The metal content of silicate melts and aqueous fluids in subeconomically mo mineralized granites: Implications for porphyry mo genesis

Economic Geology

Volumn 108, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 987-1013

  Lerchbaumer, Linda ^a   Audétat, Andreas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÄT BAYREUTH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONVECTION CELL; FLUID EXTRACTION; FLUID INCLUSION; LASER-ABLATION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY; MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS; MIAROLITIC CAVITY; MINERALIZATION POTENTIAL; MO CONCENTRATION;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CESIUM; DEPOSITS; FOCUSING; GOLD DEPOSITS; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MINERALOGY; MOLYBDENUM DEPOSITS; QUARTZ; SILICATES;

GRANITE;

DIAGENESIS; FLUID INCLUSION; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA METHOD; MAGMA; MELT INCLUSION; MINERALIZATION; MOLYBDENUM; PORPHYRY; SILICATE;

COLORADO; NORWAY; OSLO RIFT; TREASURE VALLEY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84878752854     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/econgeo.108.5.987     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Audétat, A., 2010, Source and evolution of molybdenum in the porphyry Mo(-Nb) deposit at Cave Peak, Texas: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, p. 1739-1760.
2. Audétat, A., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2012, Melt inclusions, in Scott, S.D., ed., Geochemistry of mineral resources, Treatise on geochemistry, v. 12: Oxford, Elsevier-Pergamon, in press.
3. Audétat, A., and Pettke, T., 2003, The magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of two barren granites: A melt and fluid inclusion study of the Rio del Medio and Cañada Pinabete plutons in northern New Mexico (USA): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 91-121.
4. -2006, Evolution of a porphyry-Cu mineralized magma system at Santa Rita, New Mexico (USA): Journal of Petrology, v. 47, p. 2021-2046. (Pubitemid 44541858)
5. Audétat, A., Pettke, T., and Dolejš, D., 2004, Magmatic anhydrite and calcite in the ore-forming quartz-monzodiorite magma at Santa Rita, New Mexico (USA): Genetic constraints on porphyry-Cu mineralization: Lithos, v. 72, p. 147-161. (Pubitemid 38319317)
6. Audétat, A., Pettke, T., Heinrich, C.A., and Bodnar, R.J., 2008, The composition of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in barren and mineralized intrusions: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 103, p. 877-908.
7. Audétat, A., Dolejs, D., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2011, Molybdenite saturation in silicic magmas: Occurrence and petrological implications: Journal of Petrology, v. 52, p. 891-904.
8. Bachmann, O., Miller, C.F., and de Silva, S.L., 2007, The volcanic-plutonic connection as a stage for understanding crustal magmatism: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 167, p. 1-23. (Pubitemid 47629624)
9. 2O-bearing granitic melts and implications for melt extraction and transport: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 132, p. 199-211.
10. Bakker, R.J., 1997, Clathrates: Computer programs to calculate fluid inclusion V-X properties using clathrate melting temperatures: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, p. 1-18.
11. Bali, E., Keppler, H., and Audétat, A., 2012, The mobility of W and Mo in subduction zone fluids and the Mo-W-Th-U systematics of island arc magmas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 351 -352, p. 195-207.
12. Berthelsen, A., 1980, Towards a palinspastic tectonic analysis of the Baltic Shield: 26th International Geological Congress, Paris, Memoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (B.R.G.M.), v. 108, p. 5-21.
13. Bodnar, R.J., and Student, J.J., 2006, Melt inclusions in plutonic rocks: Petrography and microthermometry: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series, v. 36, p. 1-26.
14. 2O-NaCl fluid inclusions: Blacksburg, VA, Virginia Tech, p. 117-130.
15. Bookstrom, A.A., 1989, The Climax-Alma granite batholith of Oligocene age and the porphyry molybdenum deposits of Climax, Colorado, U.S.A.: Engineering Geology, v. 27, p. 543-568.
16. Bookstrom, A.A., Carten, R.B., Shannon, R.D., and Smith, R.P., 1988, Origins of bimodal leucogranite-lamprophyre suites, Climax and Red Mountain porphyry molybdenum systems, Colorado: Petrologic and strontium isotopic evidence: Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, v. 83, p. 1-65.
17. Borisova, A.Y., Freydier, R., Polvé, M., Salvi, S., Candaudap, F., and Aigouy, T., 2008, In situ multi-element analysis of the Mount Pinatubo quartzhosted melt inclusions by NIR femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, v. 32, p. 209-229.
18. Bugge, A., 1963, Norges molybdenforekomster: Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, v. 259, p. 65-84.
19. Burke, W.A.J., 2001, Raman microspectrometry of fluid inclusions: Lithos, v. 55, p. 139-158.
20. Carten, R.B., Geraghty, E.P., and Walker, B.M., 1988, Cyclic development of igneous features and their relationship to high-temperature hydrothermal features in the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 266-296.
21. Carten, R.B., White, W.H. and Stein, H.J., 1993, High-grade granite-related molybdenum systems: Classification and origin: Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 40, p. 521-554. (Pubitemid 26457847)
22. Clark, K.F., and Read, C.B., 1972, Geology and ore deposits of the Eagle Nest area, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin, v. 94, 152 p.
23. Davidson, J.P., Morgan, D.J., Charlier, B.L.A., Harlou, R., and Hora, J.M., 2007, Microsampling and isotopic analysis of igneous rocks: Implications for the study of magmatic systems: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 35, p. 273-311. (Pubitemid 46930396)
24. Dilles, J.H., 1987, Petrology of the Yerington batholith, Nevada: Evidence for evolution of porphyry copper ore fluids: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1750-1789.
25. Drewes, H., 1987, Geologic map and cross sections of the Dragoon Mountains, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-1662.
26. Einaudi, M.T., 1994, 6-km vertical cross section through porphyry copper deposits, Yerington district, Nevada: Multiple intrusions, fluids, and metal sources: Society of Economic Geologists, International Exchange Lecture, June 1994, http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/ODEX/marco-yerington.html.
27. Everett, B.C., and Hoisch, T.D., 2008, Conditions of metamorphism of the Colorado Yule Marble: Mountain Geologist, v. 45, p. 69-76.
28. Geyti, A., and Schønwandt, H.K., 1979, Bordvika-a possible porphyry molybdenum occurrence within the Oslo rift, Norway: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 74, p. 1211-1220.
29. Guillong, M., and Heinrich, C.A., 2007, Sensitivity enhancement in laser ablation ICP-MS using small amounts of hydrogen in the carrier gas: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 22, p. 1488-1494. (Pubitemid 350136766)
30. Halter, W.E., Pettke, T., and Heinrich, C.A., 2004a, Laser-ablation ICP-MS analysis of silicate melt and sulfide melt inclusions in an andesitic complex I: Analytical approach and data evaluation: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 147, p. 385-396. (Pubitemid 38884138)
31. Halter, W.E., Heinrich, C.A., and Pettke, T., 2004b, Laser-ablation ICP-MS analysis of silicate and sulfide melt inclusions in an andesitic complex; II, Evidence for magma mixing and magma chamber evolution: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 147, p. 397-412. (Pubitemid 38884139)
32. -2005, Magma evolution and the formation of porphyry Cu-Au ore fluids: Evidence from silicate and sulfide melt inclusions: Mineralium Deposita, v. 39, p. 845-863. (Pubitemid 40393658)
33. 2 on freezing point measurements of fluid inclusions: Evidence from active geothermal systems and implications for epithermal ore deposition: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 1379-1406.
34. Heinrich, C.A., Pettke, T., Halter, W.E., Aigner-Torres, M., Audétat, A., Günther, D., Hattendorf, B., Bleiner, D., Guillong, M., and Horn, I., 2003, Quantitative multi-element analysis of minerals, fluid and melt inclusions by laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 3473-3496. (Pubitemid 37312361)
35. Holtz, F., Johannes, W., Tamic, N., and Behrens, H., 2001, Maximum and minimum water contents of granitic melts generated in the crust: A reevaluation and implications: Lithos, v. 56, p. 1-14. (Pubitemid 32291967)
36. Ihlen, P.M., 1986, The geological evolution and metallogeny of the Oslo paleorift, in Olerud, S., and Ihlen, P.M., eds., Metallogeny associated with the Oslo paleorift: Uppsala, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, p. 6-17.
37. Ihlen, P.M., and Vokes, F.M., 1978, Metallogeny: Bulletin-Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, v. 45, p. 75-90.
38. Ihlen, P.M., Tronnes, R.G., and Vokes, F.M., 1982, Mineralization, wall rock alteration and zonation of ore deposits associated with the Drammen granite in the Oslo region, Norway, in Evans, A.M., ed., Metallization associated with acid magmatism: Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, p. 111-136.
39. Jensen, I.S., 1985, Geochemistry of the central granitic stock in the Glitrevann cauldron within the Oslo rift, Norway: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, v. 65, p. 201-216.
40. John, D.A., Henry, C.D., and Colgan, J.P., 2008, Magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Caetano caldera, north-central Nevada; a tilted, mid-Tertiary eruptive center and source of the Caetano Tuff: Geosphere, v. 4, p. 75-106.
41. Johnson, C.M., Czamanske, G.K., and Lipman, P.W., 1989, Geochemistry of intrusive rocks associated with the Latir volcanic field, New Mexico, and contrasts between evolution of plutonic and volcanic rocks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 103, p. 90-109.
42. Jones, D.M., 1990, Mid-tertiary arcuate dikes and faults of the Rio Hondo-Red River drainages, Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico: A postulated outlying ring-fracture zone to the Miocene Questa caldera: New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 41st Field Conference, p. 365-368.
43. Kamenetsky, V.S., and Danyushevsky, L.V., 2005, Metals in quartz-hosted melt inclusions: Natural facts and experimental artifacts: American Mineralogist, v. 90, p. 1674-1678. (Pubitemid 41555960)
44. Keith, J.D., and Shanks, W.C., 1988, Chemical evolution and volatile fugacities of the Pine Grove porphyry molybdenum and ash-flow tuff system, southwest Utah, in Taylor, R.P., and Strong, D.F., eds., Recent advances in the geology of granite-related mineral deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Special Volume, p. 402-423.
45. Keith, J.D., Shanks, W.C., Archibald, D.A., and Ferrar, E., 1986, Volcanic and intrusive history of the Pine Grove porphyry molybdenum system, southwestern Utah: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 81, p. 553-577.
46. Keith, J.D., Christiansen, E.H., and Carten, R.B., 1993, The genesis of giant porphyry molybdenum deposits: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, v. 2, p. 285-317.
47. Keith, J.D., Whitney, J.A., Hattori, K., Ballantyne, G.H., Christiansen, E.H., Barr, D.L., Cannan, T.M., and Hook, C.J., 1997, The role of magmatic sulfides and mafic alkaline magmas in the Bingham and Tintic mining districts, Utah: Journal of Petrology, v. 38, p. 1679-1690.
48. Klemm, L.M., Pettke, T., Heinrich, C.A., and Campos, E., 2007, Hydrothermal evolution of the El Teniente deposit, Chile: Porphyry Cu-Mo ore deposition from low-salinity magmatic fluids: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 102, p. 1021-1045. (Pubitemid 351372165)
49. Klemm, L.M., Pettke, T., and Heinrich, C.A., 2008, Fluid and source magma evolution of the Questa porphyry Mo deposit, New Mexico, USA: Mineralium Deposita, v. 43, p. 533-552.
50. Landtwing, M.R., Furrer, C., Redmond, P.B., Pettke, T., Guillong, M., and Heinrich, C.A., 2010, The Bingham porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit. III. Zoned copper-gold ore deposition by magmatic vapor expansion: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 105, p. 91-118.
51. Lang, J.R., and Titley, S.R., 1998, Isotopic and geochemical characteristics of Laramide magmatic systems in Arizona and implications for the genesis of porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 138-170.
52. Larsen, R.B., Jacamon, F., and Kronz, A., 2009, Trace element chemistry and textures of quartz during the magmatic hydrothermal transition of Oslo rift granites: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 73, p. 691-707.
53. Lehmann, B., 1987, Molybdenum distribution in Precambrian rocks of the Colorado mineral belt: Mineralium Deposita, v. 22, p. 47-52. (Pubitemid 17529441)
54. Lerchbaumer, L., and Audétat, A., 2012a, The 'quartz capsule'-a new method to avoid alloying problems with noble metal capsules in hydrothermal experiments: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 24, p. 683-693.
55. -2012b, High Cu concentrations in vapor-type fluid inclusions: An artifact?: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 88, p. 255-274.
56. Li, Y., Audétat, A., Lerchbaumer, L., and Xiong, X.L., 2009, Rapid Na, Cu exchange between synthetic fluid inclusions and external aqueous solutions: Evidence from LA-ICP-MS analysis: Geofluids, v. 9, p. 321-329.
57. Lipman, P.W., 1988, Evolution of silicic magma in the upper crust; the mid-Tertiary Latir volcanic field and its cogenetic granitic batholith, northern New Mexico, U.S.A.: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, v. 79, p. 265-288.
58. Lipman, P.W., and Reed, J.C., 1989, Geologic map of the Latir volcanic field and adjacent areas, northern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-1907.
59. Lowenstern, J.B., 1994, Dissolved volatile concentrations in an ore-forming magma: Geology, v. 22, p. 893-896.
60. Maughan, D.T., Keith, J.D., Christiansen, E.H., Pulsipher, T., Hattori, K., and Evans, N.J., 2002, Contributions from mafic alkaline magmas to the Bingham porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Utah, USA: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, p. 14-37. (Pubitemid 34213159)
61. Mavrogenes, J.A., and Bodnar, R.J., 1994, Hydrogen movement into and out of fluid inclusions in quartz: Experimental evidence and geologic implications: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 141-149.
62. Miller, C.F., and Mittlefehldt, D.W., 1984, Extreme fractionation in felsic magma chambers; a product of liquid-state diffusion or fractional crystallization?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 68, p. 151-158.
63. Molling, P.A., 1989, Applications of the reaction progress variable to hydrothermal alteration associated with the deposition of the Questa molybdenite deposit, NM: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 249 p.
64. Moore, R.B., 1993, Geologic map of the Tombstone volcanic center, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-2420.
65. Mutschler, F.E., 1976, Crystallization of a soda granite, Treasure Mountain dome, Colorado, and the genesis of stockwork molybdenite deposits, in Woodward, L.A., and Northrop, S.A., eds., Tectonics and mineral resources of southwestern North America: New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication, p. 199-205.
66. Mutschler, F.E., Rougon, D.J., and Lavin, O.P., 1976, PETROS, a data bank of major-element chemical analyses of igneous rocks for research and teaching: Computers and Geosciences, v. 2, p. 51-57. (an update dating from 1980 can be downloaded at http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/geology/petros.html)
67. Mutschler, F.E., Wright, E.G., Ludington, S., and Abbott, J.T., 1981, Granite molybdenite systems: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 76, p. 874-897.
68. Mutschler, F.E., Ludington, S.D., and Bookstrom, A.A., 1999, Giant porphyry-related metal camps of the world; a database: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 99-556, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-556/.
69. Neumann, E.-R., Olsen, K.I., Baldridge, W.S., and Sundvoll, B., 1992, The Oslo rift: A review: Tectonophysics, v. 208, p. 1-18.
70. Obradovich, J.D., Mutschler, F.E., and Bryant, B., 1969, Potassium-argon ages bearing on the igneous and tectonic history of the Elk Mountains and vicinity, Colorado: A preliminary report: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, p. 1749-1756.
71. Oftedahl, C., 1953, Studies on the igneous rock complex of the Oslo region. XIII. The cauldrons: Skrifter-Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse, v. 3, p. 108.
72. -1978, Cauldrons of the Permian Oslo rift: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 3, p. 343-371.
73. Olsen, K.I., and Griffin, W.L., 1984, Fluid inclusion studies of the Drammen granite, Oslo Paleorift, Norway. I. Microthermometry: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 87, p. 1-14.
74. Peng, D.Y., and Robinson, D.B., 1976, A new two-constant equation of state: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, v. 15, p. 59-64.
75. Pettke, T., 2006, In-situ laser-ablation-ICP-MS chemical analysis of melt inclusion and prospects for constraining subduction zone magmas: Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) Short Course Series, v. 36, p. 51-80.
76. Pettke, T., Oberli, F., and Heinrich, C.A., 2010, The magma and metal source of giant porphyry-type ore deposits, based on lead isotope microanalysis of individual fluid inclusions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 296, p. 267-277.
77. Price, J.G., and Henry, C.D., 1986, Geology of Marble Canyon: University of Texas at Austin, Guidebook-Bureau of Economic Geology, v. 23, p. 17-26.
78. Proffett, J.M., 2003, Geology of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry coppergold deposit, Argentina: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 1535-1574. (Pubitemid 38861202)
79. Ramberg, I.B., Gabrielsen, R.H., Larsen, B.T., and Solli, A., 1977, Analysis of fracture patterns in southern Norway: Geologie en Mijnbouw, Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, v. 56, p. 295-310. (Pubitemid 8577148)
80. Redmond, P.B., Einaudi, M.T., Inan, E.E., Landtwing, M.R., and Heinrich, C.A., 2004, Copper deposition by fluid cooling in intrusion-centered systems: New insights from the Bingham porphyry ore deposit, Utah: Geology, v. 32, p. 217-220. (Pubitemid 38423522)
81. Richards, J.P., 2011, Magmatic to hydrothermal metal fluxes in convergent and collided margins: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 40, p. 1-26.
82. 2 gas fluxes from Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico: Geology, v. 37, p. 107-110.
83. Roedder, E., 1984, Fluid inclusions: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 12, 644 p.
84. Rudnick, R.L., and Gao, S., 2003, The composition of the continental crust, in Holland, H.D., and Turekian, K.K. eds., The crust, Treatise on geochemistry: Oxford, Elsevier-Pergamon, v. 3, p. 1-64.
85. Rusk, B.D., Reed, M.H., Dilles, J.H., Klemm, L.M., and Heinrich, C.A., 2004, Compositions of magmatic hydrothermal fluids determined by LAICP-MS of fluid inclusions from the porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit at Butte, MT: Chemical Geology, v. 210, p. 173-199. (Pubitemid 39239066)
86. Rusk, B.D., Reed, M.H., and Dilles, J.H., 2008, Fluid inclusion evidence for magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution in the porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit at Butte, Montana: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 103, p. 307-334. (Pubitemid 352037684)
87. Saito, G., Kazahaya, K., and Shinohara, H., 2003, Volatile evolution of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano: Degassing process and mafic-felsic magma interaction, in DeVivo, B., and Bodnar, R.J., eds., Melt inclusions in volcanic systems: Elsevier, p. 129-146.
88. 2 at elevated temperatures, pressures, and salinities: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 3853-3869.
89. Schønwandt, H.K., 1986, The volcanic history and the molybdenite mineralization of the Glitrevann caldera: Uppsala, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, v. 59, p. 26-27.
90. Schønwandt, H.K., and Petersen, J.S., 1983, Continental rifting and porphyry-molybdenum occurrences in the Oslo region, Norway: Tectonophysics, v. 94, p. 609-631.
91. Seedorff, E., Dilles, J.H., Proffett, J.M.J., Einaudi, M.T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W.J.A., Johnson, D.A., and Barton, M.C., 2005, Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 100TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 251-298.
92. Seo, J.H., Guillong, M., and Heinrich, C.A., 2009, The role of sulfur in the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal copper-gold deposits: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 282, p. 323-328.
93. Seo, J.H., Guillong, M., Aerts, M., Zajacz, Z., and Heinrich, C.A., 2011, Microanalysis of S, Cl, and Br in fluid inclusions by LA-ICP-MS: Chemical Geology, v. 284, p. 35-44.
94. Seo, J.H., Guillong, M., and Heinrich, C.A., 2012, Separation of molybdenum and copper in porphyry deposits: The roles of sulfur, redox, and pH in ore mineral deposition at Bingham Canyon: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 107, p. 333-356.
95. Sharp, J.E., 1978, A molybdenum mineralized breccia pipe complex, Redwell basin, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 73, p. 369-382.
96. Shinohara, H., Kasahaya, K., and Lowenstern, J.B., 1995, Volatile transport in a convecting magma column: Implications for porphyry Mo mineralization: Geology, v. 23, p. 1091-1094. (Pubitemid 26459774)
97. Sillitoe, R.H., 2010, Porphyry copper systems: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 105, p. 3-41.
98. Sinclair, W.D., 2007, Porphyry deposits, in Goodfellow, W.D., ed., Mineral deposits of Canada: A synthesis of major deposit-types, district metallogeny, the evolution of geological provinces, and exploration methods: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication, p. 223-243.
99. Skjernaa, L., and Pedersen, S., 1982, The effect of penetrative Sveconorwegian deformation on the Rb-Sr isotopic systems in the Rømskog-Aurskog-Høland area, SE Norway: Precambrian Research, v. 17, p. 215-243.
100. Spandler, C., Pettke, T., and Rubatto, D., 2011, Internal and external fluid sources for eclogite-facies veins in the Monviso meta-ophiolite, Western Alps; implications for fluid flow in subduction zones: Journal of Petrology, v. 52, p. 1207-1236.
101. Starmer, I.C., 1972, The Sveconorwegian regeneration and earlier orogenetic events in the Bamble series, south Norway: Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, v. 277, p. 37-52.
102. -1985a, The evolution of the south Norwegian Proterozoic as revealed by the major and megatectonics of the Kongsberg and Bamble sectors: NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, p. 259-290.
103. -1985b, The geology of the Kongsberg district and the evolution of the entire Kongsberg sector, south Norway: Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, v. 401, p. 35-58.
104. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the ocean basins: London, Geological Society, Special Publications, p. 313-345.
105. Sundvoll, B., and Larsen, B.T., 1982, Datings of major geological stress indicators in the development of a rift system: The Oslo paleorift: Terra Cogita, v. 2, p. 64.
106. -1990, Rb-Sr isotope systematics in the magmatic rocks of the Oslo rift: Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, v. 418, p. 27-46.
107. Sundvoll, B., Larsen, B.T., and Wandaas, B., 1992, Early magmatic phase in the Oslo rift and its related stress regime: Tectonophysics, v. 208, p. 1-3.
108. Taylor, S.R., 1964, Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: A new table: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 28, p. 1273-1285.
109. Thomas, J.A., and Galey, J.T., 1982, Exploration and geology of the Mt. Emmons molybdenite deposits, Gunnison County, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 77, p. 1085-1104.
110. Trønnes, R.G., and Brandon, A.D., 1992, Mildly peraluminous high-silica granites in a continental rift: The Drammen and Finnemarka batholiths, Oslo rift, Norway: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 109, p. 275-294.
111. Tweto, O., and Sims, P.K., 1963, Precambrian ancestry of the Colorado mineral belt: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 74, p. 991-1014.
112. Ulrich, T., Günther, D., and Heinrich, C.A., 2002, The evolution of a porphyry Cu-Au deposit, based on LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions: Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 97, p. 1889-1920. (Pubitemid 36558042)
113. Walker, B.A., Miller, C.F., Lowery Claiborne, L., Wooden, J.L., and Miller, J.S., 2007, Geology and geochronology of the Spirit Mountain batholith, southern Nevada: Implications for timescales and physical processes of batholith construction: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 167, p. 239-262. (Pubitemid 47629613)
114. Wallace, S.R., 1995, The Climax-type molybdenum deposits-What they are, where they are, and why they are: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 1359-1380.
115. Wallace, S.R., Muncaster, N.K., Johnson, D.C., MacKenzie, W.B., Brookstrom, A.A., and Surface, V.E., 1968, Multiple intrusion and mineralization at Climax, Colorado: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (A.I.M.E.) Graton-Sales Volume, p. 605-640.
116. Wareham, C.D., Rice, C.M., Boyce, A.J., and Rogers, G., 1998, S, C, Sr, and Pb sources in the Pliocene Silver Creek porphyry Mo system, Rice, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 32-46.
117. Wark, D.A., Hildreth, W., Spear, F.S., Cherniak, D.J., and Watson, E.B., 2007, Pre-eruption recharge of the Bishop magma system: Geology, v. 35, p. 235-238. (Pubitemid 46437829)
118. Watson, B.E., and Harrison, M.T., 1983, Zircon saturation revisited: Temperature and composition effects in a variety of crystal magma types: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 64, p. 295-304.
119. Westra, G., and Keith, S.B., 1981, Classification and genesis of stockwork molybdenum deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 76, p. 844-873. (Pubitemid 12443083)
120. White, W.H., Bookstrom, A.A., Kamilli, R.J., Ganster, M.W., Smith, R.P., Ranta, D.E., and Steininger, R.C., 1981, Character and origin of Climaxtype molybdenum deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 270-316.
121. Zajacz, Z., Halter, W.E., Pettke, T., and Guillong, M., 2008, Determination of fluid/melt partition coefficients by LA-ICP-MS analysis of co-existing fluid and silicate melt inclusions: Controls on element partitioning: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, p. 2169-2197.
122. Zajacz, Z., Hanley, J.J., Heinrich, C.A., Halter, W.E., and Guillong, M., 2009, Diffusive reequilibration of quartz-hosted silicate melt and fluid inclusions: Are all metal concentrations unmodified?: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, p. 3013-3027.
123. 2) in aqueous fluids at 600-800 °C, 200 MPa: A synthetic fluid inclusion study: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 77, p. 175-185.