Pathogenesis of infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci

Lancet Infectious Diseases

Volumn 2, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 677-685

  Von Eiff, Christof ^a   Peters, Georg ^a   Heilmann, Christine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL ENZYME; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; BACTERIOCIN; FIBRONECTIN; HEMOLYSIN; LANTIBIOTIC; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); POLYMER; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BIOFILM; COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS; DIALYSIS MEMBRANE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FOREIGN BODY; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMPLANT; INDWELLING CATHETER; INTRAVASCULAR CATHETER; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS LUGDUNENSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS;

EID: 0036841516     PISSN: 14733099     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00438-3     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report: Data summary from January 1990-May 1999, issued June 1999. Am J Infect Control 1999; 27: 520-32.
2. Huebner J, Goldmann DA. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: Role as pathogens. Ann Rev Med 1999; 50: 223-36.
3. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ, et al. Survey of infections due to staphylococcus species: Frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the western pacific region for the Sentry antimicrobial surveillance program, 1997-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32 (suppl 2): 114-32.
4. Trulzsch K, Rinder H, Trcek J, Bader L, Wilhelm U, Heesemann J. "Staphylococcuspettenkoferi", a novel staphylococcal species isolated from clinical specimens. Diagn Microbial Infect Dis 2002; 43: 175-82.
5. Lina G, Etienne J, Vandenesch F. Biology and pathogenicity of staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In: Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Rood JI (eds). Gram-Positive Pathogens. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2000: 450-62.
6. Miele PS, Kogulan PK, Levy CS, et al. Seven cases of surgical native valve endocarditis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci: An underappreciated disease. Am Heart J 2001; 142: 571-76.
7. Pessoa-Silva CL, Miyasaki CH, de Almeida MF, Kopelman BI, Raggio RL, Wey SB. Neonatal late-onset bloodstream infection: Attributable mortality, excess of length of stay, and risk factors. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17: 715-20.
8. Pagano L, Tacconelli E, Tumbarello M, et al. Bacteraemia in patients with hematological malignancies. Analysis of risk factors, etiological agents, and prognostic indicators. Haematologica 1997; 82: 415-19.
9. Souvenir D, Anderson DE Jr, Palpant S, et al. Blood cultures positive for coagulase-negative staphylococci: Antisepsis, pseudobacteraemia, and therapy of patients. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1923-26.
10. Heilmann C, Peters G. Biology and pathogenicity of Staphylococcus epidermidis. In: Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Rood JI (eds). Grampositive Pathogens. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2001: 442-49.
11. Perdreau-Remington F, Stefanik D, Peters G, et al. A four-year prospective study on microbial ecology of explanted prosthetic hips in 52 patients with "aseptic" prosthetic joint loosening. Eur J Clin Microbial Infect Dis 1996; 15: 160-65.
12. Schumacher-Perdreau F, Peters G, Digon-Guzman F, Jansen B, Pulverer G. Incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in fibrous capsular contracture (FCC) after augmentation mammaplasty with silicone. Abstracts of the 28th Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1988, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC (Abstract 996)
13. Jansen B, Hartmann C, Schumacher-Perdreau F, Peters G. Late onset endophthalmitis associated with intraocular lens: A case of molecularly proved S epidermidis aetiology. Br J Ophthalmol 1991; 75: 440-41.
14. O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002; 51: 1-29.
15. Peters G, Locci R, Pulverer G. Adherence and growth of coagulase-negative staphylococci on surfaces of intravenous catheters. J Infect Dis 1982; 146: 479-82.
16. Peters G, Locci R, Pulverer G. Microbial colonization of prosthetic devices. II. Scanning electron microscopy of naturally infected intravenous catheters. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg B 1981; 173: 293-99.
17. Veenstra GJ, Cremers FF, van Dijk H, Fleer A. Ultrastructural organization and regulation of a biomaterial adhesin of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Bacteriol 1996; 178: 537-41.
18. Heilmann C, Gerke C, Perdreau-Remington F, Götz F. Characterization of Tn917 insertion mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis affected in biofilm formation. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 277-82.
19. Heilmann C, Hussain M, Peters G, Götz F. Evidence for autolysin-mediated primary attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to a polystyrene surface. Mol Microbiol 1997; 24: 1013-24.
20. Cucarella C, Solano C, Valle J, Amorena B, Lasa I, Penades JR. Bap, a Staphylococcus aureus surface protein involved in biofilm formation. J Bacteriol 2001; 183: 2888-96.
21. Shiro H, Muller E, Gutierrez N, et al. Transposon mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis deficient in elaboration of capsular polysaccharide/adhesin and slime are avirulent in a rabbit model of endocarditis. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 1042-49.
22. Dickinson GM, Bisno AL. Infections associated with indwelling devices: Concepts of pathogenesis; infections associated with intravascular devices. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 597-601.
23. Kochwa S, Litwak RS, Rosenfield RE, Leonard EF. Blood elements at foreign surfaces: A biochemical approach to the study of the adsorption of plasma proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1977; 283: 37-49.
24. Cottonaro CN, Roohk HV, Shimizu G, Sperling DR. Quantitation and characterization of competitive protein binding to polymers. Trans Ant Soc Artif Intern Organs 1981; 27: 391-95.
25. Herrmann M, Hartleib J, Kehrel B, Montgomery RR, Sixma JJ, Peters G. Interaction of von Willebrand Factor with Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 984-91.
26. Hartleib J, Kohler N, Dickinson RB, et al. Protein A is the von Willebrand factor binding protein on Staphylococcus aureus. Blood 2000; 96: 2149-56.
27. Herrmann M, Vaudaux PE, Pittet D, et al. Fibronectin, fibrinogen, and laminin act as mediators of adherence of clinical staphylococcal isolates to foreign material. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 693-701.
28. Rupp ME, Fey PD, Heilmann C, Götz F. Characterization of the importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis autolysin and polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in the pathogenesis of intravascular catheter-associated infection in a rat model. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 1038-42.
29. Hell W, Meyer HG, Gatermann SG. Cloning of aas, a gene encoding a Staphylococcus saprophyticus surface protein with adhesive and autolytic properties. Mol Microbiol 1998; 29: 871-81.
30. Milohanic E, Jonquieres R, Cossart P, Berche P, Gaillard JL. The autolysin Ami contributes to the adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes to eukaryotic cells via its cell wall anchor. Mol Microbiol 2001; 39: 1212-24.
31. Nilsson M, Frykberg L, Flock JI, Pei L, Lindberg M, Guss B. A fibrinogen-binding protein of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 2666-73.
32. Pei L, Flock JI. Lack off fbe, the gene for a fibrinogen-binding protein from Staphylococcus epidermidis, reduces its adherence to fibrinogen coated surfaces. Microb Pathog 2001; 31: 185-93.
33. Pei L, Palma M, Nilsson M, Guss B, Flock JI. Functional studies of a fibrinogen binding protein from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 4525-30.
34. Pei L, Flock JI. Functional study of antibodies against a fibrinogen-binding protein in Staphylococcus epidermidis adherence to polyethylene catheters. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 52-55.
35. McCrea KW, Hartford O, Davis S, et al. The serine-aspartate repeat (Sdr) protein family in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Microbiology 2000; 146 (Pt 7): 1535-46.
36. Davis SL, Gurusiddappa S, McCrea KW, Perkins S, Hook M. SdrG, a fibrinogen-binding bacterial adhesin of the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules subfamily from Staphylococcus epidermidis,targets the thrombin cleavage site in the Bbeta chain. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 27799-805.
37. Hussain M, Heilmann C, Peters G, Herrmann M. Teichoic acid enhances adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to immobilized fibronectin. Microb Pathog 2001; 31: 261-70.
38. Heilmann C, Götz F. Further characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis transposon mutants deficient in primary attachment or intercellular adhesion. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1998; 287: 69-83.
39. Mack D, Fischer W, Krokotsch A, et al. The intercellular adhesin involved in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a linear beta-1,6-linked glucosaminoglycan: Purification and structural analysis. J Bacteriol 1996; 178: 175-83.
40. Heilmann C, Schweitzer O, Gerke C, Vanittanakom N, Mack D, Götz F. Molecular basis of intercellular adhesion in the biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis. Mol Microbiol 1996; 20: 1083-91.
41. Gerke C, Kraft A, Sussmuth R, Schweitzer O, Götz F. Characterization of the N-acetylglucosaminvltransferase activity involved in the biosynthesis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 18586-93.
42. Rupp ME, Ulphani JS, Fey PD, Bartscht K, Mack D. Characterization of the importance of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion/hemagglutinin of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the pathogenesis of biomaterial-based infection in a mouse foreign body infection model. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 2627-32.
43. Rupp ME, Ulphani JS, Fey PD, Mack D. Characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesion/hemagglutinin in the pathogenesis of intravascular catheter-associated infection in a rat model. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 2656-59.
44. Fey PD, Ulphani IS, Götz F, Heilmann C, Mack D, Rupp ME. Characterization of the relationship between polysaccharide intercellular adhesin and hemagglutination in Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 1561-64.
45. Ziebuhr W, Hellmann C, Götz F, et al. Detection of the intercellular adhesion gene cluster (ica) and phase variation in Staphylococcus epidermidis blood culture strains and mucosal isolates. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 890-96.
46. McKenney D, Hubner J, Muller E, Wang Y, Goldmann DA, Pier GB. The ica locus of Staphylococcus epidermidis encodes production of the capsular polysaccharide/adhesin. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 4711-20.
47. Cramton SE, Gerke C, Schnell NF, Nichols WW, Götz F. The intercellular adhesion (ica) locus is present in Staphylococcus aureus and is required for biofilm formation. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 5427-33.
48. Baldassarri L, Donnelli G, Gelosia A, Voglino MC, Simpson AW, Christensen GD. Purification and characterization of the staphylococcal slime-associated antigen and its occurrence among Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 3410-15.
49. Schumacher-Perdreau F, Heilmann C, Peters G, Götz F, Pulverer G. Comparative analysis of a biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis strain and its adhesion-positive, accumulation-negative mutant M7. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 117: 71-78.
50. Hussain M, Herrmann M, von Eiff C, Perdreau-Remington F, Peters G. A 140-kilodalton extracellular protein is essential for the accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains on surfaces. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 519-24.
51. Teufel P, Götz F. Characterization of an extracellular metalloprotease with elastase activity from Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 4218-24.
52. Sloot N, Thomas M, Marre R, Gatermann S. Purification and characterisation of elastase from Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Med Microbiol 1992; 37: 201-05.
53. Geissler S, Götz F, Kupke T. Serine protease EpiP from Staphylococcus epidermidis catalyzes the processing of the epidermin precursor peptide. J Bacteriol 1996; 178: 284-88.
54. Farrell AM, Foster TJ, Holland KT. Molecular analysis and expression of the lipase of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Gen Microbiol 1993; 139 (Pt 2): 267-77.
55. Simons JW, van Kampen MD, Riel S, Götz F, Egmond MR, Verheij HM. Cloning, purification and characterisation of the lipase from Staphylococcus epidermidis-comparison of the substrate selectivity, with these of other microbial lipases. Eur J Biochem 1998; 253: 675-83.
56. Longshaw CM, Farrell AM, Wright JD, Holland KT. Identification of a second lipase gene, gehD, in Staphylococcus epidermidis: Comparison of sequence with those of other staphylococcal lipases. Microbiology 2000; 146 (Pt 6): 1419-27.
57. Chamberlain NR, Brueggemann SA. Characterisation and expression of fatty acid modifying enzyme produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Med Microbiol 1997; 46: 693-97.
58. McKevitt AI, Bjornson GL, Mauracher CA, Scheifele DW. Amino acid sequence of a deltalike toxin from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 1473-75.
59. Marin ME, de la Rosa MC, Cornejo I. Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus strains isolated from Spanish dry-cured hams. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58: 1067-69.
60. Kupke T, Götz F. Expression, purification, and characterization of EpiC, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the lantibiotic epidermin, and sequence analysis of Staphylococcus epidermidis epic mutants. J Bacteriol 1996; 178: 1335-40.
61. Meyer C, Bierbaum G, Heidrich C, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the lantibiotic Pep5 biosynthetic gene cluster and functional analysis of PepP and PepC. Evidence for a role of PepC in thioether formation. Eur J Biochem 1995; 232: 478-89.
62. van de KM, van den Hooven HW, Konings RN, et al. Elucidation of the primary structure of the lantibiotic epilancin K7 from Staphylococcus epidermidis K7. Cloning and characterisation of the epilancin-K7-encoding gene and NMR analysis of mature epilancin K7. Eur J Biochem 1995; 230: 587-600.
63. Heidrich C, Pag U, Josten M, et al. Isolation, characterization, and heterologous expression of the novel lantibiotic epicidin 280 and analysis of its biosynthetic gene cluster. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64: 3140-46.
64. Lindsay JA, Riley TV. Staphylococcal iron requirements, siderophore production, and iron-regulated protein expression. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 2309-14.
65. Modun BJ, Cockayne A, Finch R, Williams P. The Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis transferrin-binding proteins are expressed in vivo during infection. Microbiology 1998; 144 (Pt 4): 1005-12.
66. Modun B, Williams P. The staphylococcal transferrin-binding protein is a cell wall glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 1086-92.
67. Cockayne A, Hill PJ, Powell NB, Bishop K, Sims C, Williams P. Molecular cloning of a 32-kilodalton lipoprotein component of a novel iron-regulated Staphylococcus epidermidis ABC transporter. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 3767-74.
68. Ronald A. The etiology of urinary tract infection: Traditional and emerging pathogens. Am J Med 2002; 113 (suppl 1A): 14S-9S.
69. Nicolle LE, Hoban SA, Harding GK. Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci from urinary tract specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 17: 267-71.
70. Jordan PA, Iravani A, Richard GA, Baer H. Urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. J Infect Dis 1980; 142: 510-15.
71. Gatermann SG, Crossley KB. Urinary tract infection. In: Crossley KB, Archer G (eds). The Staphylococci in Human Disease. New York: Churchill Livingston, 1997: 493-508.
72. Ishihara S, Yokoi S, Ito M, Kobayashi S, Deguchi T. Pathologic significance of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in complicated urinary tract infections. Urology 2001; 57: 17-20.
73. Stamm WE, Wagner KF, Amsel R, et al. Causes of the acute urethral syndrome in women. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 409-15.
74. Gatermann S, Meyer HG, Wanner G. Staphylococcus saprophyticus hemagglutinin is a 160-kilodalton surface polypeptide. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 4127-32.
75. Gatermann S, Meyer HG. Staphylococcus saprophyticus hemagglutinin binds fibronectin. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 4556-63.
76. Meyer HG, Wengler Becker U, Gatermann SG. The hemagglutinin of Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a major adhesin for uroepithelial cells. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 3893-96.
77. Gatermann S, Kreft B, Marre R, Wanner G. Identification and characterization of a surface-associated protein (Ssp) of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 1055-60.
78. Gatermann S. Virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and enterococci. In: Mobley HLT, Warren JW (eds). Urinary Tract Infections: Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Management. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1996: 313-40.
79. Gatermann S, Meyer HG, Marre R, Wanner G. Identification and characterization of surface proteins from Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Zentratbl Bakteriol 1993; 278: 258-74.
80. Sakinc, T, Gatermann S. Sdr1, a matrix-binding protein of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Int J Med Microbiol 2001; 291 (suppl 32): V56.
81. Gatermann S, Marre R. Cloning and expression of Staphylococcus saprophyticus urease gene sequences in Staphylococcus carnosus and contribution of the enzyme to virulence. Infect Immun 1989; 57: 2998-3002.
82. Gatermann S, John J, Marre R. Staphylococcus saprophyticus urease: Characterization and contribution to uropathogenicity in unobstructed urinary tract infection of rats. Infect Immun 1989; 57: 110-16.
83. Patel R, Piper KE, Rouse MS, Uhl JR, Cockerill FR, III, Steckelberg JM. Frequency of isolation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis among staphylococcal isolates causing endocarditis: A 20-year experience. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 4262-63.
84. Bellamy R, Barkham T. Staphylococcus lugdunensis infection sites: Predominance of abscesses in the pelvic girdle region. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: E32-E34.
85. Kaabia N, Scauarda D, Lena G, Drancourt M. Molecular identification of Staphylococcus lugdunensis in a patient with meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1824-25.
86. Haile DT, Hughes J, Vetter E, et al. Frequency of isolation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis in consecutive urine cultures and relationship to urinary tract infection. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 654-56.
87. Hernandez JL, Calvo J, Sota R, Aguero J, Garcia-Palomo JD, Farinas MC. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of 28 patients with Staphylococcus schleiferi infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20: 153-58.
88. Kluytmans J, Berg H, Steegh P, Vandenesch F, Etienne J, van Belkum A. Outbreak of Staphylococcus schleifieri wound infections: Strain characterization by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, PCR ribotyping, conventional ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2214-19.
89. Calvo J, Hernandez JL, Farinas MC, Garcia-Palomo D, Aguero J. Osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus schleiferi and evidence of misidentification of this Staphylococcus species by an automated bacterial identification system. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 3887-89.
90. Farrag N, Lee P, Gunney R, Viagappan GM. Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77: 259-60.
91. Jones RM, Jackson MA, Ong C, Lofland GK. Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 265-68.
92. Vandenesch F, Lebeau C, Bes M, et al. Clotting activity in Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies from human patients. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 388-92.
93. Lambe DW, Jr., Ferguson KP, Keplinger JL, Gemmell CG, Kalbfleisch JH. Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus schleiferi, and three other coagulase-negative staphylococci in a mouse model and possible virulence factors. Can J Microbiol 1990; 36: 455-63.
94. Donvito B, Etienne J, Denoroy L, Greenland T, Benito Y, Vandenesch F. Synergistic hemolytic activity of Staphylococcus lugdunensis is mediated by three peptides encoded by a non-agr genetic locus. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 95-100.
95. Stout RD, Li Y, Miller AR, Lambe DW, Jr. Staphylococcal glycocalyx activates macrophage prostaglandin E2 and interleukin 1 production and modulates tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide production. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 4160-66.
96. Lambe DW Jr, Jeffery C, Ferguson KP, Cooper MD. Examination of the glycocalyx of four species of Staphylococcus by transmission electron microscopy and image analysis. Microbios 1994; 78: 133-43.
97. Long JP, Hart J, Albers W, Kapral FA. The production of fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME) and lipase by various staphylococcal species. J Med Microbiol 1992; 37: 232-34.
98. Paulsson M, Petersson AC, Ljungh A. Serum and tissue protein binding and cell surface properties of Staphylococcus lugdunensis. J Med Microbiol 1993; 38: 96-102.
99. Paulsson M, Ljungh A, Wadstrom T. Rapid identification of fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen cell surface binding proteins on coagulase-negative staphylococci by particle agglutination assays. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 2006-12.
100. Peacock SJ, Lina G, Etienne J, Foster TJ. Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. schleiferi expresses a fibronectin-binding protein. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 4272-75.