Strategies for the prevention of hospital-acquired infections in the neonatal intensive care unit

Journal of Hospital Infection

Volumn 68, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 293-300

  Borghesi, A ^a   Stronati, M ^a  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS POLICLINICO SAN MATTEO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Infection; Newborn; Nosocomial; Prevention

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CARBAPENEM; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; FLUCLOXACILLIN; FLUCONAZOLE; IMIPENEM; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INH A21; MICONAZOLE; NYSTATIN; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN G; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SUNFLOWER OIL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN; XIPAMIDE;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTISEPSIS; ARTIFICIAL MILK; BACTEREMIA; BREAST MILK; CANDIDIASIS; CATHETER INFECTION; CATHETER REMOVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MISUSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EDUCATION PROGRAM; ENTERIC FEEDING; ENTEROCOCCAL INFECTION; EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; FUNGEMIA; HAND WASHING; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH PROMOTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; HYGIENE; INCIDENCE; INDWELLING CATHETER; INFANT FEEDING; INFECTION RISK; INSTRUMENT STERILIZATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MASSAGE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MYCOSIS; NEWBORN INFECTION; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; OINTMENT; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SKIN CARE; SKIN INFECTION; VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; CATHETERIZATION, CENTRAL VENOUS; CROSS INFECTION; ENTERAL NUTRITION; EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATION; HANDWASHING; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFECTION CONTROL; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL; MILK, HUMAN; PROBIOTICS; SEPSIS;

EID: 41549151944     PISSN: 01956701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.01.011     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Clark R., Powers R., White R., Bloom B., Sanchez P., and Benjamin Jr. D.K. Nosocomial infection in the NICU: a medical complication or unavoidable problem?. J Perinatol 24 (2004) 382-388
2. Edwards W.H. Preventing nosocomial bloodstream infection in very low birth weight infants. Semin Neonatol 7 (2002) 325-333
3. Stronati M., Carrà A.M., and Rondini G. Infezioni nosocomiali. Ital J Pediatr 23 (1997) 533-540
4. Adams-Chapman I., and Stoll B.J. Prevention of nosocomial infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Curr Opin Pediatr 14 (2002) 157-164
5. Stolfi I., Moro M.L., and Lana S. Frequenza e variabilità delle infezioni ospedaliere in Terapia Intensiva Neonatale. S Ital J Pediatr 25 (1999) 193-200
6. Stoll B.J., Hansen N., Fanaroff A.A., et al. Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD neonatal research network. Pediatrics 110 (2002) 285-291
7. Brady M.T. Health care-associated infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 33 (2005) 268-275
8. Jarvis W.R. Controlling healthcare-associated infections: the role of infection control and antimicrobial use practices. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 15 (2004) 30-40
9. Haas J.P., and Larson E.L. Measurement of compliance with hand hygiene. J Hosp Infect 66 (2007) 6-14
10. Teare L., Cookson B., and Stone S. Hand hygiene. Br Med J 323 (2001) 411-412
11. Pittet D. Improving adherence to hand hygiene practice: a multidisciplinary approach. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (2001) 234-240
12. Henderson E. Hand hygiene and the transmission of bacilli in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 38 (2004) 1688-1689
13. Cohen B., Saiman L., Cimiotti J., and Larson E. Factors associated with hand hygiene practices in two neonatal intensive care units. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22 (2003) 494-499
14. Harbarth S., Pittet D., Grady L., and Goldmann D.A. Compliance with hand hygiene practice in pediatric intensive care. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2 (2001) 311-314
15. Pittet D., Hugonnet S., Harbarth S., et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Programme. Lancet 356 (2000) 1307-1312
16. Pessoa-Silva C.L., Hugonnet S., Pfister R., et al. Reduction of health care associated infection risk in neonates by successful hand hygiene promotion. Pediatrics 120 (2007) e382-e390
17. Larson E.L., Cimiotti J., Haas J., et al. Effect of antiseptic handwashing vs alcohol sanitizer on health care-associated infections in neonatal intensive care units. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159 (2005) 377-383
18. Girou E., Loyeau S., Legrand P., Oppein F., and Brun-Buisson C. Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial. Br Med J 325 (2002) 362
19. Larson E.L., Aiello A.E., Bastyr J., et al. Assessment of two hand hygiene regimens for intensive care unit personnel. Crit Care Med 29 (2001) 944-951
20. Pittet D., and Boyce J.M. Revolutionising hand hygiene in health-care settings: guidelines revisited. Lancet Infect Dis 3 (2003) 269-270
21. Stout A., Ritchie K., and Macpherson K. Clinical effectiveness of alcohol-based products in increasing hand hygiene compliance and reducing infection rates: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 66 (2007) 308-312
22. Lachassinne E., Letamendia-Richard E., and Gaudelus J. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections in neonates. Arch Pediatr 11 (2004) 229-233
23. Freeman J., Goldmann D.A., Smith N.E., Sidebottom D.G., Epstein M.F., and Platt R. Association of intravenous lipid emulsion and coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units. N Engl J Med 323 (1990) 301-308
24. Avila-Figueroa C, Goldmann DA, Richardson DK, Gray JE, Ferrari A, Freeman J. Intravenous lipid emulsions are the major determinant of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in very low birth weight newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:10-17.
25. Grohskopf L.A., Sinkowitz-Cochran R.L., Garrett D.O., et al. A national point-prevalence survey of pediatric intensive care unit-acquired infections in the United States. J Pediatr 140 (2002) 432-438
26. Clark R., Powers R., White R., Bloom B., Sanchez P., and Benjamin Jr. D.K. Prevention and treatment of nosocomial sepsis in the NICU. J Perinatol 24 (2004) 446-453
27. O'Grady N.P., Alexander M., Dellinger E.P., et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Pediatrics 110 (2002) e51
28. Raad I.I., Hohn D.C., Gilbreath B.J., et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 15 (1994) 231-238
29. Garland J.S., Henrickson K., and Maki D.G. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The 2002 Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline for prevention of intravascular device-related infection. Pediatrics 110 (2002) 1009-1013
30. Golombek S.G., Rohan A.J., Parvez B., Salice A.L., and LaGamma E.F. "Proactive" management of percutaneously inserted central catheters results in decreased incidence of infection in the ELBW population. J Perinatol 22 (2002) 209-213
31. Kilbride H.W., Wirtschafter D.D., Powers R.J., and Sheehan M.B. Implementation of evidence-based potentially better practices to decrease nosocomial infections. Pediatrics 111 (2003) e519-e533
32. Aly H., Herson V., Duncan A., et al. Is bloodstream infection preventable among premature infants? A tale of two cities. Pediatrics 115 (2005) 1513-1518
33. Matlow A.G., Kitai I., Kirpalani H., et al. A randomized trial of 72- versus 24-hour intravenous tubing set changes in newborns receiving lipid therapy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20 (1999) 487-493
34. Pierce C.M., Wade A., and Mok Q. Heparin-bonded central venous lines reduce thrombotic and infective complications in critically ill children. Intens Care Med 26 (2000) 967-972
35. Benjamin Jr. D.K., Miller W., Garges H., et al. Bacteremia, central catheters, and neonates: when to pull the line. Pediatrics 107 (2001) 1272-1276
36. Karlowicz M.G., Hashimoto L.N., Kelly Jr. R.E., and Buescher E.S. Should central venous catheters be removed as soon as candidemia is detected in neonates?. Pediatrics 106 (2000) E63
37. Craft A., and Finer N. Nosocomial coagulase negative staphylococcal (CoNS) catheter-related sepsis in preterm infants: definition, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and prevention. J Perinatol 21 (2001) 186-192
38. Karlowicz M.G., Furigay P.J., Croitoru D.P., and Buescher E.S. Central venous catheter removal versus in situ treatment in neonates with coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21 (2002) 22-27
39. Nazemi K.J., Buescher E.S., Kelly Jr. R.E., and Karlowicz M.G. Central venous catheter removal versus in situ treatment in neonates with enterobacteriaceae bacteremia. Pediatrics 111 (2003) e269-e274
40. Isaacs D. Unnatural selection: reducing antibiotic resistance in neonatal units. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 91 (2006) F72-F74
41. Calil R., Marba S.T., von Nowakonski A., and Tresoldi A.T. Reduction in colonization and nosocomial infection by multiresistant bacteria in a neonatal unit after institution of educational measures and restriction in the use of cephalosporins. Am J Infect Control 29 (2001) 133-138
42. Cotten C.M., McDonald S., Stoll B., Goldberg R.N., Poole K., and Benjamin Jr. D.K. National Institute for Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. The association of third-generation cephalosporin use and invasive candidiasis in extremely low birth-weight infants. Pediatrics 118 (2006) 717-722
43. Fanos V., Cuzzolin L., Atzei A., and Testa M. Antibiotics and antifungals in neonatal intensive care units: a review. J Chemother 19 (2007) 5-20
44. Kaufman D., and Fairchild K.D. Clinical microbiology of bacterial and fungal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 (2004) 638-680
45. Toltzis P., Dul M.J., Hoyen C., et al. The effect of antibiotic rotation on colonization with antibiotic-resistant bacilli in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 110 (2002) 707-711
46. Craft A.P., Finer N.N., and Barrington K.J. Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2000) CD001971
47. Garland J.S., Alex C.P., Henrickson K.J., McAuliffe T.L., and Maki D.G. A vancomycin-heparin lock solution for prevention of nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill neonates with peripherally inserted central venous catheters: a prospective, randomized trial. Pediatrics 116 (2005) e198-e205
48. Toltzis P. Antibiotic lock technique to reduce central venous catheter-related bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 (2006) 449-450
49. Austin N.C., and Darlow B. Prophylactic oral antifungal agents to prevent systemic candida infection in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2004) CD003478
50. Kaufman D., Boyle R., Hazen K.C., Patrie J.T., Robinson M., and Donowitz L.G. Fluconazole prophylaxis against fungal colonization and infection in preterm infants. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1660-1666
51. Kaufman D., Boyle R., Hazen K.C., Patrie J.T., Robinson M., and Grossman L.B. Twice weekly fluconazole prophylaxis for prevention of invasive Candida infection in high-risk infants of <1000 grams birth weight. J Pediatr 147 (2005) 172-179
52. Manzoni P., Stolfi I., Pugni L., et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of prophylactic fluconazole in preterm neonates. N Engl J Med 356 (2007) 2483-2495
53. Fanaroff A.A. Fluconazole for the prevention of fungal infections: get ready, get set, caution. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 214-215
54. Ohlsson A., and Lacy J.B. Intravenous immunoglobulin for preventing infection in preterm and/or low-birth-weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2004) CD000361
55. DeJonge M., Burchfield D., Bloom B., et al. Clinical trial of safety and efficacy of INH-A21 for the prevention of nosocomial staphylococcal bloodstream infection in premature infants. J Pediatr 151 (2007) 260-265, 265.e1
56. Conner J.M., Soll R.F., and Edwards W.H. Topical ointment for preventing infection in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2004) CD001150
57. Darmstadt G.L., Saha S.K., Ahmed A.S., et al. Effect of topical treatment with skin barrier-enhancing emollients on nosocomial infections in preterm infants in Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365 (2005) 1039-1045
58. Hylander M.A., Strobino D.M., and Dhanireddy R. Human milk feedings and infection among very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 102 (1998) E38
59. Flidel-Rimon O., Friedman S., Lev E., Juster-Reicher A., Amitay M., and Shinwell E.S. Early enteral feeding and nosocomial sepsis in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 89 (2004) F289-F292
60. Lin H.C., Su B.H., Chen A.C., et al. Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 115 (2005) 1-4
61. Dani C., Biadaioli R., Bertini G., Martelli E., and Rubaltelli F.F. Probiotics feeding in prevention of urinary tract infection, bacterial sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. A prospective double-blind study. Biol Neonate 82 (2002) 103-108
62. Saiman L. Strategies for prevention of nosocomial sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit. Curr Opin Pediatr 18 (2006) 101-106