Neonatal sepsis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci

Clinical and Developmental Immunology

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Marchant, Elizabeth A ^a,b   Boyce, Guilaine K ^a,b   Sadarangani, Manish ^b,c   Lavoie, Pascal M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LINEZOLID; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; VANCOMYCIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; COAGULASE;

COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS; HUMAN; NEWBORN SEPSIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; DRUG EFFECT; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; IMMUNOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; NEWBORN; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; PATHOGENICITY; PREMATURITY; SEPSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; VIRULENCE; DRUG EFFECTS; INFANT, PREMATURE, DISEASES; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COAGULASE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INFANT, PREMATURE, DISEASES; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL; SEPSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; VIRULENCE;

EID: 84878658250     PISSN: 17402522     EISSN: 17402530     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/586076     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Qazi S. A., Stoll B. J., Neonatal sepsis: a major global public health challenge. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009 28 supplement 1 S1 S2 2-s2.0-58949084204 10.1097/INF.0b013e31819587a9
2. Bizzarro M. J., Raskind C., Baltimore R. S., Gallagher P. G., Seventy-five years of neonatal sepsis at Yale: 1928-2003. Pediatrics 2005 116 3 595 602 2-s2.0-33644616250 10.1542/peds.2005-0552 (Pubitemid 44336674)
3. Donowitz L. G., Nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care units. American Journal of Infection Control 1989 17 5 250 257 2-s2.0-0024468840 (Pubitemid 19263819)
4. Stoll B. J., Hansen N. I., Bell E. F., Shankaran S., Laptook A. R., Walsh M. C., Hale E. C., Newman N. S., Schibler K., Carlo W. A., Kennedy K. A., Poindexter B. B., Finer N. N., Ehrenkranz R. A., Duara S., Sánchez P. J., O'Shea T. M., Goldberg R. N., Van Meurs K. P., Faix R. G., Phelps D. L., Frantz I. D., Watterberg K. L., Saha S., Das A., Higgins R. D., Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 2010 126 3 443 456 2-s2.0-77956281923 10.1542/peds.2009-2959
5. Stoll B. J., Hansen N., Fanaroff A. A., Wright L. L., Carlo W. A., Ehrenkranz R. A., Lemons J. A., Donovan E. F., Stark A. R., Tyson J. E., Oh W., Bauer C. R., Korones S. B., Shankaran S., Laptook A. R., Stevenson D. K., Papile L. A., Kenneth Poole W., Changes in pathogens causing early-onset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. The New England Journal of Medicine 2002 347 4 240 247 2-s2.0-0037173469 10.1056/NEJMoa012657 (Pubitemid 34787630)
6. Vergnano S., Menson E., Kennea N., Embleton N., Russell A. B., Watts T., Robinson M. J., Collinson A., Heath P. T., Neonatal infections in England: the neonIN surveillance network. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2011 96 1 F9 F14 2-s2.0-78650814148 10.1136/adc.2009.178798
7. Stoll B. J., Hansen N., Fanaroff A. A., Wright L. L., Carlo W. A., Ehrenkranz R. A., Lemons J. A., Donovan E. F., Stark A. R., Tyson J. E., Oh W., Bauer C. R., Korones S. B., Shankaran S., Laptook A. R., Stevenson D. K., Papile L. A., Kenneth Poole W., Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 2002 110 2, part 1 285 291 2-s2.0-18444388276 10.1542/peds.110.2.285 (Pubitemid 34833012)
8. Graham P. L., Begg M. D., Larson E., Della-Latta P., Allen A., Saiman L., Risk factors for late onset gram-negative sepsis in low birth weight infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2006 25 2 113 117 2-s2.0-32144447448 10.1097/01.inf.0000199310. 52875.10 (Pubitemid 43208563)
9. Hornik C. P., Fort P., Clark R. H., Watt K., Benjamin D. K., Smith P. B., Manzoni P., Jacqz-Aigrain E., Kaguelidou F., Cohen-Wolkowiez M., Early and late onset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants from a large group of neonatal intensive care units. Early Human Development 2012 88 supplement 2 S69 S74 10.1016/S0378-3782(12)70019-1
10. Makhoul I. R., Sujov P., Smolkin T., Lusky A., Reichman B., Pathogen-specific early mortality in very low birth weight infants with late-onset sepsis: a national survey. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005 40 2 218 224 2-s2.0-12144271746 10.1086/426444 (Pubitemid 40110664)
11. Weston E. J., Pondo T., Lewis M. M., Martell-Cleary P., Morin C., Jewell B., Daily P., Apostol M., Petit S., Farley M., Lynfield R., Reingold A., Hansen N. I., Stoll B. J., Shane A. J., Zell E., Schrag S. J., The burden of invasive early-onset neonatal sepsis in the United States, 2005-2008. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2011 30 11 937 941
12. O'Shea T. M., Cerebral palsy in very preterm infants: new epidemiological insights. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 2002 8 3 135 145 2-s2.0-0036957639 10.1002/mrdd.10032 (Pubitemid 36378155)
13. Gray J. E., Richardson D. K., McCormick M. C., Goldmann D. A., Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia among very low birth weight infants: relation to admission illness severity, resource use, and outcome. Pediatrics 1995 95 2 225 230 2-s2.0-0028900921
14. Payne N. R., Carpenter J. H., Badger G. J., Horbar J. D., Rogowski J., Marginal increase in cost and excess length of stay associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in surviving very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2004 114 2 348 355 2-s2.0-3442889070 10.1542/peds.114.2.348 (Pubitemid 39006660)
15. Adams-Chapman I., Stoll B. J., Prevention of nosocomial infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2002 14 2 157 164 2-s2.0-0036120210 10.1097/00008480-200204000-00003 (Pubitemid 34412158)
16. UNICEF, The State of the World's Health 2009: Maternal and Newborn Health 2009
17. WHO, World Heath Statistics: 2010 2010
18. Liu L., Johnson H. L., Cousens S., Perin J., Scott S., Lawn J. E., Rudan I., Campbell H., Cibulskis R., Li M., Mathers C., Black R. E., Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The Lancet 2012 379 9832 2151 2161
19. Brady M. T., Health care-associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. American Journal of Infection Control 2005 33 5 268 275 2-s2.0-20444418651 10.1016/j.ajic.2004.11.006 (Pubitemid 40798372)
20. Goldmann D. A., Bacterial colonization and infection in the neonate. The American Journal of Medicine 1981 70 2 417 422
21. Feigin R. D., Cherry J., Demmler G., Kaplan S., Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Volume 1 2004 Philadelphia, Pa, USA Saunders (Elsevier)
22. Hall S. L., Riddell S. W., Barnes W. G., Meng L., Hall R. T., Evaluation of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from serial nasopharyngeal cultures of premature infants. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 1990 13 1 17 23 2-s2.0-0025359724 10.1016/0732-8893(90)90048-Z (Pubitemid 20123145)
23. Sohn A. H., Garrett D. O., Sinkowitz-Cochran R. L., Grohskopf L. A., Levine G. L., Stover B. H., Siegel J. D., Jarvis W. R., Prevalence of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: results from the first national point-prevalence survey. Journal of Pediatrics 2001 139 6 821 827 2-s2.0-0035668353 10.1067/mpd.2001.119442 (Pubitemid 34014461)
24. Bolat F., Uslu S., Bolat G., Comert S., Can E., Bulbul A., Nuhoglu A., Healthcare-associated infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Turkey. Indian Pediatrics 2012 49 12 951 957
25. Freeman J., Goldmann D. A., Smith N. E., Sidebottom D. G., Epstein M. F., Platt R., Association of intravenous lipid emulsion and coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units. The New England Journal of Medicine 1990 323 5 301 308 2-s2.0-0025279497 (Pubitemid 20237095)
26. Távora A. C. V., Castro A. B., Militão M. A. M., Girão J. E., Ribeiro K. D. C., Távora L. G. F., Risk factors for nosocomial infection in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008 12 1 75 79
27. Isaacs D., Barfield C., Clothier T., Darlow B., Diplock R., Ehrlich J., Grimwood K., Humphrey I., Jeffery H., Kohan R., McNeil R., McPhee A., Minutillo C., Morey F., Tudehope D., Wong M., Late-onset infections of infants in neonatal units. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 1996 32 2 158 161 2-s2.0-9344227301 (Pubitemid 26153700)
28. Healy C. M., Baker C. J., Palazzi D. L., Campbell J. R., Edwards M. S., Distinguishing true coagulase-negative Staphylococcus infections from contaminants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Perinatology 2013 33 1 52 58
29. Patrick C. H., John J. F., Levkoff A. H., Atkins L. M., Relatedness of strains of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus colonizing hospital personnel and producing bacteremias in a neonatal intensive care unit. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1992 11 11 935 940 2-s2.0-0026451226
30. Huebner J., Goldmann D. A., Coagulase-negative staphylococci: role as pathogens. Annual Review of Medicine 1999 50 223 236 2-s2.0-0033016317 10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.223 (Pubitemid 29117063)
31. Remington J. S., Klein J. O., Wilson C. B., Nizet V., Maldonado Y. A., Staphylococcal infections. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn 2011 Philadelphia, Pa, USA Saunders (Elsevier) 489 505
32. Huebner J., Pier G. B., Maslow J. N., Muller E., Shiro H., Parent M., Kropec A., Arbeit R. D., Goldmann D. A., Endemic nosocomial transmission of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia isolates in a neonatal intensive care unit over 10 years. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1994 169 3 526 531 2-s2.0-0028153736 (Pubitemid 24062993)
33. Lyytikäinen O., Saxén H., Ryhänen R., Vaara M., Vuopio-Varkila J., Persistence of a multiresistant clone of Staphylococcus epidermidis in a neonatal intensive-care unit for a four-year period. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995 20 1 24 29 2-s2.0-0028877646
34. Björkqvist M., Liljedahl M., Zimmermann J., Schollin J., Söderquist B., Colonization pattern of coagulase-negative staphylococci in preterm neonates and the relation to bacteremia. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2010 29 9 1085 1093 2-s2.0-78349284429 10.1007/s10096-010-0966-3
35. Milisavljevic V., Wu F., Cimmotti J., Haas J., Della-Latta P., Larson E., Saiman L., Genetic relatedness of Staphylococcus epidermidis from infected infants and staff in the neonatal intensive care unit. American Journal of Infection Control 2005 33 6 341 347 2-s2.0-23044515004 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.02. 003 (Pubitemid 41074577)
36. Costa S. F., Miceli M. H., Anaissie E. J., Mucosa or skin as source of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteraemia? Lancet Infectious Diseases 2004 4 5 278 286 2-s2.0-2342422962 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01003-5 (Pubitemid 38561225)
37. Hira V., Kornelisse R. F., Sluijter M., Kamerbeek A., Goessens W. H. F., De Groot R., Hermans P. W. M., Colonization dynamics of antibiotic-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci in neonates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2013 51 2 595 597
38. Strunk T., Richmond P., Simmer K., Currie A., Levy O., Burgner D., Neonatal immune responses to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2007 20 4 370 375 2-s2.0-34347406564 10.1097/QCO. 0b013e3281a7ec98 (Pubitemid 47026233)
39. Sharma A. A., Jen R., Butler A., Lavoie P. M., The developing human preterm neonatal immune system: a case for more research in this area. Clinical Immunology 2012 145 1 61 68
40. Adkins B., Leclerc C., Marshall-Clarke S., Neonatal adaptive immunity comes of age. Nature Reviews. Immunology 2004 4 7 553 564 2-s2.0-3142743111 (Pubitemid 38931770)
41. Zaghouani H., Hoeman C. M., Adkins B., Neonatal immunity: faulty T-helpers and the shortcomings of dendritic cells. Trends in Immunology 2009 30 12 585 591 2-s2.0-70449629815 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.002
42. Levy O., Innate immunity of the newborn: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Nature Reviews. Immunology 2007 7 5 379 390 (Pubitemid 46674489)
43. Wynn J. L., Levy O., Role of innate host defenses in susceptibility to early-onset neonatal sepsis. Clinics in Perinatology 2010 37 2 307 337 2-s2.0-77953522678 10.1016/j.clp.2010.04.001
44. Levy O., Innate immunity of the human newborn: distinct cytokine responses to LPS and other toll-like receptor agonists. Journal of Endotoxin Research 2005 11 2 113 116 2-s2.0-19044363999 10.1179/096805105X37376 (Pubitemid 40711487)
45. Jackson A., Time to review newborn skincare. Infant 2008 4 5 168 171
46. Harpin V. A., Rutter N., Barrier properties of the newborn infant's skin. The Journal of Pediatrics 1983 102 3 419 425 (Pubitemid 13149473)
47. Evans N. J., Rutter N., Development of the epidermis in the newborn. Biology of the Neonate 1986 49 2 74 80 2-s2.0-0022479751 (Pubitemid 16072504)
48. Walker V. P., Akinbi H. T., Meinzen-Derr J., Narendran V., Visscher M., Hoath S. B., Host defense proteins on the surface of neonatal skin: implications for innate immunity. Journal of Pediatrics 2008 152 6 777 781 2-s2.0-43549091128 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.11.030
49. Visscher M. O., Narendran V., Pickens W. L., LaRuffa A. A., Meinzen-Derr J., Allen K., Hoath S. B., Vernix caseosa in neonatal adaptation. Journal of Perinatology 2005 25 7 440 446 2-s2.0-22144468387 10.1038/sj.jp.7211305 (Pubitemid 40975593)
50. Yost C. C., Cody M. J., Harris E. S., Thornton N. L., McInturff A. M., Martinez M. L., Chandler N. B., Rodesch C. K., Albertine K. H., Petti C. A., Weyrich A. S., Zimmerman G. A., Impaired neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation: a novel innate immune deficiency of human neonates. Blood 2009 113 25 6419 6427 2-s2.0-67650638848 10.1182/blood-2008-07-171629
51. Larson A. A., Dinulos J. G. H., Cutaneous bacterial infections in the newborn. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2005 17 4 481 485 2-s2.0-23344443106 10.1097/01.mop.0000171321.68806.bd (Pubitemid 41104064)
52. McElroy S. J., Weitkamp J. H., Innate immunity in the small intestine of the preterm infant. NeoReviews 2011 12 9 e517 e526
53. Emami C. N., Petrosyan M., Giuliani S., Williams M., Hunter C., Prasadarao N. V., Ford H. R., Role of the host defense system and intestinal microbial flora in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Surgical Infections 2009 10 5 407 417 2-s2.0-72449122344 10.1089/sur.2009.054
54. Yoshio H., Tollin M., Gudmundsson G. H., Lagercrantz H., Jörnvall H., Marchini G., Agerberth B., Antimicrobial polypeptides of human vernix caseosa and amniotic fluid: implications for newborn innate defense. Pediatric Research 2003 53 2 211 216 2-s2.0-0037317596 10.1203/01.PDR.0000047471.47777.B0 (Pubitemid 36177115)
55. Mallow E. B., Harris A., Salzman N., Russell J. P., DeBerardinis R. J., Ruchelli E., Bevins C. L., Human enteric defensins: gene structure and developmental expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996 271 8 4038 4045 2-s2.0-0030029451
56. Sherman M. P., Bennett S. H., Hwang F. F. Y., Sherman J., Bevins C. L., Paneth cells and antibacterial host defense in neonatal small intestine. Infection and Immunity 2005 73 9 6143 6146 2-s2.0-23944464510 10.1128/IAI.73.9.6143-6146.2005 (Pubitemid 41193054)
57. Brooks H. J. L., Mcconnell M. A., Broadbent R. S., Erez O., Microbes and the inflammatory response in necrotising enterocolitis. Preterm Birth 2013 InTech 137 174
58. Claud E. C., Walker W. A., Hypothesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. FASEB Journal 2001 15 8 1398 1403 2-s2.0-0035007355 10.1096/fj.00-0833hyp (Pubitemid 32531817)
59. Hsueh W., Caplan M. S., Qu X. W., Tan X. D., de Plaen I. G., Gonzalez-Crussi F., Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical considerations and pathogenetic concepts. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 2003 6 1 6 23 2-s2.0-0348209608 10.1007/s10024-002-0602-z (Pubitemid 36323623)
60. Mollitt D. L., Tepas J. J., Talbert J. L., The role of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 1988 23 1, part 2 60 63 2-s2.0-0023880259 (Pubitemid 18061313)
61. Scheifele D. W., Bjornson G. L., Dyer R., Dimmick J. E., Delta-like toxin produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci is associated with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Infection and Immunity 1987 55 9 2268 2273 2-s2.0-0023241455 (Pubitemid 17139312)
62. Scheifele D. W., Bjornson G. L., Delta toxin activity in coagulase-negative Staphylococci from the bowels of neonates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1988 26 2 279 282 2-s2.0-0023871672 (Pubitemid 18054944)
63. Schnabl K. L., van Aerde J. E., Thomson A. B. R., Clandinin M. T., Necrotizing enterocolitis: a multifactorial disease with no cure. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008 14 14 2142 2161 2-s2.0-49249099428 10.3748/wjg.14.2142
64. Israel E. J., Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, a disease of the immature intestinal mucosal barrier. Acta Paediatrica. Supplement 1994 396 27 32 2-s2.0-0028248738 (Pubitemid 24186056)
65. Wu S. F., Caplan M., Lin H. C., Necrotizing enterocolitis: old problem with new hope. Pediatrics and Neonatology 2012 53 3 158 163
66. Voyich J. M., Braughton K. R., Sturdevant D. E., Whitney A. R., Saïd-Salim B., Porcella S. F., Long R. D., Dorward D. W., Gardner D. J., Kreiswirth B. N., Musser J. M., DeLeo F. R., Insights into mechanisms used by Staphylococcus aureus to avoid destruction by human neutrophils. Journal of Immunology 2005 175 6 3907 3919 2-s2.0-24744461675 (Pubitemid 41292051)
67. Cho J. S., Pietras E. M., Garcia N. C., Ramos R. I., Farzam D. M., Monroe H. R., Magorien J. E., Blauvelt A., Kolls J. K., Cheung A. L., Cheng G., Modlin R. L., Miller L. S., IL-17 is essential for host defense against cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2010 120 5 1762 1773 2-s2.0-77951861324 10.1172/JCI40891
68. Miller L. S., Pietras E. M., Uricchio L. H., Hirano K., Rao S., Lin H., O'Connell R. M., Iwakura Y., Cheung A. L., Cheng G., Modlin R. L., Inflammasome-mediated production of IL-1 β is required for neutrophil recruitment against Staphylococcus aureus in vivo. Journal of Immunology 2007 179 10 6933 6942 2-s2.0-38449116707
69. Koenig J. M., Yoder M. C., Neonatal neutrophils: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Clinics in Perinatology 2004 31 1 39 51 2-s2.0-2942530745 10.1016/j.clp.2004.03.013 (Pubitemid 38748590)
70. Björkqvist M., Jurstrand M., Bodin L., Fredlund H., Schollin J., Defective neutrophil oxidative burst in preterm newborns on exposure to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Pediatric Research 2004 55 6 966 971 2-s2.0-2442697678 10.1203/01.pdr.0000127018.44938.89 (Pubitemid 38661788)
71. Schutze G. E., Hall M. A., Baker C. J., Edwards M. S., Role of neutrophil receptors in opsonophagocytosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Infection and Immunity 1991 59 8 2573 2578 2-s2.0-0025812417
72. Takeuchi O., Akira S., Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 2010 140 6 805 820
73. Takeda K., Akira S., TLR signaling pathways. Seminars in Immunology 2004 16 1 3 9 (Pubitemid 38147427)
74. Kawai T., Akira S., The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on toll-like receptors. Nature Immunology 2010 11 5 373 384 2-s2.0-77951260924 10.1038/ni.1863
75. Kawai T., Akira S., Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity. Immunity 2011 34 5 637 650 2-s2.0-79956300649 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.006
76. Strunk T., Richmond P., Prosser A., Simmer K., Levy O., Burgner D., Currie A., Method of bacterial killing differentially affects the human innate immune response to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Innate Immunity 2011 17 6 508 516
77. Kronforst K. D., Mancuso C. J., Pettengill M., Ninkovic J., Power Coombs M. R., Stevens C., Otto M., Mallard C., Wang X., Goldmann D., Levy O., A neonatal model of intravenous Staphylococcus epidermidis infection in mice <24 h old enables characterization of early innate immune responses. PloS One 2012 7 9 e43897
78. Hajjar A. M., O'Mahony D. S., Ozinsky A., Underhill D. M., Aderem A., Klebanoff S. J., Wilson C. B., Cutting edge: functional interactions between toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR1 or TLR6 in response to phenol-soluble modulin. Journal of Immunology 2001 166 1 15 19 2-s2.0-0035165287 (Pubitemid 32038411)
79. Liles W. C., Thomsen A. R., O'Mahony D. S., Klebanoff S. J., Stimulation of human neutrophils and monocytes by staphylococcal phenol-soluble modulin. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2001 70 1 96 102 2-s2.0-0034974384 (Pubitemid 32613668)
80. Mehlin C., Headley C. M., Klebanoff S. J., An inflammatory polypeptide complex from Staphylococcus epidermidis: isolation and characterization. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1999 189 6 907 917 2-s2.0-0033559244 10.1084/jem.189.6.907 (Pubitemid 29149347)
81. Miller L. S., Cho J. S., Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections. Nature Reviews Immunology 2011 11 8 505 518 2-s2.0-79960845616 10.1038/nri3010
82. Lai Y., Cogen A. L., Radek K. A., Park H. J., MacLeod D. T., Leichtle A., Ryan A. F., Di Nardo A., Gallo R. L., Activation of TLR2 by a small molecule produced by staphylococcus epidermidis increases antimicrobial defense against bacterial skin infections. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130 9 2211 2221 2-s2.0-77955708980 10.1038/jid.2010.123
83. Strunk T., Currie A., Richmond P., Simmer K., Burgner D., Innate immunity in human newborn infants: prematurity means more than immaturity. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2011 24 1 25 31 2-s2.0-78650119848 10.3109/14767058.2010.482605
84. Lavoie P. M., Huang Q., Jolette E., Whalen M., Nuyt A. M., Audibert F., Speert D. P., Lacaze-Masmonteil T., Soudeyns H., Kollmann T. R., Profound lack of interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23p40 in neonates born early in gestation is associated with an increased risk of sepsis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010 202 11 1754 1763
85. Strunk T., Prosser A., Levy O., Philbin V., Simmer K., Doherty D., Charles A., Richmond P., Burgner D., Currie A., Responsiveness of human monocytes to the commensal bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis develops late in gestation. Pediatric Research 2012 72 1 10 18
86. Cheung G. Y. C., Rigby K., Wang R., Queck S. Y., Braughton K. R., Whitney A. R., Teintze M., deLeo F. R., Otto M., Staphylococcus epidermidis strategies to avoid killing by human neutrophils. PLoS Pathogens 2010 6 10 2-s2.0-78449241968 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001133 e1001133
87. Foster T. J., Immune evasion by staphylococci. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 2005 3 12 948 958 (Pubitemid 43078158)
88. von Eiff C., Peters G., Heilmann C., Pathogenesis of infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2002 2 11 677 685 2-s2.0-0036841516 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00438-3 (Pubitemid 35265063)
89. Mack D., Davies A. P., Harris L. G., Rohde H., Horstkotte M. A., Knobloch J. K. M., Microbial interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007 387 2 399 408 2-s2.0-33846073180 10.1007/s00216-006-0745-2 (Pubitemid 46067457)
90. Rohde H., Frankenberger S., Zähringer U., Mack D., Structure, function and contribution of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) to Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation and pathogenesis of biomaterial-associated infections. European Journal of Cell Biology 2010 89 1 103 111 2-s2.0-73649119152 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10.005
91. Kocianova S., Vuong C., Yao Y., Voyich J. M., Fischer E. R., DeLeo F. R., Otto M., Key role of poly- γ -DL-glutamic acid in immune evasion and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 115 3 688 694 2-s2.0-14644386821 10.1172/JCI200523523 (Pubitemid 40322243)
92. Vuong C., Voyich J. M., Fischer E. R., Braughton K. R., Whitney A. R., DeLeo F. R., Otto M., Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) protects Staphylococcus epidermidis against major components of the human innate immune system. Cellular Microbiology 2004 6 3 269 275 2-s2.0-1342304447 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2004.00367.x (Pubitemid 38248010)
93. Guenther F., Stroh P., Wagner C., Obst U., Hänch G. M., Phagocytosis of staphylococci biofilms by polymorphonuclear neutrophils: S. aureus and S. epidermidis differ with regard to their susceptibility towards the host defense. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2009 32 9 565 573 2-s2.0-70549087775
94. Klingenberg C., Aarag E., Rønnestad A., Sollid J. E., Abrahamsen T. G., Kjeldsen G., Flœgstad T., Coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis in neonates: association between antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and the host inflammatory response. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2005 24 9 817 822 2-s2.0-24944448590 10.1097/01.inf.0000176735.20008.cd (Pubitemid 41324891)
95. Qu Y., Daley A. J., Istivan T. S., Garland S. M., Deighton M. A., Antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from very low birth weight babies: comprehensive comparisons of bacteria at different stages of biofilm formation. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2010 9 article 16 2-s2.0-77952739911 10.1186/1476-0711-9-16
96. Otto M., Staphylococcus colonization of the skin and antimicrobial peptides. Expert Review of Dermatology 2010 5 2 183 195 2-s2.0-77951639352 10.1586/edm.10.6
97. Oppermann-Sanio F., Steinbüchel A., Occurrence, functions and biosynthesis of polyamides in microorganisms and biotechnological production. Naturwissenschaften 2002 89 1 11 22 2-s2.0-0036164128 10.1007/s00114-001-0280-0 (Pubitemid 34117486)
98. Ziebuhr W., Hennig S., Eckart M., Kränzler H., Batzilla C., Kozitskaya S., Nosocomial infections by Staphylococcus epidermidis: how a commensal bacterium turns into a pathogen. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2006 28 supplement 1 S14 S20 2-s2.0-33746734185 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.05.012 (Pubitemid 44163162)
99. Rogers K. L., Fey P. D., Rupp M. E., Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal infections. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2009 23 1 73 98 2-s2.0-58149204179 10.1016/j.idc.2008.10.001
100. Neumeister B., Kastner S., Conrad S., Klotz G., Bartmann P., Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci causing nosocomial infections in preterm infants. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 1995 14 10 856 863
101. Khashu M., Osiovich H., Henry D., Al Khotani A., Solimano A., Speert D. P., Persistent bacteremia and severe thrombocytopenia caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 2006 117 2 340 348 2-s2.0-33644849920 10.1542/peds.2005-0333 (Pubitemid 46074648)
102. Paolucci M., Landini M. P., Sambri V., How can the microbiologist help in diagnosing neonatal sepsis? International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 2012 14 10.1155/2012/120139 120139
103. Schelonka R. L., Chai M. K., Yoder B. A., Hensley D., Brockett R. M., Ascher D. P., Volume of blood required to detect common neonatal pathogens. Journal of Pediatrics 1996 129 2 275 278 2-s2.0-0030391733 10.1016/S0022- 3476(96)70254-8 (Pubitemid 27483801)
104. Connell T. G., Rele M., Cowley D., Buttery J. P., Curtis N., How reliable is a negative blood culture result? Volume of blood submitted for culture in routine practice in a children's hospital. Pediatrics 2007 119 5 891 896 2-s2.0-34248229209 10.1542/peds.2006-0440 (Pubitemid 46715658)
105. Craft A., Finer N., Nosocomial coagulase negative staphylococcal (CoNS) catheter-related sepsis in preterm infants: definition, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and prevention. Journal of Perinatology 2001 21 3 186 192 2-s2.0-0034873171 10.1038/sj.jp.7200514 (Pubitemid 32798681)
106. Newman T. B., Puopolo K. M., Wi S., Draper D., Escobar G. J., Interpreting complete blood counts soon after birth in newborns at risk for sepsis. Pediatrics 2010 126 5 903 909
107. Edgar J. D. M., Gabriel V., Gallimore J. R., McMillan S. A., Grant J., A prospective study of the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic performance of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, soluble E-selectin and serum amyloid A in the diagnosis of neonatal infection. BMC Pediatrics 2010 10 article 22 2-s2.0-77950834241 10.1186/1471-2431-10-22
108. Vouloumanou E. K., Plessa E., Karageorgopoulos D. E., Mantadakis E., Falagas M. E., Serum procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Medicine 2011 37 5 747 762 2-s2.0-79955567272 10.1007/s00134-011-2174-8
109. Hall K. K., Lyman J., Updated review of blood culture contamination. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2006 19 4 788 802 (Pubitemid 44582981)
110. Beekmann S. E., Diekema D. J., Doern G. V., Determining the clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2005 26 6 559 566 2-s2.0-21244487497 10.1086/502584 (Pubitemid 40896146)
111. Blot F., Nitenberg G. E., Chachaty E., Raynard B., Germann N., Antoun S., Laplanche A., Brun-Buisson C., Tancrède C., Diagnosis of catheter-related bacteraemia: a prospective comparison of the time to positivity of hub-blood versus peripheral-blood cultures. The Lancet 1999 354 9184 1071 1077 2-s2.0-0040562485 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11134-0 (Pubitemid 29452819)
112. Parvez F. M., Jarvis W. R., Nosocomial infections in the nursery. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1999 10 2 119 129 2-s2.0-0032896473 10.1016/S1045-1870(99)80043-0 (Pubitemid 29221074)
113. Gaur A. H., Flynn P. M., Giannini M. A., Shenep J. L., Hayden R. T., Difference in time to detection: a simple method to differentiate catheter-related from non-catheter-related bloodstream infection in immunocompromised pediatric patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003 37 4 469 475 2-s2.0-0042442496 10.1086/376904 (Pubitemid 37011768)
114. Raad I., Hanna H. A., Alakech B., Chatzinikolaou I., Johnson M. M., Tarrand J., Differential time to positivity: a useful method for diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infections. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004 140 1 18 I39 2-s2.0-0347716451
115. Chatzinikolaou I., Hanna H., Hachem R., Alakech B., Tarrand J., Raad I., Differential quantitative blood cultures for the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections associated with short- and long-term catheters: a prospective study. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2004 50 3 167 172 2-s2.0-8444227398 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.07.007 (Pubitemid 39487289)
116. Yager P., Edwards T., Fu E., Helton K., Nelson K., Tam M. R., Weigl B. H., Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health. Nature 2006 442 7101 412 418 2-s2.0-33747086959 10.1038/nature05064 (Pubitemid 44264785)
117. Edmond K., Zaidi A., New approaches to preventing, diagnosing, and treating neonatal sepsis. PLoS Medicine 2010 7 3 e1000213 2-s2.0-77952759707 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000213
118. Mancini N., Carletti S., Ghidoli N., Cichero P., Burioni R., Clementi M., The era of molecular and other non-culture-based methods in diagnosis of sepsis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2010 23 1 235 251 2-s2.0-74249109360 10.1128/CMR.00043-09
119. Venkatesh M., Flores A., Luna R. A., Versalovic J., Molecular microbiological methods in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2010 8 9 1037 1048 2-s2.0-77956472516 10.1586/eri.10.89
120. Raimundo O., Heussler H., Bruhn J. B., Suntrarachun S., Kelly N., Deighton M. A., Garland S. M., Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteraemia in a newborn intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 2002 51 1 33 42 2-s2.0-0036580746 10.1053/jhin.2002.1203 (Pubitemid 37554840)
121. Borghesi A., Stronati M., Strategies for the prevention of hospital-acquired infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 2008 68 4 293 300 2-s2.0-41549151944 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.01. 011
122. Horbar J. D., Rogowski J., Plsek P. E., Delmore P., Edwards W. H., Hocker J., Kantak A. D., Lewallen P., Lewis W., Lewit E., McCarroll C. J., Mujsce D., Payne N. R., Shiono P., Soll R. F., Leahy K., Carpenter J. H., Collaborative quality improvement for neonatal intensive care. NIC/Q Project Investigators of the Vermont Oxford Network. Pediatrics 2001 107 1 14 22 2-s2.0-17744379181 10.1542/peds.107.1.14 (Pubitemid 32055409)
123. Lim W. H., Lien R., Huang Y. C., Chiang M. C., Fu R. H., Chu S. M., Hsu J. F., Yang P. H., Prevalence and pathogen distribution of neonatal sepsis among very-low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics and Neonatology 2012 53 4 228 234
124. Helder O. K., Brug J., Looman C. W. N., van Goudoever J. B., Kornelisse R. F., The impact of an education program on hand hygiene compliance and nosocomial infection incidence in an urban Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: an intervention study with before and after comparison. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2010 47 10 1245 1252 2-s2.0-77955921526 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010. 03.005
125. Lam B. C. C., Lee J., Lau Y. L., Hand hygiene practices in a neonatal intensive care unit: a multimodal intervention and impact on nosocomial infection. Pediatrics 2004 114 5 e565 e571 2-s2.0-16644389232 10.1542/peds.2004-1107 (Pubitemid 41647663)
126. Saiman L., Strategies for prevention of nosocomial sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2006 18 2 101 106 2-s2.0-33646533785 10.1097/01.mop.0000193300.25141.c5
127. Kane E., Bretz G., Reduction in coagulase-negative staphylococcus infection rates in the NICU using evidence-based research. Neonatal Network 2011 30 3 165 174
128. Golombek S. G., Rohan A. J., Parvez B., Salice A. L., LaGamma E. F., 'Proactive' management of percutaneously inserted central catheters results in decreased incidence of infection in the ELBW population. Journal of Perinatology 2002 22 3 209 213 2-s2.0-0036237722 10.1038/sj.jp.7210660 (Pubitemid 34461098)
129. Hemels M. A. C., van den Hoogen A., Verboon-Maciolek M. A., Fleer A., Krediet T. G., Prevention of neonatal late-onset sepsis associated with the removal of percutaneously inserted central venous catheters in preterm infants. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2011 12 4 445 448 2-s2.0-79960842555 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182070f5d
130. Baier R. J., Bocchini J. A., Brown E. G., Selective use of vancomycin to prevent coagulase-negative staphylococcal nosocomial bacteremia in high risk very low birth weight infants. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998 17 3 179 183 2-s2.0-0031943158 10.1097/00006454-199803000-00002 (Pubitemid 28146056)
131. Spafford P. S., Sinkin R. A., Cox C., Reubens L., Powell K. R., Prevention of central venous catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis in neonates. Journal of Pediatrics 1994 125 2 259 263 2-s2.0-0028141793 10.1016/S0022-3476(94)70208-X (Pubitemid 24253012)
132. Craft A. P., Finer N. N., Barrington K. J., Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000 2 CD001971 2-s2.0-0033657028
133. von Eiff C., Jansen B., Kohnen W., Becker K., Infections associated with medical devices: pathogenesis, management and prophylaxis. Drugs 2005 65 2 179 214 2-s2.0-12344263658 10.2165/00003495-200565020-00003 (Pubitemid 40139382)
134. Timsit J., Dubois Y., Minet C., Bonadona A., Lugosi M., Ara-Somohano C., Hamidfar-Roy R., Schwebel C., New materials and devices for preventing catheter-related infections. Annals of Intensive Care 2011 1 1 34 10.1186/2110-5820-1-34
135. McCann M. T., Gilmore B. F., Gorman S. P., Staphylococcus epidermidis device-related infections: pathogenesis and clinical management. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2008 60 12 1551 1571 2-s2.0-56849099925 10.1211/jpp/60.12.0001
136. Venkatesh M. P., Placencia F., Weisman L. E., Coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections in the neonate and child: an update. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2006 17 3 120 127 2-s2.0-33747754782 10.1053/j.spid.2006.06.005 (Pubitemid 44278616)
137. Bestul M. B., VandenBussche H. L., Antibiotic lock technique: review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2005 25 2 211 227 2-s2.0-13544269342 10.1592/phco.25.2.211.56947 (Pubitemid 40223482)
138. Maiefski M., Rupp M. E., Hermsen E. D., Ethanol lock technique: review of the literature. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2009 30 11 1096 1108 2-s2.0-71949108153 10.1086/606162
139. Huang E. Y., Chen C., Abdullah F., Aspelund G., Barnhart D. C., Calkins C. M., Cowles R., Downard C. D., Goldin A. B., Lee S. L., Peter S. D., Arca M. J., Strategies for the prevention of central venous catheter infections: an American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2011 46 10 2000 2011
140. Filippi L., Pezzati M., di Amario S., Poggi C., Pecile P., Fusidic acid and heparin lock solution for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections in critically ill neonates: a retrospective study and a prospective, randomized trial. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2007 8 6 556 562 2-s2.0-35949002444 10.1097/01.PCC.0000288711.46009.58 (Pubitemid 350076462)
141. Garland J. S., Alex C. P., Henrickson K. J., McAuliffe T. L., Maki D. G., A vancomycin-heparin lock solution for prevention of nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill neonates with peripherally inserted central venous catheters: a prospective, randomized trial. Pediatrics 2005 116 2 e198 e205 2-s2.0-33644618849 10.1542/peds.2004-2674 (Pubitemid 44161440)
142. Garland J. S., Alex C. P., Mueller C. D., Otten D., Shivpuri C., Harris M. C., Naples M., Pellegrini J., Buck R. K., McAuliffe T. L., Goldmann D. A., Maki D. G., A randomized trial comparing povidone-iodine to a chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated dressing for prevention of central venous catheter infections in neonates. Pediatrics 2001 107 6 1431 1437 2-s2.0-17844387428 10.1542/peds.107.6.1431 (Pubitemid 32525230)
143. Darmstadt G. L., Dinulos J. G., Neonatal skin care. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2000 47 4 757 782 2-s2.0-0033942205 (Pubitemid 30480388)
144. John J. F., Harvin A. M., History and evolution of antibiotic resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci: susceptibility profiles of new anti-staphylococcal agents. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2007 3 6 1143 1152 2-s2.0-38049118068
145. Shelburne S. A., Musher D. M., Hulten K., Ceasar H., Lu M. Y., Bhaila I., Hamill R. J., In vitro killing of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with drug combinations. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004 48 10 4016 4019 2-s2.0-4644289918 10.1128/AAC.48.10.4016-4019. 2004 (Pubitemid 39304638)
146. Rochon-Edouard S., Pestel-Caron M., Lemeland J. F., Caron F., In vitro synergistic effects of double and triple combinations of β -lactams, vancomycin, and netilmicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2000 44 11 3055 3060 2-s2.0-0033744694 10.1128/AAC.44.11.3055-3060.2000
147. Brilene T., Soeorg H., Kiis M., Sepp E., Kõljalg S., Lõivukene K., Jürna-Ellam M., Kalinina J., Stšepetova J., Metsvaht T., Lutsar I., In vitro synergy of oxacillin and gentamicin against coagulase-negative staphylococci from blood cultures of neonates with late-onset sepsis. APMIS: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 2013 10.1111/apm.12048
148. Deville J. G., Adler S., Azimi P. H., Jantausch B. A., Morfin M. R., Beltran S., Edge-Padbury B., Naberhuis-Stehouwer S., Bruss J. B., Linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of known or suspected resistant gram-positive infections in neonates. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003 22 9, supplement S158 S163 2-s2.0-0141680908 (Pubitemid 37158764)
149. Meka V. G., Gold H. S., Antimicrobial resistance to linezolid. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004 39 7 1010 1015 2-s2.0-4744364598 10.1086/423841 (Pubitemid 39313459)
150. Farber B. F., Kaplan M. H., Clogston A. G., Staphylococcus epidermidis extracted slime inhibits the antimicrobial action of glycopeptide antibiotics. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1990 161 1 37 40 2-s2.0-0025060247 (Pubitemid 20021854)
151. Høiby N., Bjarnsholt T., Givskov M., Molin S., Ciofu O., Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2010 35 4 322 332 2-s2.0-77049122482 10.1016/j.ijantimicag. 2009.12.011
152. Klingenberg C., Rønnestad A., Anderson A. S., Abrahamsen T. G., Zorman J., Villaruz A., Flægstad T., Otto M., Sollid E. J., Persistent strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit: virulence factors and invasiveness. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2007 13 11 1100 1111 2-s2.0-35148894556 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01818.x (Pubitemid 47543112)
153. Adams-Chapman I., Stoll B. J., Neonatal infection and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in the preterm infant. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2006 19 3 290 297 2-s2.0-33646678434 10.1097/01.qco.0000224825.57976.87 (Pubitemid 43740369)
154. Lorenz J. M., The outcome of extreme prematurity. Seminars in Perinatology 2001 25 5 348 359 2-s2.0-0034751026 (Pubitemid 33015184)
155. Moster D., Lie R. T., Markestad T., Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth. The New England Journal of Medicine 2008 359 3 262 273 2-s2.0-47549088161 10.1056/NEJMoa0706475 (Pubitemid 352008441)
156. Stephens B. E., Vohr B. R., Neurodevelopmental outcome of the premature infant. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2009 56 3 631 646
157. Stoll B. J., Hansen N. I., Adams-Chapman I., Fanaroff A. A., Hintz S. R., Vohr B., Higgins R. D., Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004 292 19 2357 2365 2-s2.0-8544252449 10.1001/jama.292.19.2357 (Pubitemid 39491920)
158. Wheater M., Rennie J. M., Perinatal infection is an important risk factor for cerebral palsy in very-low-birthweight infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2000 42 6 364 367 2-s2.0-0034077690 10.1017/S0012162200000670 (Pubitemid 30326658)
159. Saigal S., Doyle L. W., An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. The Lancet 2008 371 9608 261 269 2-s2.0-38149116341 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60136-1
160. Singer L., Yamashita T., Lilien L., Collin M., Baley J., A longitudinal study of developmental outcome of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and very low birth weight. Pediatrics 1997 100 6 987 993 2-s2.0-0030697951 (Pubitemid 27516486)
161. Wynn J. L., Neu J., Moldawer L. L., Levy O., Potential of immunomodulatory agents for prevention and treatment of neonatal sepsis. Journal of Perinatology 2009 29 2 79 88 2-s2.0-59749100172 10.1038/jp.2008.132
162. King A., Juszczak E., Kingdom U., Zealand N., Haque K., Salt A., Perinatal N., Unit E., Campus O. R., Appendix S., Treatment of neonatal sepsis with intravenous immune globulin. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011 365 13 1201 1211 10.1056/NEJMoa1100441
163. Otto M., Novel targeted immunotherapy approaches for staphylococcal infection. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2011 10 7 1049 1059
164. Manzoni P., Rinaldi M., Cattani S., Pugni L., Romeo M. G., Messner H., Stolfi I., Decembrino L., Laforgia N., Vagnarelli F., Memo L., Bordignon L., Saia O. S., Maule M., Gallo E., Mostert M., Magnani C., Quercia M., Bollani L., Pedicino R., Renzullo L., Betta P., Mosca F., Ferrari F., Magaldi R., Stronati M., Farina D., Bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of late-onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight neonates: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2009 302 13 1421 1428 2-s2.0-70349914008 10.1001/jama.2009.1403