Cosmological natural selection and the purpose of the universe

Complexity

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 48-56

  Gardner, Andy ^a,b   Conlon, Joseph P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b BALLIOL COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Black hole; Evolution; Formal Darwinism; Multiverse; Price's equation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878447934     PISSN: 10762787     EISSN: 10990526     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cplx.21446     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Nakamura, K., Hagiwara, K.; Hikasa, K.; Murayama, H.; Tanabashi, M.; Watari, T.; Amsler, C.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D. M.; Baer, H.; Band, H. R.; Barnett, R. M.; Basaglia, T.; Bergren, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardi, G.; Bertl, W.; Bichsel, H.; Biebel, O.; Blucher, E.; Blusk, S.; Cahn, R. N.; Carena, M.; Ceccucci, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chen, M.-C.; Chivukula, R. S.; Cowan, G.; Dahl, O.; D'Ambrosio, G.; Damour, T.; de Florian, D.; de Gouvea, A.; DeGrand, T.; Dissertori, G.; Dobrescu, B.; Doser, M.; Drees, M.; Edwards, D. A.; Eidelman, S.; Erler, J.; Ezhela, V. V.; Fetscher, W.; Fields, B. D.; Foster, B.; Gaisser, T. K.; Garren, L.; Gerber, H.-J.; Gerbier, G.; Gherghetta, T.; Giudice, G. F.; Golwala, S.; Goodman, M.; Grab, C.; Gritsan, A. V.; Grivaz, J.-F.; Groom, D. E.; Grünewald, M.; Gurtu, A.; Gutsche, T.; Haber, H. E.; Hagmann, C.; Hayes, K. G.; Heffner, M.; Heltsley, B.; Hernández-Rey, J.J.; Höcker, A.; Holder, J.; Huston, J.; Jackson, J. D.; Johnson, K. F.; Junk, T.; Karle, A.; Karlen, D.; Kayser, B.; Kirkby, D.; Klein, S. R.; Kolda, C.; Kowalewski, R. V.; Krusche, B.; Kuyanov, Yu. V.; Kwon, Y.; Lahav, O.; Langacker, P.; Liddle, A.; Ligeti, Z.; Lin, C.-J.; Liss, T. M.; Littenberg, L.; Lugovsky, K. S.; Lugovsky, S. B.; Lys, J.; Mahlke, H.; Mannel, T.; Manohar, A. V.; Marciano, W. J.; Martin, A. D.; Masoni, A.; Milstead, D.; Miquel, R.; Mönig, K.; Narain, M.; Nason, P.; Navas, S.; Nevski, P.; Nir, Y.; Olive, K. A.; Pape, L.; Patrignani, C.; Peacock, J.A.; Petcov, S.T.; Piepke, A.; Punzi, G.; Quadt, A.; Raby, S.; Raffelt, G.; Ratcliff, B.N.; Richardson, P.; Roesler, S.; Rolli, S.; Romaniouk, A.; Rosenberg, L.J.; Rosner, J.L.; Sachrajda, C.T.; Sakai, Y.; Salam, G.P.; Sarkar, S.; Sauli, F.; Schneider, O.; Scholberg, K.; Scott, D.; Seligman, W. G.; Shaevitz, M.H.; Silari, M.; Sjöstrand, T.; Smith, J.G.; Smoot, G.F.; Spanier, S.; Spieler, H.; Stahl, A.; Stanev, T.; Stone, S.L.; Sumiyoshi, T.; Syphers, M.J.; Terning, J.; Titov, M.; Tkachenko, N.P.; Törnqvist, N.A.; Tovey, D.; Trippe, T.G.; Valencia, G.; van Bibber, K.; Venanzoni, G.; Vincter, M.G.; Vogel, P.; Vogt, A.; Walkowiak, W.; Walter, C.W.; Ward, D.R.; Webber, B.R.; Weiglein, G.; Weinberg, E.J.; Wells, J.D.; Wheeler, A.; Wiencke, L.R.; Wohl, C.G.; Wolfenstein, L.; Womersley, J.; Woody, C.L.; Workman, R.L.; Yamamoto, A.; Yao, W. -M.; Zenin, O.V.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, R.-Y.; Zyla, P.A. (Particle Data Group). Review of particle physics. J Phys G: Nucl Part Phys 2010, 37, 075021.
2. Komatsu, E., Smith, K. M.; Dunkley, J.; Bennett, C. L.; Gold, B.; Hinshaw, G.; Jarosik, N.; Larson, D.; Nolta, M. R.; Page, L.; Spergel, D. N.; Halpern, M.; Hill, R. S.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Odegard, N.; Tucker, G. S.; Weiland, J. L.; Wollack, E.; Wright, E. L. (WMAP Collaboration). Seven-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: Cosmological interpretation. Astrophys J 2011, S192, 18.
3. Tegmark, M.; Aguirre, A.; Rees, M.J.; Wilczek, F. Dimensionless constants, cosmology and other dark matters. Phys Rev D 2006, 73, 023505.
4. King, J.A.; Webb, J.K.; Murphy, M.T.; Carswell, R.F. Stringent null constrain on cosmological evolution of the proton-to-electron mass ratio. Phys Rev Lett 2008, 101, 251304.
5. Stenger, V.J. The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning: Why the Universe is not Designed for Us. Prometheus Books: Amherst, NY, 2011.
6. Riess, A.G., Filippenko, A. V.; Challis, P.; Clocchiatti, A.; Diercks, A.; Garnavich, P. M.; Gilliland, R. L.; Hogan, C. J.; Jha, S.; Kirshner, R. P.; Leibundgut, B.; Phillips, M. M.; Reiss, D.; Schmidt, B. P.; Schommer, R. A.; Smith, R. C.; Spyromilio, J.; Stubbs, C.; Suntzeff, N. B. and Tonry, J. (Supernova Search Team Collaboration). Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant. Astron J 1998, 116, 1009-1038.
7. Perlmutter, S., Aldering, G.; Goldhaber, G.; Knop, R. A.; Nugent, P.; Castro, P. G.; Deustua, S.; Fabbro, S.; Goobar, A.; Groom, D. E.; Hook, I. M.; Kim, A. G.; Kim, M. Y.; Lee, J. C.; Nunes, N. J.; Pain, R.; Pennypacker, C. R.; Quimby, R.; Lidman, C.; Ellis, R. S.; Irwin, M.; McMahon, R. G.; Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Walton, N.; Schaefer, B.; Boyle, B. J.; Filippenko, A. V.; Matheson, T.; Fruchter, A. S.; Panagia, N.; Newberg, H. J. M.; Couch, W. J. and The Supernova Cosmology Project (Supernova Cosmology Project Collaboration). Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 high-redshift supernovae. Astrophys J 1999, 517, 565-586.
8. Weinberg, S. The cosmological constant problem. Rev Mod Phys 1989, 61, 1-23.
9. Weinberg, S. Anthropic bound on the cosmological constant. Phys Rev Lett 1987, 59, 2607-2610.
10. Barrow, J.D.; Tipler, F.J. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1986.
11. Bostrom, N. Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy. Routledge: London, 2002.
12. Smolin, L. Did the universe evolve? Class Quant Grav 1992, 9, 173-191.
13. Smolin, L. The Life of the Cosmos. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1997.
14. Smolin, L. Cosmological natural selection as the explanation for the complexity of the universe. Physica A 2004, 340, 705--713.
15. Aharony, O.; Gubser, S.S.; Maldacena, J.; Ooguri, H.; Oz, Y. Large N field theories, string theory and gravity. Phys Rep 2000, 323, 183-386.
16. Vaas, R. Is there a Darwinian evolution of the cosmos? In: Proceedings of the MicroCosmos-MacroCosmos Conference, Aachen, 1998. Available at: http://arXiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0205119. Last accessed April 10, 2013.
17. Price, G.R. Selection and covariance. Nature 1970, 227, 520-521.
18. Price, G.R. Extension of covariance selection mathematics. Ann Hum Genet 1972, 35, 485-490.
19. Grafen, A. A first formal link between the Price equation and an optimization program. J Theor Biol 2002, 217, 75-91.
20. Dawkins, R. River Out of Eden. Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 1995.
21. von Neumann, J.; Morgenstern, O. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1944.
22. Grafen, A. Optimization of inclusive fitness. J Theor Biol 2006, 238, 541-563.
23. Gardner, A.; Grafen, A. Capturing the superorganism: A formal theory of group adaptation. J Evol Biol 2009, 22, 659-671.
24. Gardner, A.; Welch, J.J. A formal theory of the selfish gene. J Evol Biol 2011, 24, 1801-1813.
25. Frank, S.A. George Price's contributions to evolutionary genetics. J Theor Biol 1995, 175, 373-388.
26. Frank, S.A. Foundations of Social Evolution. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1998.
27. Okasha, S. Evolution and the Levels of Selection. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2006.
28. Gardner, A. The Price equation. Curr Biol 2008, 18, R198-R202.
29. Grafen, A. Formalizing Darwinism and inclusive fitness theory. Philos Trans R Soc B 2009, 364, 3135-3141.
30. Darwin, C.R. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray: London, 1859.
31. Fisher, R.A. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1930.
32. Grafen, A. Formal Darwinism, the individual-as-maximizing-agent analogy and bet-hedging. Proc R Soc Lond B 1999, 266, 799-803.
33. Gardner, A. Adaptation as organism design. Biol Lett 2009, 5, 861-864.
34. Carter, B. Large number coincidences and the anthropic principle in cosmology. In: Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data; Longair, M.S. Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, 1974; pp 291-298.
35. Reiss, J.O. Not by Design: Retiring Darwin's Watchmaker. University of California Press: London, 2009.
36. Susskind, L. The anthropic landscape of string theory. In: Universe or Multiverse? Carr, B., Ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2007; pp 247-266.
37. Smolin, L. Scientific alternatives to the anthropic principle. In: Universe or Multiverse?; Carr, B., Ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007.
38. Brown, G.E.; Lee, C.-H.; Rho, M. Kaon condensation, black holes and cosmological natural selection. Phys Rev Lett 2008, 101, 091101.
39. Grafen, A. Developments of the Price equation and natural selection under uncertainty. Proc R Soc Lond B 2000, 267, 1223-1227.