Aedes (stegomyia) aegypti in the continental united states: A vector at the cool margin of its geographic range

Journal of Medical Entomology

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 467-478

  Eisen, Lars ^a   Moore, Chester G ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Aedes aegypti; climate; dengue; geographic range; United States

Indexed keywords

AEDES; ANIMAL; CLIMATE CHANGE; DENGUE; DENGUE VIRUS; DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENVIRONMENT; EPIDEMIC; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HISTORY; HUMAN; LARVA; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TEMPERATURE; UNITED STATES; VIROLOGY; YELLOW FEVER; YELLOW FEVER FLAVIVIRUS;

AEDES; ANIMALS; CLIMATE CHANGE; DENGUE; DENGUE VIRUS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; ENVIRONMENT; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INSECT VECTORS; LARVA; TEMPERATURE; UNITED STATES; YELLOW FEVER; YELLOW FEVER VIRUS;

AEDES AEGYPTI; AEDES ALBOPICTUS; DENGUE VIRUS; IXODES; IXODIDA; YELLOW FEVER VIRUS GROUP;

EID: 84878278054     PISSN: 00222585     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1603/ME12245     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Adalja, A. A., T. K. Sell, N. Bouri, and C. Franco. 2012. Lessons learned during dengue outbreaks in the United States, 2001-2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18: 608-614.
2. Azil, A. H., S. A. Long, S. A. Ritchie, and C. R. Williams. 2010. Thedevelopment of predictive tools for pre-emptive dengue vector control: a study of Aedes aegypti abundance and meteorological variables in North Queensland, Australia. Trop. Med. Int. Health 15: 1190-1197.
3. Bagny Beilhe, L., S. Arnoux, H. Delatte, G. Lajoie, and D. Fontenille. 2012. Spread of invasive Aedes albopictus and decline of resident Aedes aegypti in urban areas of Mayotte 2007-2010. Biol. Invasions 14: 1623-1633.
4. Banu, S., W. B. Hu, C. Hurst, and S. L. Tong. 2011. Dengue transmission in the Asia-Pacic region: impact of climate change and socio-environmental factors. Trop. Med. Int. Health 16: 598-607.
5. Barbazan, P., M. Guiserix, W. Boonyuan, W. Tuntaprasart, D. Pontier, and J. P. Gonzalez. 2010. Modelling the effect of temperature on transmission of dengue. Med. Vet. Entomol. 24: 66-73.
6. Barrera, R., M. Amador, and A. J. MacKay. 2011. Population dynamics of Aedes aegypti and dengue as inßuenced by weather and human behavior in San Juan, Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5: e1378.
7. Barrett, A. D., and S. Higgs. 2007. Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52: 209-229. (Pubitemid 46133569)
8. Beebe, N. W., R. D. Cooper, P. Mottram, and A. W. Sweeney. 2009. Australiaos dengue risk driven by human adaptation to climate change. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3: e429.
9. Bell, D. D., and J. L. Benach. 1973. Aedes aegypti in southeastern New York state. Mosq. News 33: 248-249.
10. Berry, R. L., E. D. Peterson, and R. A. Restifo. 1988. Records of imported tire-breeding mosquitoes in Ohio. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4: 187-189.
11. Bliss, A. R., and J. M. Gill. 1933. The effects of freezing on the larvae of Aedes aegypti. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 13: 583-588.
12. Brady, O. J., P. W. Gething, S. Bhatt, J. P. Messina, J. S. Brownstein, A. G. Hoen, C. L. Moyes, A.W.Farlow, T.W. Scott, and S. I. Hay. 2012. Rening the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6: e1760.
13. Braks, M.A.H., N. A. Honorio, R. Lourenco-De-Oliveira, S. A. Juliano, and L. P. Lounibos. 2003. Convergent habitat segregation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeastern Brazil and Florida. J. Med. Entomol. 40: 785-794. (Pubitemid 38105816)
14. Braks, M.A.H., N. A. Honorio, L. P. Lounibos, R. Lourencode-Oliveira, and S. A. Juliano. 2004. Interspecic competition between two invasive species of container mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), in Brazil. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97: 130-139. (Pubitemid 38537358)
15. Brathwaite Dick, O., J. L. San Martin, R. H. Montoya, J. del Diego, B. Zambrano, and G. H. Dayan. 2012. The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87: 584-593.
16. Brown, J. E., C. S. McBride, P. Johnson, S. Ritchie, C. Paupy, H. Bossin, J. Lutomiah, I. Fernandez-Salas, A. Ponlawat, A. J. Cornel, et al. 2011. Worldwide patterns of genetic differentiation imply multiple Ôdomesticationso of Aedes aegypti, a major vector of human diseases. Proc. R. Soc. B. 278: 2446-2454.
17. Brunkard, J. M., J. L. Robles Lopez, J. Ramirez, E. Cifuentes, S. J. Rothenberg, E. A. Hunsperger, C. G. Moore, R. M. Brussolo, N. A. Villarreal, and B. M. Haddad. 2007. Dengue fever seroprevalence and risk factors, Texas-Mexico border, 2004. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 1477-1483. (Pubitemid 350006979)
18. Brunkard, J. M., E. Cifuentes, and S. J. Rothenberg. 2008. Assessing the roles of temperature, precipitation, and ENSOin dengue re-emergence on the Texas-Mexico border region. Salud Publ. Mex. 50: 227-234.
19. Carrington, L. B., S. N. Seifert, N. H. Willits, L. Lambrechts, and T. W. Scott. 2013. Large diurnal temperature ßuctuations negatively inßuence Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) life-history traits. J. Med. Entomol. 50: 43-51.
20. Chadee, D. D., and R. Martinez. 2000. Landing periodicity of Aedes aegypti with implications for dengue transmission in Trinidad, West Indies. J. Vector Ecol. 25: 158-163.
21. Chan, M., and M. A. Johansson. 2012. The incubation periods of dengue viruses. PLoS ONE 7: e50972.
22. Chandler, A. C. 1945. Factors inßuencing the uneven distribution of Aedes aegypti in Texas cities. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25: 145-149.
23. Chang, L.-H., E.-L. Hsu, H.-J. Teng, and C.-M. Ho. 2007. Differential survival of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae exposed to low temperatures in Taiwan. J. Med. Entomol. 44: 205-210. (Pubitemid 46651042)
24. Chaves, L. F., A. C. Morrison, U. D. Kitron, and T. W. Scott. 2012. Nonlinear impacts of climatic variability on the density-dependent regulation of an insect vector of disease. Glob. Chang. Biol. 18: 457-468.
25. Chen, S. C., and M. H. Hsieh. 2012. Modeling the transmission dynamics of dengue fever: implications of temperature effects. Sci. Total Environ. 431: 385-391.
26. Chowell, G., and F. Sanchez. 2006. Climate-based descriptive models of dengue fever: the 2002 epidemic in Colima, Mexico. J. Environ. Health 68: 40-44. (Pubitemid 43794569)
27. Chowell, G., B. Cazelles, H. Broutin, and C. V. Munayco. 2011. The inßuence of geographic and climate factors on the timing of dengue epidemics in Peru, 1994-2008.BMC Infect. Dis. 11: 164.
28. Christophers, S. R. 1960. Aedes aegypti (L.) the yellow fever mosquito: its life history, bionomics and structure. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
29. Colon-Gonzalez, F. J., I. R. Lake, and G. Bentham. 2011. Climate variability and dengue fever in warm and humid Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84: 757-763.
30. Cookman, J. E., and R. A. Lebrun. 1986. Aedes aegypti larvae in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2: 96-97.
31. Darsie, R. F., Jr., and R. A. Ward. 2005. Identication and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
32. Davila, G., M. J. Nelson, A. Turner, and A. Garcia. 1991. Resting sites for Aedes aegypti in Panama. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 7: 633-634.
33. Davis, N. C. 1932. The effects of heat and cold upon Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti: part I. The survival of Stegomyia eggs under abnormal temperature conditions. Am. J. Hyg. 16: 177-191.
34. de Almeida Costa, E.A.P., E. M. de Mendonca Santos, J. C. Correia, and C.M.R. de Albuquerque. 2010. Impact of small variations in temperature and humidity on the reproductive activity and survival of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 54: 488-493.
35. de Benedictis, J., E. Chow-Shaffer, A. Costero, G. G. Clark, J. D. Edman, and T. W. Scott. 2003. Identication of the people from whom engorged Aedes aegypti took blood meals in Florida, Puerto Rico, using polymerase chain reaction-basedDNAproling. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68: 437-446. (Pubitemid 38230644)
36. Degallier, N., C. Favier, C. Menkes, M. Lengaigne, W. M. Ramalho, R. Souza, J. Servain, and J. P. Boulanger. 2010. Toward an early warning system for dengue prevention: modeling climate impact on dengue transmission. Clim. Change 98: 581-592.
37. Derrick, E. H., and V. A. Bicks. 1958. The limiting temperature to the transmission of dengue.Australas. Ann. Med. 7: 102-107.
38. Diaz, H. F., and G. J. McCabe. 1999. A possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Nino episode. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 80: 21-27. (Pubitemid 129568502)
39. Diaz-Nieto, L. M., A. Macia, M. A. Perotti, and C. M. Beron. 2013. Geographical limits of the southeastern distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) in Argentina. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7: e1963.
40. Donnelly, J. W. 1993. Aedes aegypti in New Jersey. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 9: 238.
41. Dyar, H. G. 1920. The earliest name of the yellow fever mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). Insec. Inscit. Menst. 8: 204.
42. Dyar, H. G. 1928. The mosquitoes of the Americas. Publication 387. Carnegie Institute, Washington, D.C.
43. Ehrenkranz, N. J., A. K. Ventura, R. R. Cuadrado,W.L. Pond, and J. E. Porter. 1971. Pandemic dengue in Caribbean countries and the southern United States-past, present and potential problems. N. Engl. J. Med. 285: 1460-1469.
44. Erickson, R. A., K. Hayhoe, S. M. Presley, L.J.S. Allen, K. R. Long, and S. R. Cox. 2012. Potential impacts of climate change on the ecology of dengue and its mosquito vector the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus). Environ. Res. Lett. 7: 034003.
45. Erlanger, T. E., J. Keiser, and J. Utzinger. 2008. Effect of dengue vector control interventions on entomological parameters in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med. Vet. Entomol. 22: 203-221.
46. Esu, E., A. Lenhart, L. Smith, and O. Horstick. 2010. Effectiveness of peridomestic space spraying with insecticide on dengue transmission; systematic review. Trop. Med. Int. Health 15: 619-631.
47. Farnesi, L. C., A. J. Martins, D. Valle, and G. L. Rezende. 2009. Embryonic development of Aedes aegypti (Dip-tera: Culicidae): inßuence of different constant temperatures. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 104: 124-126.
48. Fischer, S., I. S. Alem, M. S. De Majo, R. E. Campos, and N. Schweigmann. 2011. Cold season mortality and hatching behavior of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) eggs in Buenos Aires City, Argentina. J. Vector Ecol. 36: 94-99.
49. Focks, D. A., and N. Alexander. 2006. A multi-country study on the methodology for surveys of Aedes aegypti pupal productivityndings and recommendations. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
50. Focks, D. A., D. G. Haile, E. Daniels, and G. A. Mount. 1993. Dynamic life table model for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): analysis of the literature and model development. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 1003-1017. (Pubitemid 2000607)
51. Fuller, D. O., A. Troyo, and J. C. Beier. 2009. El Nino Southern Oscillation and vegetation dynamics as predictors of dengue fever cases in Costa Rica. Environ. Res. Lett. 4: 014011.
52. Garca-Rejon, J., M. A. Lorono-Pino, J. A. Farfan-Ale, L. Flores-Flores, E. D. Rosado-Paredes, N. Rivero-Cardenas, R. Najera-Vazquez, S. Gomez-Carro, V. Lira-Zumbardo, P. Gonzalez-Martinez, et al. 2008. Dengue virus-infected Aedes aegypti in the home environment. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79: 940-950.
53. Garca-Rejon, J. E., M. A. Lorono-Pino, J. A. Farfan-Ale, L. F. Flores-Flores, M. P. Lopez-Uribe, M. D. Najera-Vazquez, G. Nunez-Ayala, B. J. Beaty, and L. Eisen. 2011. Mosquito infestation and dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti females in schools in Merida, Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84: 489-496.
54. Gratz, N. G. 1999. Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 44: 51-75. (Pubitemid 29096966)
55. Gratz, N. G. 2004. Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 18: 215-227. (Pubitemid 39260343)
56. Grech, M., A. Visintin, M. Laurito, E. Estallo, P. Lorenzo, I. Roccia, M. Korin, F. Goya, F. Luduena-Almeida, and W. Almiron. 2012. New records of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Neuquen and La Rioja provinces, Argentina. Rev. Saude Publica, Sao Paulo 46: 387-389.
57. Gubler, D. J. 1988. Dengue, pp. 223-260. In T. P. Monath (ed.), The arboviruses; epidemiology and ecology, vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
58. Gubler, D. J. 1989. Aedes aegypti and Aedes aegypti-borne disease control in the 1990s: top down or bottom up. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40: 571-578.
59. Gubler, D. J. 1998. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11: 480-496. (Pubitemid 28379096)
60. Gubler, D. J. 2004. The changing epidemiology of yellow fever and dengue, 1900 to 2003: full circle? Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27: 319-330. (Pubitemid 38842804)
61. Gubler, D. J., P. Reiter, K. L. Ebi, W. Yap, R. Nasci, and J. A. Patz. 2001. Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector-and rodent-borne diseases. Environ. Health Perspect. 109: 223-233. (Pubitemid 32492781)
62. Guerra, F. 1966. Inßuence of disease on race logistics and colonization in Antilles. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 69: 23-35.
63. Guerra, F. 1993. The European-American exchange. Hist. Philos. Life Sci. 15: 313-327.
64. Hales, S., N. de Wet, J. Maindonald, and A. Woodward. 2002. Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model. Lancet 360: 830-834. (Pubitemid 35257946)
65. Halstead, S. B. 2008. Dengue virus-mosquito interactions. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 53: 273-291. (Pubitemid 351341942)
66. Hayden, M. H., C. K. Uejio, K. Walker, F. Ramberg, R. Moreno, C. Rosales, M. Gameros, L. O. Mearns, E. Zielinski-Gutierrez, and C. R. Janes. 2010. Microclimate and human factors in the divergent ecology of Aedes aegypti along the Arizona, U.S./Sonora, MX border. Ecohealth 7: 64-77.
67. Hayes, G. R., and M. E. Tinker. 1958. The 1956-1957 status of Aedes aegypti in the United States. Mosq. News 18: 253-257.
68. Hayes, G. R., P. P. Scheppf, and E. B. Johnson. 1971. A historical review of the last continental U.S. epidemic of dengue. Mosq. News 31: 422-427.
69. Heintze, C., M. V. Garrido, and A. Kroeger. 2007. What do community-based dengue control programmes achieve? A systematic review of published evaluations. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101: 317-325. (Pubitemid 46201531)
70. Herrera-Basto, E., D. R. Prevots, M. L. Zarate, J. L. Silva, and J. Sepulveda-Amor. 1992. First reported outbreak of classical dengue fever at 1,700 meters above sea level in Guerrero state, Mexico, June 1988.Am.J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 46: 649-653.
71. Herrera-Martinez, A. D., and A. J. Rodriguez-Morales. 2010. Potential inßuence of climate variability on dengue incidence registered in a western pediatric hospital of Venezuela. Trop. Biomed. 27: 280-286.
72. Hobbs, J. H., E. A. Hughes, and B. H. Eichold. 1991. Replacement of Aedes aegypti by Aedes albopictus in Mobile, Alabama. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 7: 488-489.
73. Honorio, N. A., M. G. Castro, F. S. Monteiro de Barros, M.A.F.M. Magalhaes, and P. C. Sabroza. 2009. The spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a transition zone, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cad. Saude Publica 25: 1203-1214.
74. Hopp, M. J., and J. A. Foley. 2001. Global-scale relationships between climate and the dengue fever vector, Aedes aegypti. Clim. Change 48: 441-463. (Pubitemid 32148618)
75. Howard, L. O. 1905. Concerning the geographic distribution of the yellow fever mosquito. Public Health Pap. Rep. 29: 71-76.
76. Hurtado-Diaz, M., H. Riojas-Rodriguez, S. J. Rothenberg, H. Gomez-Dantes, and E. Cifuentes. 2007. Short communication: impact of climate variability on the incidence of dengue in Mexico. Trop. Med. Int. Health 12: 1327-1337. (Pubitemid 350191139)
77. Hutchinson, M. L., R. F. Darsie, S. E. Spichiger, G. E. Jones, and E. A. Naguski. 2008. Annotated checklist of the mosquitoes of Pennsylvania including new state records. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 24: 1-5.
78. Ibanez-Bernal, S. 1987. Nuevo registro altitudinal de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) en Mexico. Folia Entomol. Mex. 72: 163-164.
79. Isturiz, R. E., D. J. Gubler, and J. Brea del Castillo. 2000. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Latin America and the Caribbean. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14: 121-140. (Pubitemid 30158544)
80. Jaenson, T.G.T., D.G.E. Jaenson, L. Eisen, E. Petersson, and E. Lindgren. 2012. Changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick Ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in Sweden. Parasit. Vectors 5: 8.
81. Jetten, T. H., and D. A. Focks. 1997. Potential changes in the distribution of dengue transmission under climate warming. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57: 285-297. (Pubitemid 27407265)
82. Johansson, M. A., D.A.T. Cummings, and G. E. Glass. 2009a. Multiyear climate variability and dengue-El Nino Southern Oscillation, weather, and dengue incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand: a longitudinal data analysis. PLoS Med. 6: e1000168.
83. Johansson, M. A., F. Dominici, and G. E. Glass. 2009b. Local and global effects of climate on dengue transmission in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3: e382.
84. Juliano, S. A. 1998. Species introduction and replacement among mosquitoes: interspecic resource competition or apparent competition? Ecology 79: 255-268. (Pubitemid 28397844)
85. Juliano, S. A., L. P. Lounibos, and G. F. O'Meara. 2004. A eld test for competitive effects of Aedes albopictus on A. aegypti in South Florida: differences between sites of coexistence and exclusion? Oecologia 139: 583-593. (Pubitemid 38752002)
86. Kearney, M., W. P. Porter, C. Williams, S. Ritchie, and A. A. Hoffmann. 2009. Integrating biophysical models and evolutionary theory to predict climatic impacts on specieso ranges: the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti in Australia. Funct. Ecol. 23: 528-538.
87. Kuno, G. 2012. Revisiting Houston and Memphis: the background histories behind the discovery of the infestation by Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States and their signicance in the contemporary research. J. Med. Entomol. 49: 1163-1176.
88. Kyle, J. L., and E. Harris. 2008. Global spread and persistence of dengue. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 62: 71-92.
89. Lambrechts, L., K. P. Paaijmans, T. Fansiri, L. B. Carrington, L. D. Kramer, M. B. Thomas, and T. W. Scott. 2011. Impact of daily temperature ßuctuations on dengue virus transmission by Aedes aegypti. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108: 7460-7465.
90. Leighton, P. A., J. K. Koffi, Y. Pelcat, L. R. Lindsay, and N. H. Ogden. 2012. Predicting the speed of tick invasion: an empirical model of range expansion for the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada. J. Appl. Ecol. 49: 457-464.
91. Leisnham, P. T., and S. A. Juliano. 2009. Spatial and temporal patterns of coexistence between competing Aedes mosquitoes in urban Florida. Oecologia 160: 343-352.
92. Liew, C., and C. F. Curtis. 2004. Horizontal and vertical dispersal of dengue vector mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, in Singapore. Med. Vet. Entomol. 18: 351-360. (Pubitemid 40024995)
93. Lounibos, L. P., G. F. O'Meara, S. A. Juliano, N. Nishimura, R. L. Escher, M. H. Reiskind, M. Cutwa, and K. Greene. 2010. Differential survivorship of invasive mosquito species in South Florida cemeteries: do site-specic microclimates explain patterns of coexistence and exclusion? Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 103: 757-770.
94. Lowe, R., T. C. Bailey, D. B. Stephenson, R. J. Graham, C.A.S. Coelho, M. S. Carvalho, and C. Barcellos. 2011. Spatiotemporal modelling of climate-sensitive disease risk: towards an early warning system for dengue in Brazil. Comput. Geosci. 37: 371-381.
95. Lozano-Fuentes, S., M. H. Hayden, C. Welsh-Rodriguez, C. Ochoa-Martinez, B. Tapia-Santos, K. C. Kobylinski, C. K. Uejio, E. Zielinski-Gutierrez, L. Delle Monache, A. J. Monaghan, et al. 2012. The dengue virus mosquito vector Aedes aegypti at high elevation in Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87: 902-909.
96. Macdonald, W. W. 1956. Aedes aegypti in Malaysia. I. Distribution and dispersal. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 50: 385-398.
97. Machado-Machado, E. A. 2012. Empirical mapping of suitability to dengue fever in Mexico using species distribution modeling. Appl. Geogr. 33: 82-93.
98. Materna, J., M. Daniel, L. Metelka, and J. Harcarika. 2008. The vertical distribution, density and the development of the tick Ixodes ricinus in mountain areas inßuenced by climate changes (The Krkonose Mts., Czech Republic). Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 298: 25-37.
99. McClelland, G.A.H., and G. R. Conway. 1971. Frequency of blood feeding in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Nature 232: 485-486.
100. McCray, E. M., and H. F. Schoof. 1972. The effects of low temperatures on eggs of Aedes aegypti (L.). Mosq. News 32: 599-607.
101. Medlock, J. M., K. M. Hansford, F. Schaffner, V. Versteirt, G. Hendrickx, H. Zeller, and W. Van Bortel. 2012. A review of the invasive mosquitoes in Europe: ecology, public health risks, and control options. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12: 435-447.
102. Mogi, M., P. Armbruster, and D. M. Fonseca. 2012. Analyses of the northern distributional limit of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) with a simple thermal index. J. Med. Entomol. 49: 1233-1243.
103. Moore, C. G. 1999. Aedes albopictus in the United States: current status and prospects for further spread. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 15: 221-227. (Pubitemid 129646478)
104. Moore, C. G., and C. J. Mitchell. 1997. Aedes albopictus in the United States: ten-year presence and public health implications. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3: 329-334. (Pubitemid 127431693)
105. Moore, C. G., D. B. Francy, D. A. Eliason, and T. P. Monath. 1988. Aedes albopictus in the United States: rapid spread of a potential disease vector. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4: 356-361.
106. Morens, D. M., and A. S. Fauci. 2008. Dengue and hemorrhagic fever: a potential threat to public health in the United States. JAMA. 299: 214-216.
107. Morlan, H. B., and M. E. Tinker. 1965. Distribution of Aedes aegypti infestations in the United States.Am.J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 14: 892-899.
108. O'Meara, G. F., A. D. Gettman, L. F. Evans, and F. D. Scheel. 1992. Invasion of cemeteries in Florida by Aedes albopictus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 8: 1-10.
109. O'Meara, G. F., L. F. Evans, A. D. Gettman, and J. P. Cuda. 1995. Spread of Aedes albopictus and decline of Ae. Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Florida. J. Med. Entomol. 32: 554-562.
110. Oki, M., and T. Yamamoto. 2012. Climate change, population immunity, and hyperendemicity in the transmission threshold of dengue. PLoS ONE 7: e48258.
111. Ooi, E. E., and D. J. Gubler. 2009. Global spread of epidemic dengue: the inßuence of environmental change. Future Virol. 4: 571-580.
112. Patterson, K. D. 1992. Yellow fever epidemics and mortality in the United States, 1693-1905. Soc. Sci. Med. 34: 855-865.
113. Patz, J. A., W.J.M. Martens, D. A. Focks, and T. H. Jetten. 1998. Dengue fever epidemic potential as projected by general circulation models of global climate change. Environ. Health Perspect. 106: 147-153. (Pubitemid 28177094)
114. Peyton, E. L., S. R. Campbell, T. M. Candeletti, M. Romanowski, and W. J. Crans. 1999. Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), a new introduction into the United States. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 15: 238-241. (Pubitemid 129646480)
115. Pialoux, G., B. A. Gauzere, S. Jaureguiberry, and M. Strobel. 2007. Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirosis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 7: 319-327. (Pubitemid 46613868)
116. Pico, R., Z. B. de Santiago, and H. H. Berrios. 1969. Nueva geografõa de Puerto Rico: sica, economica y social. Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
117. Radke, E. G., C. J. Gregory, K. W. Kintziger, E. K. Sauber-Schatz, E. A. Hunsperger, G. R. Gallagher, J. M. Barber, B. J. Biggerstaff, D. R. Stanek, K. M. Tomashek, and C.G.M. Blackmore. 2012. Dengue outbreak in Key West, Florida, USA, 2009. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18: 135-137.
118. Ramos, M. M., H. Mohammed, E. Zielinski-Gutierrez, M. H. Hayden, J.L.R. Lopez, M. Fournier, A. R. Trujillo, R. Burton, J. M. Brunkard, L. Anaya-Lopez, A. A. Banicki, P. K. Morales, B. Smith, J. L. Munoz, and S. H. Waterman. 2008. Epidemic dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever at the Texas-Mexico border: results of a household-based seroepidemiologic survey, December 2005. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78: 364-369. (Pubitemid 351845181)
119. Reiter, P. 2001. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 109: 141-161. (Pubitemid 32303234)
120. Reiter, P., and D. J. Gubler. 1997. Surveillance and control of urban dengue vectors, pp. 425-462. In D. J. Gubler and G. Kuno (eds.), Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
121. Reiter, P., S. Lathrop, M. Bunning, B. Biggerstaff, D. Singer, T. Tiwari, L. Baber, M. Amador, J. Thirion, J. Hayes, et al. 2003. Texas lifestyle limits transmission of dengue virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9: 86-89. (Pubitemid 36110206)
122. Rey, J. R., N. Nishimura, B. Wagner, M.A.H. Braks, S. M. O'Connell, and L. P. Lounibos. 2006. Habitat segregation of mosquito arbovirus vectors in south Florida. J. Med. Entomol. 43: 1134-1141. (Pubitemid 44862945)
123. Richardson, K., A. A. Hoffmann, P. Johnson, S. Ritchie, and M. R. Kearney. 2011. Thermal sensitivity of Aedes aegypti from Australia: empirical data and prediction of effects on distribution. J. Med. Entomol. 48: 914-923.
124. Rossi, G. C., E. A. Lestani, and J. M. D'Oria. 2006. Nuevos registros y distribucion de mosquitos de la Argentina (Diptera: Culicidae). Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 65: 51-56.
125. Rozeboom, L. E. 1939. The overwintering of Aedes aegypti L. in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 19: 81-82.
126. San Martin, J. L., O. Brathwaite, B. Zambrano, J. O. Solorzano, A. Bouckenooghe, G. H. Dayan, and M. G. Guzman. 2010. The epidemiology of dengue in the Americas over the last three decades: a worrisome reality. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82: 128-135.
127. Schliessmann, D. J. 1967. Initiation of Aedes aegypti eradication program of the USA. Bull. W.H.O. 36: 604-609.
128. Schliessmann, D. J., and L. B. Calheiros. 1974. Review of status of yellow fever and Aedes aegypti eradication programs in Americas. Mosq. News 34: 1-9.
129. Scott, T. W., and A. C. Morrison. 2010. Vector dynamics and transmission of dengue virus: implications for dengue surveillance and prevention strategies. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 338: 115-128.
130. Scott, T. W., E. Chow, D. Strickman, P. Kittayapong, R. A. Wirtz, L. H. Lorenz, and J. D. Edman. 1993a. Bloodfeeding patterns of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in a rural Thai village. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 922-927.
131. Scott, T. W., G. G. Clark, L. H. Lorenz, P. H. Amerasinghe, P. Reiter, and J. D. Edman. 1993b. Detection of multiple blood feeding in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) during a single gonotrophic cycle using a histologic technique. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 94-99.
132. Scott, T. W., P. H. Amerasinghe, A. C. Morrison, L. H. Lorenz, G. G. Clark, D. Strickman, P. Kittayapong, and J. D. Edman. 2000a. Longitudinal studies of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand and Puerto Rico: blood feeding frequency. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 89-101.
133. Scott, T. W., A. C. Morrison, L. H. Lorenz, G. G. Clark, D. Strickman, P. Kittayapong, H. Zhou, and J. D. Edman. 2000b. Longitudinal studies of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand and Puerto Rico: population dynamics. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 77-88.
134. Service, M. W. 1978. A short history of early medical entomology. J. Med. Entomol. 14: 603-626. (Pubitemid 8395058)
135. Service, M. W. 1992. Importance of ecology in Aedes aegypti control. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 23: 681-690.
136. Slosek, J. 1986. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the Americas: a review of their interactions with the human population. Soc. Sci. Med. 23: 249-257. (Pubitemid 17180894)
137. Staples, J. E., R. F. Breiman, and A. M. Powers. 2009. Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49: 942-948.
138. Suarez, M. F., and M. J. Nelson. 1981. Registro de altitud del Aedes aegypti en Colombia. Biomedica 1: 225.
139. Sweeney, K. J., M. A. Cantwell, and J. Dorothy. 1988. The collection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Baltimore, Maryland. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4: 381-382.
140. Tabachnick, W. J. 1991. Evolutionary genetics and insect borne disease. The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Am. Entomol. 37: 14-24.
141. Tinker, M. E., and G. R. Hayes. 1959. The 1958 Aedes aegypti distribution in the United States. Mosq. News 19: 73-78.
142. Trpis, M., G. A. McClelland, J. D. Gillett, C. Teesdale, and T. R. Rao. 1973. Diel periodicity in the landing of Aedes aegypti on man. Bull. W.H.O. 48: 623-629.
143. Tsai, C. T., F. C. Sung, P. S. Chen, and S. C. Lin. 2012. Exploring the spatial and temporal relationships between mosquito population dynamics and dengue outbreaks based on climatic factors. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. 26: 671-680.
144. Tsuda, Y., W. Suwonkerd, S. Chawprom, S. Prajakwong, and M. Takagi. 2006. Different spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus along an urban-rural gradient and the relating environmental factors examined in three villages in northern Thailand. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 22: 222-228. (Pubitemid 44133798)
145. Tun-Lin, W., A. Lenhart, V. S. Nam, E. Rebollar-Tellez, A. C. Morrison, P. Barbazan, M. Cote, J. Midega, F. Sanchez, P. Manrique-Saide, et al. 2009. Reducing costs and operational constraints of dengue vector control by targeting productive breeding places: a multi-country non-inferiority cluster randomized trial. Trop. Med. Int. Health 14: 1143-1153.
146. VectorMap. 2012. VectorMap: know the vector, know the threat. (http://vectormap.org).
147. Walker, K. R., T. K. Joy, C. Ellers-Kirk, and F. B. Ramberg. 2011. Human and environmental factors affecting Aedes aegypti in an arid urban environment J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 27: 135-141.
148. Weaver, S. C., and W. K. Reisen. 2010. Present and future arboviral threats. Antiviral Res. 85: 328-345.
149. Weissman-Strum, A., and S. H. Kindler. 1962. Effect of low temperatures on development, hatching and survival of eggs of Aedes aegypti (L). Nature 196: 1231-1232.
150. [WHO] World Health Organization. 2009. Dengue. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
151. Wilder-Smith, A., and D. J. Gubler. 2008. Geographic expansion of dengue: the impact of international travel. Med. Clin. North Am. 92: 1377-1390.
152. Williams, C. R., C. A. Bader, M. R. Kearney, S. A. Ritchie, and R. C. Russell. 2010. The extinction of dengue through natural vulnerability of its vectors. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4: e922.
153. Yang, H. M., M.L.G. Macoris, K. C. Galvani, M.T.M. Andrighetti, and D.M.V. Wanderley. 2009. Assessing the effects of temperature on the population of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue. Epidemiol. Infect. 137: 1188-1202.