Viewpoint: Is the resting bradycardia in athletes the result of remodeling of the sinoatrial node rather than high vagal tone?

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 114, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1351-1355

  Boyett, Mark R ^a   D'souza, Alicia ^a   Zhang, Henggui ^a   Morris, Gwilym M ^a   Dobrzynski, Halina ^a   Monfredi, Oliver ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ION CHANNEL;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ATHLETE; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BRADYCARDIA; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; MALE; NOTE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SINUS NODE; SPORT; VAGUS NERVE;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; ATHLETES; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BRADYCARDIA; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; ION CHANNELS; MALE; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, HUMAN; SINOATRIAL NODE; SPORTS; VAGUS NERVE;

EID: 84878525750     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: 15221601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01126.2012     Document Type: Note

References (29)

1. Al-Ani M, Munir SM, White M, Townend J, Coote JH. Changes in R-R variability before and after endurance training measured by power spectral analysis and by the effect of isometric muscle contraction. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 74:397-403, 1996. (Pubitemid 26395005)
2. Barnard RJ, Corre K, Cho H. Effect of training on the resting heart rate of rats. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 35:285-289, 1976.
3. Bolter CP, Atkinson KJ. Maximum heart rate responses to exercise and isoproterenol in the trained rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 254:R834-R839, 1988.
4. De Angelis K, Wichi RB, Jesus WR, Moreira ED, Morris M, Krieger EM, Irigoyen MC. Exercise training changes autonomic cardiovascular balance in mice. J Appl Physiol 96:2174-2178, 2004. (Pubitemid 38661498)
5. Dickhuth HH, Lehmann M, Auch-Schwelk W, Meinertz T, Keul J. Physical training, vegetative regulation, and cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10, Suppl 6:S71-78, 1987.
6. Dobrzynski H, Boyett MR, Anderson RH. New insights into pacemaker activity: promoting understanding of sick sinus syndrome. Circulation 115:1921-1932, 2007. (Pubitemid 46598906)
7. Jensen-Urstad K, Saltin B, Ericson M, Storck N, Jensen-Urstad M. Pronounced resting bradycardia in male elite runners is associated with high heart rate variability. Scand J Med Sci Sports 7:274-278, 1997. (Pubitemid 127524362)
8. Jose AD, Collison D. The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man. Cardiovasc Res 4:160-167, 1970.
9. Jose AD, Taylor RR. Autonomic blockade by propranolol and atropine to study intrinsic myocardial function in man. J Clin Invest 48:2019-2031, 1969.
10. Katona PG, McLean M, Dighton DH, Guz A. Sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac control in athletes and nonathletes at rest. J Appl Physiol 52:1652-1657, 1982. (Pubitemid 12044362)
11. Lewis S, Thompson P, Areskog NH, Marconyak M, Vodak P, De Busk R, Haskell W. Endurance training and heart rate control studied by combined parasymapathetic and β-adrenergic blockade. Int J Sports Med 1:42-49, 1980. (Pubitemid 10052835)
12. Lewis SF, Nylander E, Gad P, Areskog NH. Non-autonomic component in bradycardia of endurance trained men at rest and during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 109:297-305, 1980. (Pubitemid 10043379)
13. Lin YC, Horvath SM. Autonomic nervous control of cardiac frequency in the exercise-trained rat. J Appl Physiol 33:796-799, 1972.
14. Maciel BC, Gallo Junior L, Marin Neto JA, Lima Filho EC, Terra Filho J, Manco JC. Parasympathetic contribution to bradycardia induced by endurance training in man. Cardiovasc Res 19:642-648, 1985. (Pubitemid 16229679)
15. Negrao CE, Moreira ED, Santos MC, Farah VM, Krieger EM. Vagal function impairment after exercise training. J Appl Physiol 72:1749-1753, 1992.
16. Rocchetti M, Malfatto G, Lombardi F, Zaza A. Role of the input/output relation of sinoatrial myocytes in cholinergic modulation of heart rate variability. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 11:522-530, 2000. (Pubitemid 30304804)
17. Rossi BR, Mazer D, Silveira LC, Jacinto CP, Di Sacco TH, Blanco JH, Cesarino EJ, Souza HC. Physical exercise attenuates the cardiac autonomic deficit induced by nitric oxide synthesis blockade. Arq Bras Cardiol 92:31-38, 2009.
18. Sacknoff DM, Gleim GW, Stachenfeld N, Coplan NL. Effect of athletic training on heart rate variability. Am Heart J 127:1275-1278, 1994. (Pubitemid 24176018)
19. Sanches IC, Sartori M, Jorge L, Irigoyen MC, De Angelis K. Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 42:942-948, 2009.
20. Schaefer ME, Allert JA, Adams HR, Laughlin MH. Adrenergic responsiveness and intrinsic sinoatrial automaticity of exercise-trained rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:887-894, 1992.
21. Seals DR, Chase PB. Influence of physical training on heart rate variability and baroreflex circulatory control. J Appl Physiol 66:1886-1895, 1989. (Pubitemid 19113003)
22. Shi X, Stevens GH, Foresman BH, Stern SA, Raven PB. Autonomic nervous system control of the heart: endurance exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27:1406-1413, 1995.
23. Smith ML, Hudson DL, Graitzer HM, Raven PB. Blood pressure regulation during cardiac autonomic blockade: effect of fitness. J Appl Physiol 65:1789-1795, 1988.
24. Smith ML, Hudson DL, Graitzer HM, Raven PB. Exercise training bradycardia: the role of autonomic balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 21:40-44, 1989. (Pubitemid 19062846)
25. Souza HC, De Araujo JE, Martins-Pinge MC, Cozza IC, Martins-Dias DP. Nitric oxide synthesis blockade reduced the baroreflex sensitivity in trained rats. Auton Neurosci 150:38-44, 2009.
26. Stein R, Medeiros CM, Rosito GA, Zimerman LI, Ribeiro JP. Intrinsic sinus and atrioventricular node electrophysiologic adaptations in endurance athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1033-1038, 2002. (Pubitemid 34234127)
27. Whyte GP, George K, Shave R, Middleton N, Nevill AM. Training induced changes in maximum heart rate. Int J Sports Med 29:129-133, 2008. (Pubitemid 351251367)
28. 2+ clock genes underlying sinoatrial node pacemaking. Exp Physiol 96:1163-1178, 2011.
29. Zaza A, Lombardi F. Autonomic indexes based on the analysis of heart rate variability: a view from the sinus node. Cardiovasc Res 50:434-442, 2001. (Pubitemid 32480237)