Impact of multidrug-resistant organisms on patients considered for lung transplantation

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 343-358

  Shoham, Shmuel ^a   Shah, Pali D ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Lung transplant; Microbiology; Multidrug resistant organism

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZTREONAM; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CARBAPENEM; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEFTAZIDIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; COLISTIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ECHINOCANDIN; ETHAMBUTOL; MEROPENEM; MICAFUNGIN; PIPERACILLIN; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; SULTAMICILLIN; TERBINAFINE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TIGECYCLINE; TOBRAMYCIN; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VORICONAZOLE;

ACINETOBACTER; ACINETOBACTER INFECTION; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ASPERGILLOSIS; ASPERGILLUS TERREUS; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIOSIS; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIUM; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIUM CARRIER; BURKHOLDERIA GLADIOLI; BURKHOLDERIA INFECTION; DRUG CHOICE; EPIDEMIC; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MICROBIAL COLONIZATION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MORBIDITY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MYCOBACTERIUM ABSCESSUS; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT; PSEUDALLESCHERIASIS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION; REVIEW; SCEDOSPORIUM; TREATMENT DURATION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIA; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 84878241856     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: 15579824     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2013.02.006     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Christie J.D., Edwards L.B., Kucheryavaya A.Y., et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-eighth adult lung and heart-lung transplant report-2011. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011, 30(10):1104-1122.
2. Liou T.G., Woo M.S., Cahill B.C. Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2006, 12(6):459-463.
3. Wine J.J. The genesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease. J Clin Invest 1999, 103(3):309-312.
4. Mayer-Hamblett N., Rosenfeld M., Emerson J., et al. Developing cystic fibrosis lung transplant referral criteria using predictors of 2-year mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166(12 Pt 1):1550-1555.
5. Emerson J., Rosenfeld M., McNamara S., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other predictors of mortality and morbidity in young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2002, 34(2):91-100.
6. Emerson J., McNamara S., Buccat A.M., et al. Changes in cystic fibrosis sputum microbiology in the United States between 1995 and 2008. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010, 45(4):363-370.
7. Knudsen P.K., Olesen H.V., Hoiby N., et al. Differences in prevalence and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis centres in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. J Cyst Fibros 2009, 8(2):135-142.
8. Zhao J., Schloss P.D., Kalikin L.M., et al. Decade-long bacterial community dynamics in cystic fibrosis airways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109(15):5809-5814.
9. Fodor A.A., Klem E.R., Gilpin D.F., et al. The adult cystic fibrosis airway microbiota is stable over time and infection type, and highly resilient to antibiotic treatment of exacerbations. PLoS One 2012, 7(9):e45001.
10. Orens J.B., Estenne M., Arcasoy S., et al. International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2006 update-a consensus report from the Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006, 25(7):745-755.
11. Favero M.S., Carson L.A., Bond W.W., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: growth in distilled water from hospitals. Science 1971, 173(3999):836-838.
12. Bodey G.P., Jadeja L., Elting L. Pseudomonas bacteremia. Retrospective analysis of 410 episodes. Arch Intern Med 1985, 145(9):1621-1629.
13. Kosorok M.R., Jalaluddin M., Farrell P.M., et al. Comprehensive analysis of risk factors for acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998, 26(2):81-88.
14. Oliver A., Canton R., Campo P., et al. High frequency of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection. Science 2000, 288(5469):1251-1254.
15. Smith E.E., Buckley D.G., Wu Z., et al. Genetic adaptation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103(22):8487-8492.
16. Li Z., Kosorok M.R., Farrell P.M., et al. Longitudinal development of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and lung disease progression in children with cystic fibrosis. JAMA 2005, 293(5):581-588.
17. Doring G., Conway S.P., Heijerman H.G., et al. Antibiotic therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: a European consensus. Eur Respir J 2000, 16(4):749-767.
18. Bonvillain R.W., Valentine V.G., Lombard G., et al. Post-operative infections in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis patients after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26(9):890-897.
19. Palmer S.M., Alexander B.D., Sanders L.L., et al. Significance of blood stream infection after lung transplantation: analysis in 176 consecutive patients. Transplantation 2000, 69(11):2360-2366.
20. Aguilar-Guisado M., Givalda J., Ussetti P., et al. Pneumonia after lung transplantation in the RESITRA cohort: a multicenter prospective study. Am J Transplant 2007, 7(8):1989-1996.
21. Campos S., Caramori M., Teixeira R., et al. Bacterial and fungal pneumonias after lung transplantation. Transplant Proc 2008, 40(3):822-824.
22. Valentine V.G., Bonvillain R.W., Gupta M.R., et al. Infections in lung allograft recipients: ganciclovir era. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008, 27(5):528-535.
23. Vos R., Vanaudenaerde B.M., Geudens N., et al. Pseudomonal airway colonisation: risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation?. Eur Respir J 2008, 31(5):1037-1045.
24. Botha P., Archer L., Anderson R.L., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of the allograft after lung transplantation and the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2008, 85(5):771-774.
25. Hadjiliadis D., Steele M.P., Chaparro C., et al. Survival of lung transplant patients with cystic fibrosis harboring panresistant bacteria other than Burkholderia cepacia, compared with patients harboring sensitive bacteria. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26(8):834-838.
26. Lechtzin N., John M., Irizarry R., et al. Outcomes of adults with cystic fibrosis infected with antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respiration 2006, 73(1):27-33.
27. Lambiase A., Raia V., Del Pezzo M., et al. Microbiology of airway disease in a cohort of patients with cystic fibrosis. BMC Infect Dis 2006, 6:4.
28. Johnson C., Butler S.M., Konstan M.W., et al. Factors influencing outcomes in cystic fibrosis: a center-based analysis. Chest 2003, 123(1):20-27.
29. Saiman L. Clinical utility of synergy testing for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis: 'the motion for'. Paediatr Respir Rev 2007, 8(3):249-255.
30. Lang B.J., Aaron S.D., Ferris W., et al. Multiple combination bactericidal antibiotic testing for patients with cystic fibrosis infected with multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162(6):2241-2245.
31. Aaron S.D., Vandemheen K.L., Ferris W., et al. Combination antibiotic susceptibility testing to treat exacerbations of cystic fibrosis associated with multiresistant bacteria: a randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2005, 366(9484):463-471.
32. Flume P.A., O'Sullivan B.P., Robinson K.A., et al. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: chronic medications for maintenance of lung health. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 176(10):957-969.
33. Bauldoff G.S., Nunley D.R., Manzetti J.D., et al. Use of aerosolized colistin sodium in cystic fibrosis patients awaiting lung transplantation. Transplantation 1997, 64(5):748-752.
34. Flume P.A., Mogayzel P.J., Robinson K.A., et al. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: treatment of pulmonary exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 180(9):802-808.
35. Horsley A., Webb K., Bright-Thomas R., et al. Can early Burkholderia cepacia complex infection in cystic fibrosis be eradicated with antibiotic therapy?. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2011, 1:18.
36. Kalish L.A., Waltz D.A., Dovey M., et al. Impact of Burkholderia dolosa on lung function and survival in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 173(4):421-425.
37. Murray S., Charbeneau J., Marshall B.C., et al. Impact of Burkholderia infection on lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178(4):363-371.
38. De Soyza A., McDowell A., Archer L., et al. Burkholderia cepacia complex genomovars and pulmonary transplantation outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis. Lancet 2001, 358(9295):1780-1781.
39. Alexander B.D., Petzold E.W., Reller L.B., et al. Survival after lung transplantation of cystic fibrosis patients infected with Burkholderia cepacia complex. Am J Transplant 2008, 8(5):1025-1030.
40. Kennedy M.P., Coakley R.D., Donaldson S.H., et al. Burkholderia gladioli: five year experience in a cystic fibrosis and lung transplantation center. J Cyst Fibros 2007, 6(4):267-273.
41. Church A.C., Sivasothy P., Parmer J., et al. Mediastinal abscess after lung transplantation secondary to Burkholderia gladioli infection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009, 28(5):511-514.
42. Kanj S.S., Tapson V., Davis R.D., et al. Infections in patients with cystic fibrosis following lung transplantation. Chest 1997, 112(4):924-930.
43. Avgeri S.G., Matthaiou D.K., Dimopoulos G., et al. Therapeutic options for Burkholderia cepacia infections beyond co-trimoxazole: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009, 33(5):394-404.
44. Nair B.M., Joachimiak L.A., Chattopadhyay S., et al. Conservation of a novel protein associated with an antibiotic efflux operon in Burkholderia cenocepacia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005, 245(2):337-344.
45. Lipuma J.J. Update on the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2005, 11(6):528-533.
46. Urban C., Segal-Maurer S., Rahal J.J. Considerations in control and treatment of nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36(10):1268-1274.
47. Fournier P.E., Richet H. The epidemiology and control of Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42(5):692-699.
48. Wendt C., Dietze B., Dietz E., et al. Survival of Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35(6):1394-1397.
49. Boucher H.W., Talbot G.H., Bradley J.S., et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48(1):1-12.
50. Mak J.K., Kim M.J., Pham J., et al. Antibiotic resistance determinants in nosocomial strains of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009, 63(1):47-54.
51. Lee J.C., Koerten H., van den Broek P., et al. Adherence of Acinetobacter baumannii strains to human bronchial epithelial cells. Res Microbiol 2006, 157(4):360-366.
52. Kaplan N., Rosenberg E., Jann B., et al. Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus BD4. Eur J Biochem 1985, 152(2):453-458.
53. Chatellier D., Burucoa C., Pinsard M., et al. Prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii carriage in patients of 53 French intensive care units on a given day. Med Mal Infect 2007, 37(2):112-117. [in French].
54. Lolans K., Rice T.W., Munoz-Price L.S., et al. Multicity outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates producing the carbapenemase OXA-40. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(9):2941-2945.
55. Nunley D.R., Bauldoff G.S., Mangino J.E., et al. Mortality associated with Acinetobacter baumannii infections experienced by lung transplant recipients. Lung 2010, 188(5):381-385.
56. Shields R.K., Kwak E.J., Potoski B.A., et al. High mortality rates among solid organ transplant recipients infected with extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: using in vitro antibiotic combination testing to identify the combination of a carbapenem and colistin as an effective treatment regimen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011, 70(2):246-252.
57. Chalermskulrat W., Sood N., Neuringer I.P., et al. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in end stage cystic fibrosis: implications for lung transplantation. Thorax 2006, 61(6):507-513.
58. Knoll B.M., Kappagoda S., Gill R.R., et al. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection among lung transplant recipients: a 15-year cohort study. Transpl Infect Dis 2012, 14(5):452-460.
59. Fowler S.J., French J., Screaton N.J., et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in bronchiectasis: prevalence and patient characteristics. Eur Respir J 2006, 28(6):1204-1210.
60. Chernenko S.M., Humar A., Hutcheon M., et al. Mycobacterium abscessus infections in lung transplant recipients: the international experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006, 25(12):1447-1455.
61. Sanguinetti M., Ardito F., Fiscarelli E., et al. Fatal pulmonary infection due to multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus in a patient with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39(2):816-819.
62. Griffith D.E., Aksamit T., Brown-Elliott B.A., et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175(4):367-416.
63. Paugam A., Baixench M.T., Demazes-Dufeu N., et al. Characteristics and consequences of airway colonization by filamentous fungi in 201 adult patients with cystic fibrosis in France. Med Mycol 2010, 48(Suppl 1):S32-S36.
64. Park B.J., Pappas P.G., Wannemuehler K.A., et al. Invasive non-Aspergillus mold infections in transplant recipients, United States, 2001-2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2011, 17(10):1855-1864.
65. Morio F., Horeau-Langlard D., Gay-Andrieu F., et al. Disseminated Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria infection after double-lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48(5):1978-1982.
66. Symoens F., Knoop C., Schrooyen M., et al. Disseminated Scedosporium apiospermum infection in a cystic fibrosis patient after double-lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006, 25(5):603-607.
67. Alastruey-Izquierdo A., Cuenca-Estrella M., Monzon A., et al. Prevalence and susceptibility testing of new species of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium in a collection of clinical mold isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(2):748-751.
68. Kaltseis J., Rainer J., De Hoog G.S. Ecology of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium species in human-dominated and natural environments and their distribution in clinical samples. Med Mycol 2009, 47(4):398-405.
69. Harun A., Gilgado F., Chen S.C., et al. Abundance of Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium species in the Australian urban environment suggests a possible source for scedosporiosis including the colonization of airways in cystic fibrosis. Med Mycol 2010, 48(Suppl 1):S70-S76.
70. Williamson E.C., Speers D., Arthur I.H., et al. Molecular epidemiology of Scedosporium apiospermum infection determined by PCR amplification of ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences in patients with chronic lung disease. J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39(1):47-50.
71. Delhaes L., Harun A., Chen S.C., et al. Molecular typing of Australian Scedosporium isolates showing genetic variability and numerous S. aurantiacum. Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14(2):282-290.
72. San Millan R., Quindos G., Garaizar J., et al. Characterization of Scedosporium prolificans clinical isolates by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35(9):2270-2274.
73. Cooley L., Spelman D., Thursky K., et al. Infection with Scedosporium apiospermum and S. prolificans, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2007, 13(8):1170-1177.
74. Castiglioni B., Sutton D.A., Rinaldi M.G., et al. Pseudallescheria boydii (Anamorph Scedosporium apiospermum). Infection in solid organ transplant recipients in a tertiary medical center and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002, 81(5):333-348.
75. Rodriguez-Tudela J.L., Berenguer J., Guarro J., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of Scedosporium prolificans infection, a review of 162 cases. Med Mycol 2009, 47(4):359-370.
76. Cimon B., Carrere J., Vinatier J.F., et al. Clinical significance of Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000, 19(1):53-56.
77. Blyth C.C., Harun A., Middleton P.G., et al. Detection of occult Scedosporium species in respiratory tract specimens from patients with cystic fibrosis by use of selective media. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48(1):314-316.
78. Blyth C.C., Middleton P.G., Harun A., et al. Clinical associations and prevalence of Scedosporium spp. in Australian cystic fibrosis patients: identification of novel risk factors?. Med Mycol 2010, 48(Suppl 1):S37-S44.
79. Coulibaly O., Marinach-Patrice C., Cassagne C., et al. Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium complex species identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Med Mycol 2011, 49(6):621-626.
80. Bertrand S., Bouchara J.P., Venier M.C., et al. N(alpha)-Methyl coprogen B, a potential marker of the airway colonization by Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis. Med Mycol 2010, 48(Suppl 1):S98-S107.
81. Horre R., Marklein G., Siekmeier R., et al. Selective isolation of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium species from respiratory tract specimens of cystic fibrosis patients. Respiration 2009, 77(3):320-324.
82. Borman A.M., Palmer M.D., Delhaes L., et al. Lack of standardization in the procedures for mycological examination of sputum samples from CF patients: a possible cause for variations in the prevalence of filamentous fungi. Med Mycol 2010, 48(Suppl 1):S88-S97.
83. Harun A., Blyth C.C., Gilgado F., et al. Development and validation of a multiplex PCR for detection of Scedosporium spp. in respiratory tract specimens from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2011, 49(4):1508-1512.
84. Lu Q., van den Ende A.H., de Hoog G.S., et al. Reverse line blot hybridisation screening of Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium species in patients with cystic fibrosis. Mycoses 2011, 54(Suppl 3):5-11.
85. Tintelnot K., Just-Nubling G., Horre R., et al. A review of German Scedosporium prolificans cases from 1993 to 2007. Med Mycol 2009, 47(4):351-358.
86. Borghi E., Iatta R., Manca A., et al. Chronic airway colonization by Scedosporium apiospermum with a fatal outcome in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Med Mycol 2010, 48(Suppl 1):S108-S113.
87. Defontaine A., Zouhair R., Cimon B., et al. Genotyping study of Scedosporium apiospermum isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40(6):2108-2114.
88. Lackner M., Rezusta A., Villuendas M.C., et al. Infection and colonisation due to Scedosporium in Northern Spain. An in vitro antifungal susceptibility and molecular epidemiology study of 60 isolates. Mycoses 2011, 54(Suppl 3):12-21.
89. Guignard S., Hubert D., Dupont B., et al. Multifocal Scedosporium apiospermum spondylitis in a cystic fibrosis patient. J Cyst Fibros 2008, 7(1):89-91.
90. Lackner M., de Hoog G.S., Verweij P.E., et al. Species-specific antifungal susceptibility patterns of Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56(5):2635-2642.
91. Cortez K.J., Roilides E., Quiroz-Telles F., et al. Infections caused by Scedosporium spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008, 21(1):157-197.
92. Rodriguez M.M., Calvo E., Serena C., et al. Effects of double and triple combinations of antifungal drugs in a murine model of disseminated infection by Scedosporium prolificans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(5):2153-2155.
93. Heyn K., Tredup A., Salvenmoser S., et al. Effect of voriconazole combined with micafungin against Candida, Aspergillus, and Scedosporium spp. and Fusarium solani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49(12):5157-5159.
94. Yustes C., Guarro J. In vitro synergistic interaction between amphotericin B and micafungin against Scedosporium spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49(8):3498-3500.
95. Meletiadis J., Mouton J.W., Meis J.F., et al. In vitro drug interaction modeling of combinations of azoles with terbinafine against clinical Scedosporium prolificans isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47(1):106-117.
96. Howden B.P., Slavin M.A., Schwarer A.P., et al. Successful control of disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection with a combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003, 22(2):111-113.
97. Sahi H., Avery R.K., Minai O.A., et al. Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudoallescheria boydii) infection in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26(4):350-356.
98. Vagefi M.R., Kim E.T., Alvarado R.G., et al. Bilateral endogenous Scedosporium prolificans endophthalmitis after lung transplantation. Am J Ophthalmol 2005, 139(2):370-373.
99. Raj R., Frost A.E. Scedosporium apiospermum fungemia in a lung transplant recipient. Chest 2002, 121(5):1714-1716.
100. Rabodonirina M., Paulus S., Thevenet F., et al. Disseminated Scedosporium prolificans (S. inflatum) infection after single-lung transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 19(1):138-142.
101. Heath C.H., Slavin M.A., Sorrell T.C., et al. Population-based surveillance for scedosporiosis in Australia: epidemiology, disease manifestations and emergence of Scedosporium aurantiacum infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 15(7):689-693.
102. Miraldi F., Anile M., Ruberto F., et al. Scedosporium apiospermum atrial mycetomas after lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis. Transpl Infect Dis 2012, 14(2):188-191.
103. Troke P., Aguirrebengoa K., Arteaga C., et al. Treatment of scedosporiosis with voriconazole: clinical experience with 107 patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52(5):1743-1750.
104. Neofytos D., Fishman J.A., Horn D., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2010, 12(3):220-229.
105. Mortensen K.L., Mellado E., Lass-Florl C., et al. Environmental study of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and other aspergilli in Austria, Denmark, and Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010, 54(11):4545-4549.
106. Blum G., Perkhofer S., Grif K., et al. A 1-year Aspergillus terreus surveillance study at the University Hospital of Innsbruck: molecular typing of environmental and clinical isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14(12):1146-1151.
107. Vesper S.J., Haugland R.A., Rogers M.E., et al. Opportunistic Aspergillus pathogens measured in home and hospital tap water by quantitative PCR (QPCR). J Water Health 2007, 5(3):427-431.
108. Lass-Florl C., Griff K., Mayr A., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of infections due to Aspergillus terreus: 10-year single centre experience. Br J Haematol 2005, 131(2):201-207.
109. Steinbach W.J., Marr K.A., Anaissie E.J., et al. Clinical epidemiology of 960 patients with invasive aspergillosis from the PATH Alliance registry. J Infect 2012, 65(5):453-464.
110. Ruping M.J., Gerlach S., Fischer G., et al. Environmental and clinical epidemiology of Aspergillus terreus: data from a prospective surveillance study. J Hosp Infect 2011, 78(3):226-230.
111. Caston J.J., Linares M.J., Gallego C., et al. Risk factors for pulmonary Aspergillus terreus infection in patients with positive culture for filamentous fungi. Chest 2007, 131(1):230-236.
112. Zhou J., Chen Y., Tabibi S., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and synergy studies of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(3):1085-1088.
113. Segonds C., Clavel-Batut P., Thouverez M., et al. Microbiological and epidemiological features of clinical respiratory isolates of Burkholderia gladioli. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47(5):1510-1516.