Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and central nervous system depressants dependence. A review;Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad y dependencia de sustancias depresoras. Una revision

Adicciones

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 171-186

  Daigre, Constanza ^a,b   Terán, Antonio ^c   García Vicent, Vicente ^d   Roncero, Carlos ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

^c Outpatient Drug Abuse and Dependencies Health Centre   (Spain)

^d Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria   (Spain)

Author keywords

Addictions; ADHD; Alcohol; Cannabis; Opioids

Indexed keywords

CENTRAL DEPRESSANT AGENT;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; COMPLICATION; HUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; REVIEW;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS; HUMANS; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84878438791     PISSN: 02144840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.20882/adicciones.65     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Adler, L. A. (2008). Familial transmission of ADHD and psychoactive substance use disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 11-12. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101614.
2. Arias, A. J., Gelernter, J., Chan, G., Weiss, R. D., Brady, K. T., Farrer, L. & Kranzler, H. R. (2008). Correlates of co-occurring ADHD in drug-dependent subjects: Prevalence and features of substance dependence and psychiatric disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1199-1207. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.003.
3. Babcock, Q. & Byrne, T. (2000). Student perceptions of methylphenidate abuse at a public liberal arts college. Journal of American College Health: J of ACH, 49, 143-145. doi:10.1080/07448480009596296.
4. Barkley RA. (Ed.). (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Handbook for diagnosis and treatment. new york, NY: Guilford press.
5. Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63 Suppl 12, 10-15.
6. Bernfort, L., Nordfeldt, S. & Persson, J. (2008). ADHD from a socio-economic perspective. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway:1992), 97, 239-245. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00611.x.
7. Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Milberger, S., Curtis, S., Chen, L., Marrs, A.,... Spencer, T. (1996). Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: Results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 343-351. doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00016.
8. Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Norman, D., Lapey, K. A.,...; Doyle, A. (1993). Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1792-1798.
9. Biederman, J., Wilens, T. E., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V. & Spencer, T. (1998). Does attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder impact the developmental course of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence? Biological Psychiatry, 44, 269-273.
10. Bobes, J. y Calafat, A. (2010). Monografía. Cannabis. Accessed: http://www.socidrogalcohol.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=27&Itemid=4
11. Bosch, R., Ramos-Quiroga, J.A., Nogueira, M., Gómez N., Corrales, M., Palomar, G., Valero S. & Casas, M. (2009, Mayo). Spanish validation of the Adult ADHD Rating Scale: relevance of subtypes. Póster presentado en conferencia 156 American Psychiatry Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco.
12. Brooner, R. K., King, V. L., Kidorf, M., Schmidt, C. W.J. & Bigelow, G. E. (1997). Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment-seeking opioid abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 71-80.
13. Carpentier, P. J., van Gogh, M. T., Knapen, L. J., Buitelaar, J. K. & De Jong, C. A. (2010). Influence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder on opioid dependence severity and psychiatric comorbidity in chronic methadone-maintained patients. European Addiction Research, 17, 10-20. doi:10.1159/00032 1259.
14. Castaneda, R., Levy, R., Hardy, M. & Trujillo, M. (2000). Long-acting stimulants for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in cocaine-dependent adults. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 51, 169-171.
15. Charach, A., Yeung, E., Climans, T. & Lillie, E. (2011). Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: Comparative meta-analyses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(1), 9-21. doi:10.1016/j. jaac.2010.09.019.
16. Clure, C., Brady, K. T., Saladin, M. E., Johnson, D., Waid, R. & Rittenbury, M. (1999). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use: Symptom pattern and drug choice. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(3), 441-448.
17. Corkum, P., Davidson, F. & Macpherson, M. (2011). A framework for the assessment and treatment of sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58(3), 667-683. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.004.
18. Daigre, C., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Valero, S., Bosch, R., Roncero, C., Gonzalvo, B., Nogueira, M. & Casas M. (2009). Adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist in patients with substance use disorders. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatria, 37, 299-305.
19. Daigre, C., Roncero, C., Grau-López, L., Martínez-Luna, N., Prat, G., Valero, S., Tejedor, R., Ramos-Quiroga, J.A. & Casas M. (In press). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in cocaine-dependent adults: A psychiatric comorbidity analysis. American Journal on Addiction.
20. Davids, E., von Bunau, U., Specka, M., Fischer, B., Scherbaum, N. & Gastpar, M. (2005). History of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and opioid dependence: A controlled study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 29, 291-296. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.014
21. DSM III, American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (3 a ed.).
22. DSM-IV-TR, Asociación Estadounidense de Psiquiatría. (2000). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (4 a ed., Texto rev.).
23. Ehrenreich, H., Rinn, T., Kunert, H. J., Moeller, M. R., Poser, W., Schilling, L.,... Hoehe, M. R. (1999). Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use. Psychopharmacology, 142, 295-301.
24. Ercan, E. S., Coskunol, H., Varan, A. & Toksoz, K. (2003). Childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and alcohol dependence: A 1-year follow-up. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 38, 352-356.
25. Faraone, S. V., Wilens, T. E., Petty, C., Antshel, K., Spencer, T. & Biederman, J. (2007). Substance use among ADHD adults: Implications of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 16 Suppl 1, 24-32; quiz 33-4. doi:10.1080/10550490601082767.
26. Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K.,... Jin, R. (2007). Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 190, 402-409.
27. Fergusson, D. M. & Boden, J. M. (2008). Cannabis use and adult ADHD symptoms. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95, 90-96. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.12.012
28. Fischer, M., Barkley, R. A., Smallish, L. & Fletcher, K. (2002). Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 463-475.
29. Goksøyr, P. K. & Nøttestad, J. A. (2008). The burden of untreated ADHD among adults: The role of stimulant medication. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 342-346.
30. Goossensen, M. A., van de Glind, G., Carpentier, P. J., Wijsen, R. M., van Duin, D., & Kooij, J. J. (2006). An intervention program for ADHD in patients with substance use disorders: Preliminary results of a field trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 30, 253-259. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.12.004.
31. Grella, C. E., Hser, Y. I., Joshi, V. & Rounds-Bryant, J. (2001). Drug treatment outcomes for adolescents with comorbid mental and substance use disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 384-392.
32. Hasin, D., Samet, S., Nunes, E., Meydan, J., Matseoane, K., & Waxman, R. (2006). Diagnosis of comorbid psychiatric disorders in substance users assessed with the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders for DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 689-696. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.689
33. Harvey, M. A., Sellman, J. D., Porter, R. J. & Frampton, C. M. (2007). The relationship between non-acute adolescent cannabis use and cognition. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26, 309-319. doi:10.1080/09595230701247772.
34. Harwood, H. J. & Myers, T. G. (Eds.). (2004). New treatments for addiction: Behavioral, ethical, legal, and social questions. Washington (DC): National Academy of Sciences.
35. Hoban, T. F. (2004). Assessment and treatment of disturbed sleep in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 4, 307-316. doi:10.15 86/14737175.4.2.307.
36. Huss, M. & Lehmkuhl, U. (2002). Methylphenidate and substance abuse: A review of pharmacology, animal, and clinical studies. Journal of Attention Disorders, 6 Suppl 1, S65-71.
37. Johann, M., Bobbe, G., Putzhammer, A. & Wodarz, N. (2003). Comorbidity of alcohol dependence with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Differences in phenotype with increased severity of the substance disorder, but not in genotype (serotonin transporter and 5-hydroxytryptamine-2c receptor). Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 1527-1534. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.000009 0143.00703.07.
38. Kalant, H. (2004). Adverse effects of cannabis on health: An update of the literature since 1996. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 28, 849-863. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.05.027.
39. Katusic, S. K., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Leibson, C. L. & Jacobsen, S. J. (2005). Psychostimulant treatment and risk for substance abuse among young adults with a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A population-based, birth cohort study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 764-776. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.764.
40. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R. & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.
41. Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O.,... Zaslavsky, A. M. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the united states: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 716-723.
42. King, V. L., Brooner, R. K., Kidorf, M. S., Stoller, K. B. & Mirsky, A. F. (1999). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and treatment outcome in opioid abusers entering treatment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 487-495.
43. Klein-Schwartz, W. (2002). Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 14, 219-223.
44. Kollins, S. H. (2008). ADHD, substance use disorders, and psychostimulant treatment: Current literature and treatment guidelines. J.Atten Disord., 12, 115-125. doi:10.1177/1087054707311654.
45. Kolpe, M. & Carlson, G. A. (2007). Influence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms on methadone treatment outcome. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 16, 46-48. doi:10.1080/10601330601080073.
46. La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Pallanti, S. & Albertini, G. (2008). Detecting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability the use of conners' adult ADHD rating scales (CAARS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 158-164. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2007.02.002.
47. Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R. & Glass, K. (2011). Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 328-341. doi:10.1016/j. cpr.2011.01.006.
48. Levin, F. R., Evans, S. M. & Kleber, H. D. (1999). Practical guidelines for the treatment of substance abusers with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 50, 1001-1003.
49. Levin, F. R., Evans, S. M., Brooks, D. J., Kalbag, A. S., Garawi, F. & Nunes, E. V. (2006). Treatment of methadone-maintained patients with adult ADHD: Double-blind comparison of methylphenidate, bupropion and placebo. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 137-148.
50. Lundqvist, T. (2005). Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: Comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 81, 319-330. doi:10.1016/j. pbb.2005.02.017.
51. McRae-Clark, A. L., Carter, R. E., Killeen, T. K., Carpenter, M. J., White, K. G. & Brady, K. T. (2010). A placebo-controlled trial of atomoxetine in marijuana-dependent individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 19, 481-489. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00076.x.
52. Modestin, J., Matutat, B. & Wurmle, O. (2001). Antecedents of opioid dependence and personality disorder: Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 251, 42-47.
53. Ohlmeier, M. D., Peters, K., Kordon, A., Seifert, J., Wildt, B. T., Wiese, B.,... Schneider, U. (2007). Nicotine and alcohol dependence in patients with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 42, 539-543. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm069.
54. Ohlmeier, M. D., Peters, K., Te Wildt, B. T., Zedler, M., Ziegenbein, M., Wiese, B.,... Schneider, U. (2008). Comorbidity of alcohol and substance dependence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 43, 300-304. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn014.
55. Blix, O., Dalteg A. & Nilsson, P. (2009). Treatment of opioid dependence and ADHD/ADD with opioid maintenance and central stimulants. Heroin addict relat clin probl 2009; 11: 5-14.
56. Pedrero Perez, E. J. & Puerta Garcia, C. (2007). ASRS v.1.1., a tool for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder screening in adults treated for addictive behaviors: Psychometric properties and estimated prevalence. Adicciones, 19, 393-407.
57. Perez de Los Cobos, J., Sinol, N., Puerta, C., Cantillano, V., Lopez Zurita, C. & Trujols, J. (2010). Features and prevalence of patients with probable adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who request treatment for cocaine use disorders. Psychiatry Research, 30,205-210. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.019.
58. Poulin, C. (2001). Medical and nonmedical stimulant use among adolescents: From sanctioned to unsanctioned use. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'Association Medicale Canadienne, 165, 1039-1044.
59. Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (2009). Memoria. Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Accessed http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/publica/publicaciones/home.htm accedido el 2 enero 2012.
60. Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Diaz-Digon, L., Comin, M., Bosch, R., Palomar, G., Chalita, J. P., Roncero C, Nogueira M, Torrens M, Casas M. (2012). Criteria and concurrent validity of adult ADHD section of the psychiatry research interview for substance and mental disorders. Journal of Attention Disorders 22, 1-8. doi:,10.1177/1087054712454191
61. Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Bosch, R., Richarte, V., Valero, S., Gomez-Barros, N., Nogueira, M.,... Casas, M. (2012). Criterion and concurrent validity of conners adult ADHD diagnostic interview for DSM-IV (CAADID) spanish version. Revista De Psiquiatria y Salud Mental, 5(4), 229-235. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.05.004; 10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.05.004
62. Riggs, P. D. (1998). Clinical approach to treatment of ADHD in adolescents with substance use disorders and conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 331-332.
63. Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Ponce, G., Monasor, R., Jimenez-Gimenez, M., Perez-Rojo, J. A., Rubio, G.,... Palomo, T. (2001). Validation in the adult spanish population of the wender utah rating scale for the retrospective evaluation in adults of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood. Revista De Neurologia, 33, 138-144.
64. Roncero, C. (2005). Abuso de metilfenidato y TOC. en Alvarez, E. y Gándara J. (eds.), En el día a día de la psiquiatría.(pp. 21-24). Madrid: SPA.
65. Roncero C, Fuste G, Barral C, Rodríguez-Cintas L, Martínez-Luna N, Eiroa-Orosa FE, Casas M, on behalf of the PROTEUS study investigators (2011). Therapeutic management and comorbidities in opiate-dependent patients undergoing a replacement therapy programme in Spain: the PROTEUS study. Heroin Add & Relat Clin Probl; 13: 5-16
66. Safren, S.A., sprich, S., mimiaga, M.J., surman, C., knouse, L., groves, M., otto, M.W. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy vs relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms. J. am. med. assoc. 304, 875-880.
67. Tims, F. M., Dennis, M. L., Hamilton, N., J Buchan, B., Diamond, G., Funk, R. & Brantley, L. B. (2002). Characteristics and problems of 600 adolescent cannabis abusers in outpatient treatment. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97 Suppl 1, 46-57.
68. Kooij, S., Boonstra, M.A., Swinkels, S. H., Bekker, E. M., de Noord, I. & Buitelaar, J. K. (2008). Reliability, validity, and utility of instruments for self-report and informant report concerning symptoms of ADHD in adult patients. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 445-458. doi:10.1177/1087054707299367.
69. Sartor, C. E., Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Jacob, T. & True, W. (2007). The role of childhood risk factors in initiation of alcohol use and progression to alcohol dependence. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102, 216-225. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01661.x.
70. Schubiner, H. (2005). Substance abuse in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs, 19, 643-655.
71. Schubiner, H., Saules, K. K., Arfken, C. L., Johanson, C. E., Schuster, C. R., Lockhart, N.,... Pihlgren, E. (2002). Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adult ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 286-294.
72. Schubiner, H., Tzelepis, A., Isaacson, J. H., Warbasse, L. H., 3rd, Zacharek, M. & Musial, J. (1995). The dual diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: Case reports and literature review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 146-150.
73. Solowij, N., Stephens, R. S., Roffman, R. A., Babor, T., Kadden, R., Miller, M.,... Marijuana Treatment Project Research Group. (2002). Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 1123-1131.
74. Sringeri, S. K., Rajkumar, R. P., Muralidharan, K., Chandrashekar, C. R. & Benegal, V. (2008). The association between attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and early-onset alcohol dependence: A retrospective study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 262-265. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.44748
75. Subramaniam, G. A. & Stitzer, M. A. (2009). Clinical characteristics of treatment-seeking prescription opioid vs. heroin-using adolescents with opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 101, 13-19. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.10.015.
76. Sullivan, M. A. & Rudnik-Levin, F. (2001). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse. diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 251-270.
77. Szobot, C. M. & Bukstein, O. (2008). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17, 309-323. doi:10.1016/j. chc.2007.11.003.
78. Szobot, C. M., Rohde, L. A., Katz, B., Ruaro, P., Schaefer, T., Walcher, M.,... Pechansky, F. (2008). A randomized crossover clinical study showing that methylphenidate-SODAS improves attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents with substance use disorder. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
79. Tuithof, M., Ten Have, M., van den Brink, W., Vollebergh, W. & de Graaf, R. (2011). The role of conduct disorder in the association between ADHD and alcohol use (disorder). results from the netherlands mental health survey and incidence study-2. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123, 15-21. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.030.
80. van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen, K., van de Glind, G., van den Brink, W., Smit, F., Crunelle, C. L., Swets, M. & Schoevers, R. A. (2011). Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in substance use disorder patients: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 122, 11-19. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.007
81. Volkow, N. D., Ding, Y. S., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. J., Logan, J., Gatley, J. S.,... Hitzemann, R. (1995). Is methylphenidate like cocaine? studies on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 456-463.
82. Vergara-Moragues, E., González-Saiz, F., Lozano-Rojas, O., Bilbao-Acedos, I., Fernández-Calderón F., Betanzos-Espinosa, P., Verdejo-García A. & Pérez-García M. (2010). Diagnóstico del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en pacientes adultos con dependencia de cocaína: utilidad de los nuevos síntomas de funcionamiento ejecutivo de Barkley. Trastornos Adictivos, 12, 72-78.
83. Wilens, T. E. (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use disorders: The nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27, 283-301. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(03)00113-8.
84. Wilens, T. E., Adamson, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Faraone, S. V., Schillinger, M., Westerberg, D. & Biederman, J. (2008). Effect of prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on subsequent risk for cigarette smoking and alcohol and drug use disorders in adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 916-921. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.10.916.
85. Wilens, T. E., Adler, L. A., Weiss, M. D., Michelson, D., Ramsey, J. L., Moore, R. J.,... Atomoxetine ADHD/SUD Study Group. (2008). Atomoxetine treatment of adults with ADHD and comorbid alcohol use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96, 145-154. doi:10.1016/j. drugalcdep.2008.02.009.
86. Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J. & Mick, E. (1998). Does ADHD affect the course of substance abuse? findings from a sample of adults with and without ADHD. The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions, 7, 156-163.
87. Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V. & Spencer, T. (1997). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with early onset substance use disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 475-482.
88. Wilens, T. E., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Gunawardene, S. (2003). Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 111, 179-185.
89. Wilens, T. E., Morrison, N. R. & Prince, J. (2011). An update on the pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11, 1443-1465. doi:10.1586/ern.11.137.
90. Wilens, T. E. & Dodson, W. (2004). A clinical perspective of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adulthood. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1301-1313.