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1
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Measuring the immeasurable?: Constructing an index of CSR practices and CSR performance in 20 countries
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UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development
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UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development, Agenda 21, [30.4] 〈http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res- agenda21-00.shtml〉.
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Agenda, [30.4]
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4
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84986155757
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What do we mean by corporate social responsibility?
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17
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Lance Moir, 'What do we Mean by Corporate Social Responsibility?' (2001) 1(2) Corporate Governance 16, 17. For a discussion of the variety of definitions offered for sustainability and their implications for corporate social responsibility
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Corporate Governance
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Moir, L.1
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5
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84891497085
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see Werner Hediger, 'Welfare and Capital-Theoretic Foundations of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability' (2010) Journal of Socio-Economics 518, 519-21.
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Journal of Socio-Economics
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Hediger, W.1
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6
-
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84878289254
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The big new beast of CSR reporting?
-
18 July
-
The contrast between CSR and ESG can broadly be encapsulated by the comment: '[CSR and ESG] are different facets of the same diamond... unsustainable and unethical behaviour looked at from different points of view': Chris Milton, 'The Big New Beast of CSR Reporting?' on Corporate Eye (18 July 2011) 〈http://www.corporate-eye.com/blog/2011/07/the-new-big-beastof-csr- reporting/〉.
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(2011)
Corporate Eye
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Milton, C.1
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7
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84878320130
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How to measure corporate social responsibility
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24
-
John Sweeney, 'How to Measure Corporate Social Responsibility' (2006) 16(4) Eureka Street 23, 24. McConvill and Joy have proposed the introduction of a fiduciary duty which amounts to an obligation to take all steps reasonably practicable to reduce a corporation's ecological impact and increase its resource efficiency. This duty would be safeguarded by an environmental judgment rule equivalent to the business judgment rule into s 180 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) ('Corporations Act'):
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(2006)
Eureka Street
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, Issue.4
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Sweeney, J.1
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8
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34247398652
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The interaction of directors' duties and sustainable development in Australia: Setting off on the uncharted road
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James McConvill and Martin Joy, 'The Interaction of Directors' Duties and Sustainable Development in Australia: Setting Off on the Uncharted Road' (2003) 27 Melbourne University Law Review 116. Longstaff has proposed an ethical judgment rule which operates along the same lines for broader social and environmental concerns.
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Melbourne University Law Review
, vol.27
, pp. 116
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McConvill, J.1
Joy, M.2
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9
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84878304276
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Corporate social responsibility in context: The case for compulsory sustainability disclosure for listed public companies in Australia?
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Macquarie Law, September
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Juliette Overland, 'Corporate Social Responsibility in Context: The Case for Compulsory Sustainability Disclosure for Listed Public Companies in Australia?' (Working Paper 7, Macquarie Law, September 2007) 3.
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Working Paper
, vol.7
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Overland, J.1
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10
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Concepts and definitions of csr and corporate sustainability: Between agency and communion
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Marcel van Marrewijk, 'Concepts and Definitions of CSR and Corporate Sustainability: Between Agency and Communion' (2003) 44(2/3) Journal of Business Ethics 95, 97.
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Journal of Business Ethics
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, pp. 95
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Van Marrewijk, M.1
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11
-
-
70350281106
-
-
IBM Institute for Business Value
-
IBM's Institute for Business Value's survey found that 68 per cent of company executives were considering CSR to build revenue streams: George Pohle and Jeff Hittner, Attaining Sustainable Growth Through Corporate Social Responsibility (2008) IBM Institute for Business Value, 〈http://www-935. ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/pdf/gbe03019-usen-02.pdf〉 3.
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, pp. 3
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Pohle, G.1
Hittner, J.2
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12
-
-
0037411989
-
The message and methods of ethical investment
-
686
-
O'Rourke argues that investment funds which are transparent to industry and integrate an evolving view of industry best practice can create incentives for companies to improve the sustainability of their production processes: Anastasia O'Rourke, 'The Message and Methods of Ethical Investment' (2003) 11 Journal of Cleaner Production 683, 686.
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(2003)
Journal of Cleaner Production
, vol.11
, pp. 683
-
-
O'rourke, A.1
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13
-
-
33644920787
-
Fault lines in the intersection between corporate governance and social responsibility
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519
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B Horrigan 'Fault Lines in the Intersection between Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility' (2002) 25 University of New South Wales Law Journal 515, 519.
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(2002)
University of New South Wales Law Journal
, vol.25
, pp. 515
-
-
Horrigan, B.1
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14
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0033304212
-
Market failure and the environmental policies of firms economic rationales for "beyond compliance" behavior
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11
-
Forest Reinhardt, 'Market Failure and the Environmental Policies of Firms Economic Rationales for "Beyond Compliance" Behavior' (1999) 3 Journal of Industrial Ecology 9, 11.
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(1999)
Journal of Industrial Ecology
, vol.3
, pp. 9
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Reinhardt, F.1
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15
-
-
84878279259
-
-
See, eg, Corporations Act s 299(1)(f)
-
See, eg, Corporations Act s 299(1)(f).
-
-
-
-
17
-
-
84878286110
-
-
Corporations Act s 299(1)(f)
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Corporations Act s 299(1)(f).
-
-
-
-
18
-
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84878309313
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The thin green line: Embedded? 2002 annual environmental reporting under s 299(1)(f) of the corporations law
-
Karen Bubna-Litic and Imelda Williamson, 'The Thin Green Line: Embedded? 2002 Annual Environmental Reporting under s 299(1)(f) of the Corporations Law' (2004) 21(6) Environmental and Planning Law Journal 466.
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Environmental and Planning Law Journal
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, Issue.6
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Bubna-Litic, K.1
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20
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77953659680
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Measuring corporate environmental performance: The trade-offs of sustainability ratings
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251
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Magali Delmas and Vered Doctori Blass, 'Measuring Corporate Environmental Performance: The Trade-offs of Sustainability Ratings' (2010) 19 Business Strategy and the Environment 245, 251.
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Business Strategy and the Environment
, vol.19
, pp. 245
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Delmas, M.1
Blass, V.D.2
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21
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84871287852
-
-
The mission of GRI is to make sustainability reporting standard practice by providing guidance and support to organisations: Global Reporting Initiative 〈https://www.globalreporting.org /information/news-and-press-center/press- resources/Pages/default.aspx.htm〉.
-
Global Reporting Initiative
-
-
-
22
-
-
84891497252
-
-
see 〈http://www.kpmg.com/PT/pt/IssuesAndInsights/Documents/ corporate-responsibility2011.pdf〉.
-
-
-
-
23
-
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84878274515
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Dow Jones sustainability indices
-
24 September
-
Dow Jones Sustainability Indices, Supersector Leaders 2012 (24 September 2012) 〈http://www.sustainability-indexes.com/review/supersector-leaders- 2012.jsp〉.
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(2012)
Supersector Leaders 2012
-
-
-
24
-
-
84878314929
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Does Australian/ASX 200 sustainability reporting practice show weakness of ACSI or glass ceiling of GRI?
-
16 July
-
'Does Australian/ASX 200 Sustainability Reporting Practice Show Weakness of ACSI or Glass Ceiling of GRI?', Mehrdad Nazari, PRIZMA (16 July 2010) 〈http://prizmablog.com/2010/07/16/does-sustainability-reporting-practice- in-australia-demonstrate-a-failure-of-acsi%e2%80%99sengagement-strategy-or- unrealistic-ambitions-of-gri/〉.
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(2010)
PRIZMA
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Nazari, M.1
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28
-
-
84878297257
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GRI application level skipped by 25% of reporters - Why?
-
7 July
-
'GRI Application Level Skipped by 25% of Reporters - Why?' on Mehrdad Nazari, PRIZMA (7 July 2010) 〈http://prizmablog.com/2010/07/07/gri- application-level-skipped-by-25-ofreporters-% e2%80%93-why/〉.
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(2010)
PRIZMA
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Nazari, M.1
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29
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-
59949088821
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Building institutions based on information disclosure: Lessons from GRI's sustainability reporting
-
574
-
Szejnwald Brown et al note that the GRI has focused on the management of companies rather than empowering civil society towards sustainability: Halina Szejnwald Brown, Martin de Jong and David L Levy, 'Building Institutions Based on Information Disclosure: Lessons from GRI's Sustainability Reporting' (2009) 17 Journal of Cleaner Production 571, 574.
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(2009)
Journal of Cleaner Production
, vol.17
, pp. 571
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Brown, H.S.1
De Jong, M.2
Levy, D.L.3
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30
-
-
77955333992
-
Tamed transparency: How information disclosure under the global reporting initiative fails to empower
-
89
-
Dingwerth and Eichinger attribute this to corporate influence in the development of GRI processes: Klaus Dingwerth and Margot Eichinger, 'Tamed Transparency: How Information Disclosure under the Global Reporting Initiative Fails to Empower' (2010) 10(3) Global Environmental Politics 74, 89.
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(2010)
Global Environmental Politics
, vol.10
, Issue.3
, pp. 74
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Dingwerth, K.1
Eichinger, M.2
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31
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85040472821
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Global reporting initiative guidelines: An evaluation of sustainable development metrics for industry
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Hussey et al called for the inclusion of site-level data in the GRI in 2001: Dennis M Hussey, Patrick L Kirsop and Ronald E Meissen, 'Global Reporting Initiative Guidelines: An Evaluation of Sustainable Development Metrics for Industry' (2001) 11 Environmental Quality Management 16.
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(2001)
Environmental Quality Management
, vol.11
, pp. 16
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Hussey, D.M.1
Kirsop, P.L.2
Meissen, R.E.3
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32
-
-
59849091991
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A new methodology approach for measuring corporate social responsibility performance
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135
-
Panayiotou et al have proposed the use of the Balanced Scorecard approach using CSR metrics derived from GRI reporting for assessing sustainability performance: Nikolaos A Panayiotou, Konstantin G Aravossis and Peggy Moschou, 'A New Methodology Approach for Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility Performance' (2010) 9(1-2) Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 129, 135. For more detail on the Balanced Scorecard
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus
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, Issue.1-2
, pp. 129
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Panayiotou, N.A.1
Aravossis, K.G.2
Moschou, P.3
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33
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-
44949163651
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Managerial mindsets and performance measurement systems of CSR-related intangibles
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55
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see Cristiana Parisi and Kai N Hockerts, 'Managerial Mindsets and Performance Measurement Systems of CSR-related Intangibles' (2008) 12(2) Measuring Business Excellence 51, 55.
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Measuring Business Excellence
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, pp. 51
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Parisi, C.1
Hockerts, K.N.2
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34
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76449111701
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The decision process for ethical investment
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12
-
Hofmann notes that the decision of investors to participate in ethical investment relies first on internalising the importance of moral and immoral conduct by companies and then the presence of 'moral' companies within a SRI portfolio: Eva Hofmann, Katja Meier-Pesti and Erich Kirchler, 'The Decision Process for Ethical Investment' (2007) 12(1) Journal of Financial Services Marketing 4, 12.
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(2007)
Journal of Financial Services Marketing
, vol.12
, Issue.1
, pp. 4
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Hofmann, E.1
Meier-Pesti, K.2
Kirchler, E.3
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35
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0007077058
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"You'd Have to be green to invest in this": Popular economic models, financial journalism, and ethical investment
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334
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Winnett and Lewis argue that 'ethical' funds rely on a 'rhetoric of responsibility' that attributes gains to the special moral insight of fund managers: Adrian Winnett and Alan Lewis, '"You'd Have to be Green to Invest in This": Popular Economic Models, Financial Journalism, and Ethical Investment' (2000) 21 Journal of Economic Psychology 319, 334.
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, vol.21
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Winnett, A.1
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36
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250
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Weber, M.1
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1466
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Note that there is not a uniform view regarding the growth of SRI as compared to non-SRI investments. Kreander et al's 2005 analysis found no difference between SRI and non-SRI investment: N Kreander et al, 'Evaluating the Performance of Ethical and Non-ethical Funds: A Matched Pair Analysis' (2005) 32 Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 1465, 1466.
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Kreander, N.1
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38
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33845336816
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Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility
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(December)
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A number of other scholars have shown SRI to perform more favourably than standard investments: Michael E Porter and Mark R Kramer, 'Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility' [2006] (December) Harvard Business Review 1;
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(2006)
Harvard Business Review
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Porter, M.E.1
Kramer, M.R.2
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39
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The association between corporate social-responsibility and financial performance: The paradox of social cost
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Moses L Pava and Joshua Krausz, 'The Association Between Corporate Social-Responsibility and Financial Performance: The Paradox of Social Cost' (1996) 15 Journal of Business Ethics 321;
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(1996)
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, pp. 321
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Pava, M.L.1
Krausz, J.2
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Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Correlation or misspecification?
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Abagail McWilliams and Donald Siegel, 'Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance: Correlation or Misspecification?' (2000) 21 Strategic Management Journal 603;
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Strategic Management Journal
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, pp. 603
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McWilliams, A.1
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Pratima Bansal and Kendall Roth, 'Why Companies Go Green: A Model of Ecological Responsiveness' (2000) 43 Academy of Management Journal 717.
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What does the performance of the dow jones sustainability group index tell us?
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129
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Cerin and Dobers first highlighted the greater capitalisation of firms in the DJSI as compared to the broader DJGI in 2001: Pontus Cerin and Peter Dobers, 'What Does the Performance of the Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index Tell Us?' (2001) 8(3) Eco-Management and Auditing 123, 129.
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Cerin, P.1
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Accounting & Finance
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Artiach, T.1
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Weber, above n 37, 255
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Weber, above n 37, 255.
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Mainstreaming socially responsible investment (SRI): A role for government? Policy recommendations from the investment community
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Alana George, Nick Edgerton and Tom Berry, 'Mainstreaming Socially Responsible Investment (SRI): A Role for Government? Policy Recommendations from the Investment Community' (2005) Institute for Sustainable Futures 1, 13.
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Putting sustainable investing into practice: A governance framework for pension funds
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Shareholder activism among portfolio managers: Rational decisions or 15 minutes of fame?
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Forget the ETS, world first climate advocacy fund has miners in its sights
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Crikey Intern, 'Forget the ETS, World First Climate Advocacy Fund has Miners in its Sights', Crikey (online), 9 July 2010, 〈http://www.crikey. com.au/2010/07/09/forget-the-ets-world-firstclimate-advocacy-fund-has-miners-in- its-sights〉.
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Crikey
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2 March
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Richard Solem, Norway's Fund Sharpens Ethical Investment Rules (2 March 2010) Reuters 〈http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/02/norway-fund- idUSLDE6201IO20100302〉. Two Australian Greens Senators proposed the Government Investment Funds Amendment (Ethical Investments) Bill 2011 (Cth) (second reading 13 September 2012), which would require Australia's sovereign wealth funds to take into account ethical investment guidelines when making investments.
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Norway's Fund Sharpens Ethical Investment Rules
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Solem, R.1
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Being virtuous and prosperous: SRI's conflicting goals
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Benjamin J Richardson and Wes Cragg, 'Being Virtuous and Prosperous: SRI's Conflicting Goals' (2010) 92 (Supplement 1) Journal of Business Ethics 21, 21.
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Richardson, B.J.1
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Banking on the equator. Are banks that adopted the equator principles different from non-adopters?
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Bert Scholtens and Lammertjan Dam, 'Banking on the Equator. Are Banks that Adopted the Equator Principles Different from Non-Adopters?' (2007) 35 World Development 1307, 1316.
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, pp. 1307
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(December), [79]
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CAMAC, The Social Responsibility of Corporations Report (December 2006), [79] 〈http://www.camac.gov.au/camac/camac.nsf/byHeadline/ PDFFinal+Reports+2006/$file/CSR-R eport.pdf〉.
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The Social Responsibility of Corporations Report
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Corporations Act s 180(2)
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Corporations Act s 180(2).
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Corporate social responsibility: Have recent reforms safeguarded the future?
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Belinda Simmons, 'Corporate Social Responsibility: Have Recent Reforms Safeguarded the Future?' [2008] National Environmental Law Review 55, 57.
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Simmons, B.1
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84878297297
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(1991) 22 NSWLR 189
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(1991) 22 NSWLR 189.
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62
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84878315577
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(1987) 16 NSWLR 212 ('Darvall')
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(1987) 16 NSWLR 212 ('Darvall').
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63
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84878287941
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Simmons, above n 65, 58
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Simmons, above n 65, 58.
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64
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84878310183
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Corporations Act s 180(2)
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Corporations Act s 180(2).
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65
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84878330322
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Parke v Daily News Ltd [1962] 2 All ER 929
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Parke v Daily News Ltd [1962] 2 All ER 929.
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Corporate social responsibility and firm performance: Investor preferences and corporate strategies
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Mackey et al note that companies have the capacity to participate in CSR action which may have short-term cost implications but benefits over the longer term: Alison Mackey, Tyson B Mackey and Jay B Barney, 'Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance: Investor Preferences and Corporate Strategies' (2007) 32 Academy of Management Review 817, 822.
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Public policies on corporate social responsibility: The role of governments in Europe
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Laura Albareda, Josep M Lozano and Tamyko Ysa, 'Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Governments in Europe' (2007) 74 Journal of Business Ethics 391.
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Albareda, L.1
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EPA Victoria, Sustainability Covenants 〈http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ our-work/programs/sustainability-covenants〉.
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Sustainability Covenants
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69
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84878275924
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McConvill and Joy, above n 7
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McConvill and Joy, above n 7.
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71
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17644423415
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What drives socially responsible investment? the case of the netherlands' sustainable development
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132
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Bert Scholtens, 'What Drives Socially Responsible Investment? The Case of the Netherlands' Sustainable Development' (2005) 13(2) Sustainable Development 129, 132.
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(2005)
Sustainable Development
, vol.13
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, pp. 129
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Scholtens, B.1
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72
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43249095134
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Redefining RECs - Part 1: Untangling attributes and offsets
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2110
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Michael Gillenwater, 'Redefining RECs - Part 1: Untangling Attributes and Offsets' (2008) 36 Energy Policy 2109, 2110. Note that CSR would not be suitable generally for a trading scheme as it is not a uniform, highly fungible good.
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(2008)
Energy Policy
, vol.36
, pp. 2109
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Gillenwater, M.1
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73
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84878309785
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The threshold is 0.5 petajoules: Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act 2006 (Cth) s 10
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The threshold is 0.5 petajoules: Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act 2006 (Cth) s 10.
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74
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84878274372
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Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism
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Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, First Opportunities: A Look at Results from 2006-2008 (2010), [1] 〈http://www.ret.gov.au/energy/ Documents/energyefficiencyopps/PDF/EEO-FirstOpportunitiesReport-2010-FINAL. pdf〉.
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(2010)
First Opportunities: A Look at Results from 2006-2008
, Issue.1
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75
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84878325569
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Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (NSW) ('POEO Act') s 57, and Chapter 2 of the Protection of the Environment Operations (General) Regulation 2009 (NSW)
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Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (NSW) ('POEO Act') s 57, and Chapter 2 of the Protection of the Environment Operations (General) Regulation 2009 (NSW).
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76
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0036064525
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Pollution regulation and its effects on technological innovations
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148
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Jukka Similä, 'Pollution Regulation and its Effects on Technological Innovations' (2002) 14 Journal of Environmental Law 143, 148.
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(2002)
Journal of Environmental Law
, vol.14
, pp. 143
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Similä, J.1
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77
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84878290512
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The effects of environmental regulation on the development of waste management technology
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(IEAust, National Conference Publication) No 89/3 124
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Beder argues in favour of stringent standards to drive radical innovation: Sharon Beder, 'The Effects of Environmental Regulation on the Development of Waste Management Technology' (1989) in Planning for Environmental Change (IEAust, National Conference Publication) No 89/3 124, 125.
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(1989)
Planning for Environmental Change
, pp. 125
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Beder, S.1
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78
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84878273461
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Similä, above n 86, 150
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Similä, above n 86, 150.
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79
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84878338542
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POEO Act s 66
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POEO Act s 66.
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80
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79953682176
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Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (8 October) [60]
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The Report of the Prime Minister's Energy Efficiency Task Group notes that the design of a national energy efficiency scheme must be calibrated to prevent companies ceasing production to claim efficiency credits: Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Report of the Prime Minister's Task Group on Energy Efficiency (8 October 2010) 〈http://www.climatechange.gov.au/ publications/energy-efficiency/report-prime-ministerstaskforce-energy- efficiency.aspx〉 [60].
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Report of the Prime Minister's Task Group on Energy Efficiency
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