progression of kidney disease: Blocking leukocyte recruitment with chemokine receptor CCR1 antagonists. Kidney Int 2006; 69(1): 29-32.
77. Sezgin I, Koksal B, Bagci G, Kurtulgan HK, Ozdemir O. CCR2 polymorphism in chronic renal failure patients requiring long-term hemodialysis. Intern Med 2011; 50(21): 2457-61.
78. Muntinghe FL, Verduijn M, Zuurman MW, Grootendorst DC, Carrero JJ, Qureshi AR, et al. CCR5 deletion protects against inflammation-associated mortality in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20(7): 1641-9.
79. Campbell S, Burkly LC, Gao HX, Berman JW, Su L, Browning B, et al. Proinflammatory effects of TWEAK/Fn14 interactions in glomerular mesangial cells. J Immunol 2006; 176(3): 1889-98.
80. Dogra C, Changotra H, Wedhas N, Qin X, Wergedal JE, Kumar A. TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a potent skeletal muscle-wasting cytokine. FASEB J 2007; 21(8): 1857-69.
81. Sanz AB, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ramos AM, Moreno JA, Santamaria B, Ruiz-Ortega M, et al. NF-kappaB in renal inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 1254-62.
82. Muñoz-García B, Martín-Ventura JL, Martínez E, Sánchez S, Hernández G, Ortega L, et al. Fn14 is upregulated in cytokinestimulated vascular smooth muscle cells and is expressed in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques: Modulation by atorvastatin. Stroke 2006; 37(8): 2044-53.
83. Yilmaz MI, Sonmez A, Ortiz A, Saglam M, Kilic S, Eyileten T, et al. Soluble TWEAK and PTX3 in non-dialysis CKD patients: Impact on endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6(4): 785-92.
84. Carrero JJ, Ortiz A, Qureshi AR, Martín-Ventura JL, Bárány P, Heimbürger O, et al. Additive effects of soluble TWEAK and inflammation on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4(1): 110-8.
85. Sanz AB, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ortiz A. TWEAK, a multifunctional cytokine in kidney injury. Kidney Int 2011; 80(7): 708-18.
86. Baehner, M., Knoetgen, H., Penzberg, H., Niewoehner, J. Antibodies against human tweak and uses thereof. US8093006 (2012).
87. Bottazzi B, Vouret-Craviari V, Bastone A, De Gioia L, Matteucci C, Peri G, et al. Multimer formation and ligand recognition by the long pentraxin PTX3. Similarities and differences with the short pentraxins C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(52): 32817-23.
88. Kropshofer, H., Ploix, C., Vogt, A. Drug safety test using pentraxin-3 (PTX-3). US20110091913 (2011).
89. Malaponte G, Libra M, Bevelacqua Y, Merito P, Fatuzzo P, Rapisarda F, et al. Inflammatory status in patients with chronic renal failure: The role of PTX3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Int J Mol Med 2007; 20(4): 471-81.
90. Suliman ME, Qureshi AR, Carrero JJ, Barany P, Yilmaz MI, Snaedal-Jonsdottir S, et al. The long pentraxin PTX-3 in prevalent hemodialysis patients: Associations with comorbidities and mortality. QJM 2008; 101(5): 397-405.
91. Savchenko A, Imamura M, Ohashi R, Jiang S, Kawasaki T, Hasegawa G, et al. Expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Pathol 2008; 215(1): 48-55.
92. Suliman ME, Yilmaz MI, Carrero JJ, Qureshi AR, Saglam M, Ipcioglu OM, et al. Novel links between the long pentraxin 3, endothelial dysfunction, and albuminuria in early and advanced chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3(4): 976-85.
93. Nishi K, Imamura T, Kitamura K, Ogawa T, Fujimoto S, Kakitsubata Y, et al. Associations of plasma pentraxin 3 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations with cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2011; 33(4): 398-404.
94. Tong M, Carrero JJ, Qureshi AR, Anderstam B, Heimburger O, Barany P, et al. Plasma pentraxin 3 in patients with chronic kidney disease: Associations with renal function, protein-energy wasting, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2(5): 889-97.
95. Miyamoto T, Rashid QA, Heimbürger O, Bárány P, Carrero K, Sjöberg B, et al. Inverse relationship between the inflammatory marker Pentraxin-3, fat body mass, and abdominal obesity in endstage renal disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6(12): 2785-91.
96. Yamasaki K, Kurimura M, Kasai T, Sagara M, Kodama T, Inoue K. Determination of physiological plasma pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels in healthy populations. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47(4): 471-7.
97. Yilmaz MI, Carrero JJ, Martín-Ventura JL, Sonmez A, Saglam M, Celik T, et al. Combined therapy with renin-angiotensin system and calcium channel blockers in type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients with proteinuria: Effects on soluble TWEAK, PTX3, and flow-mediated dilation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5(7): 1174-81.
98. Yilmaz MI, Axelsson J, Sonmez A, Carrero JJ, Saglam M, Eyileten T, et al. Effect of renin angiotensin system blockade on pentraxin 3 levels in type-2 diabetic patients with proteinuria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4(3): 535-41.
99. Breit, S.N., Brown, D.A. Diagnostic assay and method of treatment involving macrophage inhibitory cytokine -1 (mic-1). US7514221 (2009).
100. Bauskin AR, Brown DA, Kuffner T, Johnen H, Luo XW, Hunter M, et al. Role of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in tumorigenesis and diagnosis of cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 4983-6.
101. Brown DA, Breit SN, Buring J, Fairlie WD, Bauskin AR, Liu T, et al. Concentration in plasma of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 and risk of cardiovascular events in women: A nested case-control study. Lancet 2002; 359(9324): 2159-63.
102. Wiklund FE, Bennet AM, Magnusson PK, Eriksson UK, Lindmark F, Wu L, et al. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15): A new marker of all-cause mortality. Aging Cell 2010; 9(6): 1057-64.
103. Breit SN, Carrero JJ, Tsai VW, Yagoutifam N, Luo W, Kuffner T, et al. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr575.
104. Price, P. A. Fetuin-MGP-mineral complex in serum. US6812034 (2004).
105. Mori K, Emoto M, Inaba M. Fetuin-A: A multifunctional protein. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov 2011; 5(2): 124-46.
106. Moe SM, Chen NX. Pathophysiology of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res 2004; 95(6): 560-7.
107. Ford ML, Tomlinson LA, Smith ER, Rajkumar C, Holt SG. Fetuin- A is an independent determinant of change of aortic stiffness over 1 year in non-diabetic patients with CKD stages 3 and 4. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25(6): 1853-8.
108. Ketteler M, Bongartz P, Westenfeld R, Wildberger JE, Mahnken AH, Böhm R, et al. Association of low fetuin-A concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: A cross-sectional study. Lancet 2003; 361(9360): 827-33.
109. Stenvinkel P, Wang K, Qureshi AR, Axelsson J, Pecoits-Filho R, Gao P, et al. Low fetuin-A levels are associated with cardiovascular death: Impact of variations in the gene encoding fetuin. Kidney Int 2005; 67(6): 2383-92.
110. Raj DS, Shah VO, Rambod M, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Association of soluble endotoxin receptor CD14 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54(6): 1062-71.
111. Raj DS, Carrero JJ, Shah VO, Qureshi AR, Bárány P, Heimbürger O, et al. Soluble CD14 levels, interleukin 6, and mortality among prevalent hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54(6): 1072-80.
112. Quezada SA, Jarvinen LZ, Lind EF, Noelle RJ. CD40/CD154 interactions at the interface of tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22: 307-28.
113. Contin C, Pitard V, Delmas Y, Pelletier N, Defrance T, Moreau JF, et al. Potential role of soluble CD40 in the humoral immune response impairment of uraemic patients. Immunology 2003; 110(1): 131-40.
114. Schwabe RF, Engelmann H, Hess S, Fricke H. Soluble CD40 in the serum of healthy donors, patients with chronic renal failure, haemodialysis and chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117(1): 153-8.
115. Esposito P, Gabanti E, Bianzina S, Rampino T, Dal Canton A. CD40/SCD40 imbalance in hemodialysis patients. Clin Biochem 2011; 44(2-3): 268-9.
116. Hocher B, Liefeldt L, Quaschning T, Kalk P, Ziebig R, Godes M, et al. Soluble CD154 is a unique predictor of nonfatal and fatal atherothrombotic events in patients who have end-stage renal disease and are on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18(4): 1323-30.
117. Desideri G, Panichi V, Paoletti S, Grassi D, Bigazzi R, Beati S, et al. Soluble CD40 ligand is predictive of combined cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients on haemodialysis at a relatively short-term follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26(9): 2983-8.
118. Shen, E., Yu, Z., Zhou, M., Guo, F. Gelsolin binding agent compositions and uses of same. US20110207152 (2007).
119. Kwiatkowski DJ, Mehl R, Izumo S, Nadal-Ginard B, Yin HL. Muscle is the major source of plasma gelsolin. J Biol Chem 1988; 263(17): 8239-43.
120. Lee PS, Bhan I, Thadhani R. The potential role of plasma gelsolin in dialysis-related protein-energy wasting. Blood Purif 2010; 29(2): 99-101.
121. Lee PS, Sampath K, Karumanchi SA, Tamez H, Bhan I, Isakova T, et al. Plasma gelsolin and circulating actin correlate with hemodialysis mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20(5): 1140-8.
122. McIntyre CW, Selby NM, Sigrist M, Pearce LE, Mercer TH, Naish PF. Patients receiving maintenance dialysis have more severe functionally significant skeletal muscle wasting than patients with dialysis-independent chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21(8): 2210-6.
123. Thadhani, R., Stossel, T.P., Lee, P., Karumanchi, A. Diagnosis and therapeutic uses of gelsolin in renal failure. US20090258830 (2009).
124. Green, L.L., Zhou, Q., Keyt, B.A., Yang, X., Emery, S.C., Blakey, D.C. Antibodies directed to angiopoietin-2 and uses thereof. US7973140 (2011).
125. Boone, T.C, Oliner, J.D. Antibodies directed to angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 and uses thereof. US8030025 (2011).
126. Fiedler U, Augustin HG. Angiopoietins: A link between angiogenesis and inflammation. Trends Immunol 2006; 27(12): 552-8.
127. David S, Kümpers P, Lukasz A, Fliser D, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Bode-Böger SM, et al. Circulating angiopoietin-2 levels increase with progress of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25(8): 2571-6.
128. David S, John SG, Jefferies HJ, Sigrist MK, Kümpers P, Kielstein JT, et al. Angiopoietin-2 levels predict mortality in CKD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr551.
129. David S, Kümpers P, Hellpap J, Horn R, Leitolf H, Haller H, et al. Angiopoietin 2 and cardiovascular disease in dialysis and kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53(5): 770-8.